vtk.js-custom-jhonny
Version:
Visualization Toolkit for the Web
3,792 lines • 89.8 kB
JSON
{
"atoms": [
{
"id": "Xx",
"atomicNumber": 0,
"mass": 0,
"exactMass": 0,
"radiusCovalent": 0,
"radiusVDW": 0,
"symbol": "Xx",
"name": "Dummy",
"elementColor": [
0.07,
0.5,
0.7
]
},
{
"id": "H",
"atomicNumber": 1,
"mass": 1.00794,
"exactMass": 1.007825032,
"ionization": 13.5984,
"electronAffinity": 0.75420375,
"electronegativityPauling": 2.2,
"nameOrigin": "Greek 'hydro' and 'gennao' for 'forms water'",
"radiusCovalent": 0.37,
"radiusVDW": 1.2,
"boilingpoint": 20.28,
"meltingpoint": 14.01,
"periodTableBlock": "s",
"discoveryDate": "1766",
"period": "1",
"group": "1",
"electronicConfiguration": "1s1",
"family": "Non-Metal",
"symbol": "H",
"name": "Hydrogen",
"elementColor": [
1,
1,
1
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"uk"
],
"discoverers": [
"C.",
"Cavendish"
]
},
{
"id": "He",
"atomicNumber": 2,
"mass": 4.002602,
"exactMass": 4.002603254,
"ionization": 24.5874,
"electronAffinity": 0,
"nameOrigin": "The Greek word for the sun was 'helios'",
"radiusCovalent": 0.32,
"radiusVDW": 1.4,
"boilingpoint": 4.216,
"meltingpoint": 0.95,
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "1895",
"period": "1",
"group": "8",
"electronicConfiguration": "1s2",
"family": "Noblegas",
"symbol": "He",
"name": "Helium",
"elementColor": [
0.85,
1,
1
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"se",
"uk"
],
"discoverers": [
"P. J. Janssen",
"J. N. Lockyer"
]
},
{
"id": "Li",
"atomicNumber": 3,
"mass": 6.941,
"exactMass": 7.01600455,
"ionization": 5.3917,
"electronAffinity": 0.618049,
"electronegativityPauling": 0.98,
"nameOrigin": "Greek 'lithos' means 'stone'",
"radiusCovalent": 1.34,
"radiusVDW": 2.2,
"boilingpoint": 1615,
"meltingpoint": 453.7,
"periodTableBlock": "s",
"discoveryDate": "1817",
"period": "2",
"group": "1",
"electronicConfiguration": "He 2s1",
"family": "Alkali_Earth",
"symbol": "Li",
"name": "Lithium",
"elementColor": [
0.8,
0.5,
1
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"se"
],
"discoverers": [
"A.",
"Arfvedson"
]
},
{
"id": "Be",
"atomicNumber": 4,
"mass": 9.012182,
"exactMass": 9.0121822,
"ionization": 9.3227,
"electronAffinity": 0,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.57,
"nameOrigin": "Greek 'beryllos' for 'light-green stone'",
"radiusCovalent": 0.9,
"radiusVDW": 1.9,
"boilingpoint": 3243,
"meltingpoint": 1560,
"periodTableBlock": "s",
"discoveryDate": "1797",
"period": "2",
"group": "2",
"electronicConfiguration": "He 2s2",
"family": "Alkaline_Earth",
"symbol": "Be",
"name": "Beryllium",
"elementColor": [
0.76,
1,
0
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"fr"
],
"discoverers": [
"Nicholas",
"Louis",
"Vauquelin"
]
},
{
"id": "B",
"atomicNumber": 5,
"mass": 10.811,
"exactMass": 11.0093054,
"ionization": 8.298,
"electronAffinity": 0.279723,
"electronegativityPauling": 2.04,
"nameOrigin": "Boron means 'Bor(ax) + (carb)on'. It is found in borax and behaves a lot like carbon",
"radiusCovalent": 0.82,
"radiusVDW": 1.8,
"boilingpoint": 4275,
"meltingpoint": 2365,
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "1808",
"period": "2",
"group": "3",
"electronicConfiguration": "He 2s2 2p1",
"family": "Metalloids",
"symbol": "B",
"name": "Boron",
"elementColor": [
1,
0.71,
0.71
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"uk",
"fr"
],
"discoverers": [
"Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac",
"Louis Jacques Thenard"
]
},
{
"id": "C",
"atomicNumber": 6,
"mass": 12.0107,
"exactMass": 12,
"ionization": 11.2603,
"electronAffinity": 1.262118,
"electronegativityPauling": 2.55,
"nameOrigin": "Latin 'carboneum' for carbon",
"radiusCovalent": 0.77,
"radiusVDW": 1.7,
"boilingpoint": 5100,
"meltingpoint": 3825,
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "0",
"period": "2",
"group": "4",
"electronicConfiguration": "He 2s2 2p2",
"family": "Non-Metal",
"symbol": "C",
"name": "Carbon",
"elementColor": [
0.5,
0.5,
0.5
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"ancient"
]
},
{
"id": "N",
"atomicNumber": 7,
"mass": 14.0067,
"exactMass": 14.003074,
"ionization": 14.5341,
"electronAffinity": -0.07,
"electronegativityPauling": 3.04,
"nameOrigin": "Latin 'nitrogenium' ('forms saltpeter')",
"radiusCovalent": 0.75,
"radiusVDW": 1.6,
"boilingpoint": 77.344,
"meltingpoint": 63.15,
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "1772",
"period": "2",
"group": "5",
"electronicConfiguration": "He 2s2 2p3",
"family": "Non-Metal",
"symbol": "N",
"name": "Nitrogen",
"elementColor": [
0.05,
0.05,
1
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"uk"
],
"discoverers": [
"D.",
"Rutherford"
]
},
{
"id": "O",
"atomicNumber": 8,
"mass": 15.9994,
"exactMass": 15.99491462,
"ionization": 13.6181,
"electronAffinity": 1.461112,
"electronegativityPauling": 3.44,
"nameOrigin": "Latin 'oxygenium' (forms acids)",
"radiusCovalent": 0.73,
"radiusVDW": 1.55,
"boilingpoint": 90.188,
"meltingpoint": 54.8,
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "1774",
"period": "2",
"group": "6",
"electronicConfiguration": "He 2s2 2p4",
"family": "Non-Metal",
"symbol": "O",
"name": "Oxygen",
"elementColor": [
1,
0.05,
0.05
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"se",
"uk"
],
"discoverers": [
"J.",
"Priestley"
]
},
{
"id": "F",
"atomicNumber": 9,
"mass": 18.9984032,
"exactMass": 18.99840322,
"ionization": 17.4228,
"electronAffinity": 3.4011887,
"electronegativityPauling": 3.98,
"nameOrigin": "Latin 'fluere' ('floats')",
"radiusCovalent": 0.71,
"radiusVDW": 1.5,
"boilingpoint": 85,
"meltingpoint": 53.55,
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "1886",
"period": "2",
"group": "7",
"electronicConfiguration": "He 2s2 2p5",
"family": "Halogen",
"symbol": "F",
"name": "Fluorine",
"elementColor": [
0.7,
1,
1
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"fr"
],
"discoverers": [
"H.",
"F.",
"Moissan"
]
},
{
"id": "Ne",
"atomicNumber": 10,
"mass": 20.1797,
"exactMass": 19.99244018,
"ionization": 21.5645,
"electronAffinity": 0,
"nameOrigin": "Greek 'neo'. meaning 'new'",
"radiusCovalent": 0.69,
"radiusVDW": 1.54,
"boilingpoint": 27.1,
"meltingpoint": 24.55,
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "1898",
"period": "2",
"group": "8",
"electronicConfiguration": "He 2s2 2p6",
"family": "Noblegas",
"symbol": "Ne",
"name": "Neon",
"elementColor": [
0.7,
0.89,
0.96
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"uk"
],
"discoverers": [
"W. Ramsay",
"M.W. Travers"
]
},
{
"id": "Na",
"atomicNumber": 11,
"mass": 22.98976928,
"exactMass": 22.98976928,
"ionization": 5.1391,
"electronAffinity": 0.547926,
"electronegativityPauling": 0.93,
"nameOrigin": "Arabic 'natrun' for 'soda'",
"radiusCovalent": 1.54,
"radiusVDW": 2.4,
"boilingpoint": 1156,
"meltingpoint": 371,
"periodTableBlock": "s",
"discoveryDate": "1807",
"period": "3",
"group": "1",
"electronicConfiguration": "Ne 3s1",
"family": "Alkali_Earth",
"symbol": "Na",
"name": "Sodium",
"elementColor": [
0.67,
0.36,
0.95
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"uk"
],
"discoverers": [
"Sir",
"Humphrey",
"Davy"
]
},
{
"id": "Mg",
"atomicNumber": 12,
"mass": 24.305,
"exactMass": 23.9850417,
"ionization": 7.6462,
"electronAffinity": 0,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.31,
"nameOrigin": "Named after the city of Magnesia",
"radiusCovalent": 1.3,
"radiusVDW": 2.2,
"boilingpoint": 1380,
"meltingpoint": 922,
"periodTableBlock": "s",
"discoveryDate": "1808",
"period": "3",
"group": "2",
"electronicConfiguration": "Ne 3s2",
"family": "Alkaline_Earth",
"symbol": "Mg",
"name": "Magnesium",
"elementColor": [
0.54,
1,
0
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"uk"
],
"discoverers": [
"H.",
"B.",
"Davy"
]
},
{
"id": "Al",
"atomicNumber": 13,
"mass": 26.9815386,
"exactMass": 26.98153863,
"ionization": 5.9858,
"electronAffinity": 0.43283,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.61,
"nameOrigin": "Latin 'alumen'",
"radiusCovalent": 1.18,
"radiusVDW": 2.1,
"boilingpoint": 2740,
"meltingpoint": 933.5,
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "1825",
"period": "3",
"group": "3",
"electronicConfiguration": "Ne 3s2 3p1",
"family": "Other_Metal",
"symbol": "Al",
"name": "Aluminium",
"elementColor": [
0.75,
0.65,
0.65
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"dk"
],
"discoverers": [
"H.",
"Ch.",
"Oersted"
]
},
{
"id": "Si",
"atomicNumber": 14,
"mass": 28.0855,
"exactMass": 27.97692653,
"ionization": 8.1517,
"electronAffinity": 1.389521,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.9,
"nameOrigin": "Latin 'silex'",
"radiusCovalent": 1.11,
"radiusVDW": 2.1,
"boilingpoint": 2630,
"meltingpoint": 1683,
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "1823",
"period": "3",
"group": "4",
"electronicConfiguration": "Ne 3s2 3p2",
"family": "Metalloids",
"symbol": "Si",
"name": "Silicon",
"elementColor": [
0.5,
0.6,
0.6
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"se"
],
"discoverers": [
"J.",
"J.",
"Berzelius"
]
},
{
"id": "P",
"atomicNumber": 15,
"mass": 30.973762,
"exactMass": 30.97376163,
"ionization": 10.4867,
"electronAffinity": 0.7465,
"electronegativityPauling": 2.19,
"nameOrigin": "Greek 'phosphoros' for 'carries light'",
"radiusCovalent": 1.06,
"radiusVDW": 1.95,
"boilingpoint": 553,
"meltingpoint": 317.3,
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "1669",
"period": "3",
"group": "5",
"electronicConfiguration": "Ne 3s2 3p3",
"family": "Non-Metal",
"symbol": "P",
"name": "Phosphorus",
"elementColor": [
1,
0.5,
0
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"de"
],
"discoverers": [
"H.",
"Brandt"
]
},
{
"id": "S",
"atomicNumber": 16,
"mass": 32.065,
"exactMass": 31.972071,
"ionization": 10.36,
"electronAffinity": 2.0771029,
"electronegativityPauling": 2.58,
"nameOrigin": "In sanskrit 'sweb' means 'to sleep'",
"radiusCovalent": 1.02,
"radiusVDW": 1.8,
"boilingpoint": 717.82,
"meltingpoint": 392.2,
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "0",
"period": "3",
"group": "6",
"electronicConfiguration": "Ne 3s2 3p4",
"family": "Non-Metal",
"symbol": "S",
"name": "Sulfur",
"elementColor": [
1,
1,
0.19
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"ancient"
]
},
{
"id": "Cl",
"atomicNumber": 17,
"mass": 35.453,
"exactMass": 34.96885268,
"ionization": 12.9676,
"electronAffinity": 3.612724,
"electronegativityPauling": 3.16,
"nameOrigin": "Greek 'chloros' for 'yellow-green'",
"radiusCovalent": 0.99,
"radiusVDW": 1.8,
"boilingpoint": 239.18,
"meltingpoint": 172.17,
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "1774",
"period": "3",
"group": "7",
"electronicConfiguration": "Ne 3s2 3p5",
"family": "Halogen",
"symbol": "Cl",
"name": "Chlorine",
"elementColor": [
0.12,
0.94,
0.12
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"se"
],
"discoverers": [
"C.",
"W.",
"Scheele"
]
},
{
"id": "Ar",
"atomicNumber": 18,
"mass": 39.948,
"exactMass": 39.96238312,
"ionization": 15.7596,
"electronAffinity": 0,
"nameOrigin": "Greek 'aergon' for 'inactive'",
"radiusCovalent": 0.97,
"radiusVDW": 1.88,
"boilingpoint": 87.45,
"meltingpoint": 83.95,
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "1894",
"period": "3",
"group": "8",
"electronicConfiguration": "Ne 3s2 3p6",
"family": "Noblegas",
"symbol": "Ar",
"name": "Argon",
"elementColor": [
0.5,
0.82,
0.89
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"uk"
],
"discoverers": [
"W. Ramsay",
"J. Rayleigh"
]
},
{
"id": "K",
"atomicNumber": 19,
"mass": 39.0983,
"exactMass": 38.96370668,
"ionization": 4.3407,
"electronAffinity": 0.501459,
"electronegativityPauling": 0.82,
"nameOrigin": "Arabic 'al qaliy' for potash",
"radiusCovalent": 1.96,
"radiusVDW": 2.8,
"boilingpoint": 1033,
"meltingpoint": 336.8,
"periodTableBlock": "s",
"discoveryDate": "1807",
"period": "4",
"group": "1",
"electronicConfiguration": "Ar 4s1",
"family": "Alkali_Earth",
"symbol": "K",
"name": "Potassium",
"elementColor": [
0.56,
0.25,
0.83
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"uk"
],
"discoverers": [
"H.",
"B.",
"Davy"
]
},
{
"id": "Ca",
"atomicNumber": 20,
"mass": 40.078,
"exactMass": 39.96259098,
"ionization": 6.1132,
"electronAffinity": 0.02455,
"electronegativityPauling": 1,
"nameOrigin": "Latin 'calx' for 'lime'",
"radiusCovalent": 1.74,
"radiusVDW": 2.4,
"boilingpoint": 1757,
"meltingpoint": 1112,
"periodTableBlock": "s",
"discoveryDate": "1808",
"period": "4",
"group": "2",
"electronicConfiguration": "Ar 4s2",
"family": "Alkaline_Earth",
"symbol": "Ca",
"name": "Calcium",
"elementColor": [
0.24,
1,
0
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"uk"
],
"discoverers": [
"H.",
"B.",
"Davy"
]
},
{
"id": "Sc",
"atomicNumber": 21,
"mass": 44.955912,
"exactMass": 44.9559119,
"ionization": 6.5615,
"electronAffinity": 0.188,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.36,
"nameOrigin": "Named because it was found in Scandinavia",
"radiusCovalent": 1.44,
"radiusVDW": 2.3,
"boilingpoint": 3109,
"meltingpoint": 1814,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1879",
"period": "4",
"group": "3",
"electronicConfiguration": "Ar 3d1 4s2",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Sc",
"name": "Scandium",
"elementColor": [
0.9,
0.9,
0.9
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"se"
],
"discoverers": [
"L.",
"Nilson"
]
},
{
"id": "Ti",
"atomicNumber": 22,
"mass": 47.867,
"exactMass": 47.9479463,
"ionization": 6.8281,
"electronAffinity": 0.084,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.54,
"nameOrigin": "The Titans were giants in Greek mythology",
"radiusCovalent": 1.36,
"radiusVDW": 2.15,
"boilingpoint": 3560,
"meltingpoint": 1935,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1791",
"period": "4",
"group": "4",
"electronicConfiguration": "Ar 3d2 4s2",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Ti",
"name": "Titanium",
"elementColor": [
0.75,
0.76,
0.78
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"uk"
],
"discoverers": [
"W.",
"Gregor"
]
},
{
"id": "V",
"atomicNumber": 23,
"mass": 50.9415,
"exactMass": 50.9439595,
"ionization": 6.7462,
"electronAffinity": 0.525,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.63,
"nameOrigin": "'Vanadis' is another name for the Nordic goddess Freyja",
"radiusCovalent": 1.25,
"radiusVDW": 2.05,
"boilingpoint": 3650,
"meltingpoint": 2163,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1830",
"period": "4",
"group": "5",
"electronicConfiguration": "Ar 3d3 4s2",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "V",
"name": "Vanadium",
"elementColor": [
0.65,
0.65,
0.67
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"se"
],
"discoverers": [
"N.",
"Sefström"
]
},
{
"id": "Cr",
"atomicNumber": 24,
"mass": 51.9961,
"exactMass": 51.9405075,
"ionization": 6.7665,
"electronAffinity": 0.67584,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.66,
"nameOrigin": "Greek 'chroma' means 'color'",
"radiusCovalent": 1.27,
"radiusVDW": 2.05,
"boilingpoint": 2945,
"meltingpoint": 2130,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1797",
"period": "4",
"group": "6",
"electronicConfiguration": "Ar 3d5 4s1",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Cr",
"name": "Chromium",
"elementColor": [
0.54,
0.6,
0.78
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"fr"
],
"discoverers": [
"Nicholas",
"Louis",
"Vauquelin"
]
},
{
"id": "Mn",
"atomicNumber": 25,
"mass": 54.938045,
"exactMass": 54.9380451,
"ionization": 7.434,
"electronAffinity": 0,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.55,
"nameOrigin": "It was discovered near a town named Magnesia in black earth. Thus, it was named 'magnesia nigra', or for short, Manganese.",
"radiusCovalent": 1.39,
"radiusVDW": 2.05,
"boilingpoint": 2235,
"meltingpoint": 1518,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1774",
"period": "4",
"group": "7",
"electronicConfiguration": "Ar 3d5 4s2",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Mn",
"name": "Manganese",
"elementColor": [
0.61,
0.48,
0.78
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"se"
],
"discoverers": [
"C.",
"W.",
"Scheele"
]
},
{
"id": "Fe",
"atomicNumber": 26,
"mass": 55.845,
"exactMass": 55.9349375,
"ionization": 7.9024,
"electronAffinity": 0.151,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.83,
"nameOrigin": "Latin 'ferrum'",
"radiusCovalent": 1.25,
"radiusVDW": 2.05,
"boilingpoint": 3023,
"meltingpoint": 1808,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "0",
"period": "4",
"group": "8",
"electronicConfiguration": "Ar 3d6 4s2",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Fe",
"name": "Iron",
"elementColor": [
0.5,
0.48,
0.78
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"ancient"
]
},
{
"id": "Co",
"atomicNumber": 27,
"mass": 58.933195,
"exactMass": 58.933195,
"ionization": 7.881,
"electronAffinity": 0.6633,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.88,
"nameOrigin": "Named after the German word 'Kobold' for 'goblin'",
"radiusCovalent": 1.26,
"radiusVDW": 2,
"boilingpoint": 3143,
"meltingpoint": 1768,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1737",
"period": "4",
"group": "8",
"electronicConfiguration": "Ar 3d7 4s2",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Co",
"name": "Cobalt",
"elementColor": [
0.44,
0.48,
0.78
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"se"
],
"discoverers": [
"G.",
"Brandt"
]
},
{
"id": "Ni",
"atomicNumber": 28,
"mass": 58.6934,
"exactMass": 57.9353429,
"ionization": 7.6398,
"electronAffinity": 1.15716,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.91,
"nameOrigin": "'Nickel' was the name of a mountain goblin",
"radiusCovalent": 1.21,
"radiusVDW": 2,
"boilingpoint": 3005,
"meltingpoint": 1726,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1751",
"period": "4",
"group": "8",
"electronicConfiguration": "Ar 3d8 4s2",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Ni",
"name": "Nickel",
"elementColor": [
0.36,
0.48,
0.76
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"se"
],
"discoverers": [
"A.",
"F.",
"Cronstedt"
]
},
{
"id": "Cu",
"atomicNumber": 29,
"mass": 63.546,
"exactMass": 62.9295975,
"ionization": 7.7264,
"electronAffinity": 1.23578,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.9,
"nameOrigin": "Greek 'cuprum' for Cypres",
"radiusCovalent": 1.38,
"radiusVDW": 2,
"boilingpoint": 2840,
"meltingpoint": 1356.6,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "0",
"period": "4",
"group": "1",
"electronicConfiguration": "Ar 3d10 4s1",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Cu",
"name": "Copper",
"elementColor": [
1,
0.48,
0.38
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"ancient"
]
},
{
"id": "Zn",
"atomicNumber": 30,
"mass": 65.38,
"exactMass": 63.9291422,
"ionization": 9.3942,
"electronAffinity": 0,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.65,
"nameOrigin": "German 'zinking' for 'rough', because zinc ore is very rough",
"radiusCovalent": 1.31,
"radiusVDW": 2.1,
"boilingpoint": 1180,
"meltingpoint": 692.73,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1746",
"period": "4",
"group": "2",
"electronicConfiguration": "Ar 3d10 4s2",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Zn",
"name": "Zinc",
"elementColor": [
0.49,
0.5,
0.69
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"de"
],
"discoverers": [
"Andreas",
"Marggraf"
]
},
{
"id": "Ga",
"atomicNumber": 31,
"mass": 69.723,
"exactMass": 68.9255736,
"ionization": 5.9993,
"electronAffinity": 0.41,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.81,
"nameOrigin": "'Gallia' is an old name for France",
"radiusCovalent": 1.26,
"radiusVDW": 2.1,
"boilingpoint": 2478,
"meltingpoint": 302.92,
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "1875",
"period": "4",
"group": "3",
"electronicConfiguration": "Ar 3d10 4s2 4p1",
"family": "Other_Metal",
"symbol": "Ga",
"name": "Gallium",
"elementColor": [
0.76,
0.56,
0.56
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"fr"
],
"discoverers": [
"P.",
"E.",
"Lecoq",
"de",
"Boisbaudran"
]
},
{
"id": "Ge",
"atomicNumber": 32,
"mass": 72.64,
"exactMass": 73.9211778,
"ionization": 7.8994,
"electronAffinity": 1.232712,
"electronegativityPauling": 2.01,
"nameOrigin": "Latin 'germania' is an old name for Germany",
"radiusCovalent": 1.22,
"radiusVDW": 2.1,
"boilingpoint": 3107,
"meltingpoint": 1211.5,
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "1886",
"period": "4",
"group": "4",
"electronicConfiguration": "Ar 3d10 4s2 4p2",
"family": "Metalloids",
"symbol": "Ge",
"name": "Germanium",
"elementColor": [
0.4,
0.56,
0.56
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"de"
],
"discoverers": [
"C.",
"A.",
"Winkler"
]
},
{
"id": "As",
"atomicNumber": 33,
"mass": 74.9216,
"exactMass": 74.9215965,
"ionization": 9.7886,
"electronAffinity": 0.814,
"electronegativityPauling": 2.18,
"nameOrigin": "Greek 'arsenikos' for 'male' or 'bold'",
"radiusCovalent": 1.19,
"radiusVDW": 2.05,
"boilingpoint": 876,
"meltingpoint": 1090,
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "0",
"period": "4",
"group": "5",
"electronicConfiguration": "Ar 3d10 4s2 4p3",
"family": "Metalloids",
"symbol": "As",
"name": "Arsenic",
"elementColor": [
0.74,
0.5,
0.89
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"ancient"
]
},
{
"id": "Se",
"atomicNumber": 34,
"mass": 78.96,
"exactMass": 79.9165213,
"ionization": 9.7524,
"electronAffinity": 2.02067,
"electronegativityPauling": 2.55,
"nameOrigin": "Greek 'selena' for 'moon'",
"radiusCovalent": 1.16,
"radiusVDW": 1.9,
"boilingpoint": 958,
"meltingpoint": 494,
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "1817",
"period": "4",
"group": "6",
"electronicConfiguration": "Ar 3d10 4s2 4p4",
"family": "Non-Metal",
"symbol": "Se",
"name": "Selenium",
"elementColor": [
1,
0.63,
0
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"se"
],
"discoverers": [
"J.",
"J.",
"Berzelius"
]
},
{
"id": "Br",
"atomicNumber": 35,
"mass": 79.904,
"exactMass": 78.9183371,
"ionization": 11.8138,
"electronAffinity": 3.363588,
"electronegativityPauling": 2.96,
"nameOrigin": "Greek 'bromos' for 'smells badly'",
"radiusCovalent": 1.14,
"radiusVDW": 1.9,
"boilingpoint": 331.85,
"meltingpoint": 265.95,
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "1826",
"period": "4",
"group": "7",
"electronicConfiguration": "Ar 3d10 4s2 4p5",
"family": "Halogen",
"symbol": "Br",
"name": "Bromine",
"elementColor": [
0.65,
0.16,
0.16
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"fr"
],
"discoverers": [
"A.",
"J.",
"Balard"
]
},
{
"id": "Kr",
"atomicNumber": 36,
"mass": 83.798,
"exactMass": 83.911507,
"ionization": 13.9996,
"electronAffinity": 0,
"electronegativityPauling": 3,
"nameOrigin": "Greek 'kryptos' for 'hidden'",
"radiusCovalent": 1.1,
"radiusVDW": 2.02,
"boilingpoint": 120.85,
"meltingpoint": 116,
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "1898",
"period": "4",
"group": "8",
"electronicConfiguration": "Ar 3d10 4s2 4p6",
"family": "Noblegas",
"symbol": "Kr",
"name": "Krypton",
"elementColor": [
0.36,
0.72,
0.82
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"uk"
],
"discoverers": [
"W. Ramsay",
"M. W. Travers"
]
},
{
"id": "Rb",
"atomicNumber": 37,
"mass": 85.4678,
"exactMass": 84.91178974,
"ionization": 4.1771,
"electronAffinity": 0.485916,
"electronegativityPauling": 0.82,
"nameOrigin": "Latin 'rubidus' for 'dark red'",
"radiusCovalent": 2.11,
"radiusVDW": 2.9,
"boilingpoint": 961,
"meltingpoint": 312.63,
"periodTableBlock": "s",
"discoveryDate": "1861",
"period": "5",
"group": "1",
"electronicConfiguration": "Kr 5s1",
"family": "Alkali_Earth",
"symbol": "Rb",
"name": "Rubidium",
"elementColor": [
0.44,
0.18,
0.69
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"de"
],
"discoverers": [
"Robert W. Bunsen",
"Gustav R. Kirchhoff"
]
},
{
"id": "Sr",
"atomicNumber": 38,
"mass": 87.62,
"exactMass": 87.9056121,
"ionization": 5.6949,
"electronAffinity": 0.05206,
"electronegativityPauling": 0.95,
"nameOrigin": "Named after the mineral Strontianit",
"radiusCovalent": 1.92,
"radiusVDW": 2.55,
"boilingpoint": 1655,
"meltingpoint": 1042,
"periodTableBlock": "s",
"discoveryDate": "1790",
"period": "5",
"group": "2",
"electronicConfiguration": "Kr 5s2",
"family": "Alkaline_Earth",
"symbol": "Sr",
"name": "Strontium",
"elementColor": [
0,
1,
0
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"uk"
],
"discoverers": [
"H.",
"B.",
"Davy"
]
},
{
"id": "Y",
"atomicNumber": 39,
"mass": 88.90585,
"exactMass": 88.9058483,
"ionization": 6.2173,
"electronAffinity": 0.307,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.22,
"nameOrigin": "Named after the small town of Ytterby near Stockholm in Sweden. Terbium. Ytterbium and Gadolinium are also named after this town.",
"radiusCovalent": 1.62,
"radiusVDW": 2.4,
"boilingpoint": 3611,
"meltingpoint": 1795,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1794",
"period": "5",
"group": "3",
"electronicConfiguration": "Kr 4d1 5s2",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Y",
"name": "Yttrium",
"elementColor": [
0.58,
1,
1
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"fi"
],
"discoverers": [
"Johann",
"Gadolin"
]
},
{
"id": "Zr",
"atomicNumber": 40,
"mass": 91.224,
"exactMass": 89.9047044,
"ionization": 6.6339,
"electronAffinity": 0.426,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.33,
"nameOrigin": "Named after the mineral zircon",
"radiusCovalent": 1.48,
"radiusVDW": 2.3,
"boilingpoint": 4682,
"meltingpoint": 2128,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1789",
"period": "5",
"group": "4",
"electronicConfiguration": "Kr 4d2 5s2",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Zr",
"name": "Zirconium",
"elementColor": [
0.58,
0.88,
0.88
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"de"
],
"discoverers": [
"Martin",
"Heinrich",
"Klaproth"
]
},
{
"id": "Nb",
"atomicNumber": 41,
"mass": 92.90638,
"exactMass": 92.9063781,
"ionization": 6.7589,
"electronAffinity": 0.893,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.6,
"nameOrigin": "Named after Niobe, the daughter of the Greek god Tantalus.",
"radiusCovalent": 1.37,
"radiusVDW": 2.15,
"boilingpoint": 5015,
"meltingpoint": 2742,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1801",
"period": "5",
"group": "5",
"electronicConfiguration": "Kr 4d4",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Nb",
"name": "Niobium",
"elementColor": [
0.45,
0.76,
0.79
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"uk"
],
"discoverers": [
"Ch.",
"Hatchett"
]
},
{
"id": "Mo",
"atomicNumber": 42,
"mass": 95.96,
"exactMass": 97.9054082,
"ionization": 7.0924,
"electronAffinity": 0.7472,
"electronegativityPauling": 2.16,
"nameOrigin": "This name has Greek roots. It means 'like Platinum' - it was difficult to distinguish Molybdenum from Platinum.",
"radiusCovalent": 1.45,
"radiusVDW": 2.1,
"boilingpoint": 4912,
"meltingpoint": 2896,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1778",
"period": "5",
"group": "6",
"electronicConfiguration": "Kr 4d5 5s1",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Mo",
"name": "Molybdenum",
"elementColor": [
0.33,
0.71,
0.71
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"se"
],
"discoverers": [
"C.",
"W.",
"Scheele"
]
},
{
"id": "Tc",
"atomicNumber": 43,
"mass": 98,
"exactMass": 97.907216,
"ionization": 7.28,
"electronAffinity": 0.55,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.9,
"nameOrigin": "Greek 'technetos' for artificial",
"radiusCovalent": 1.56,
"radiusVDW": 2.05,
"boilingpoint": 4538,
"meltingpoint": 2477,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1937",
"period": "5",
"group": "7",
"electronicConfiguration": "Kr 4d6 5s1",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Tc",
"name": "Technetium",
"elementColor": [
0.23,
0.62,
0.62
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"it"
],
"discoverers": [
"C. Perrier",
"E. G. Segre"
]
},
{
"id": "Ru",
"atomicNumber": 44,
"mass": 101.07,
"exactMass": 101.9043493,
"ionization": 7.3605,
"electronAffinity": 1.04638,
"electronegativityPauling": 2.2,
"nameOrigin": "Ruthenia is the old name of Russia",
"radiusCovalent": 1.26,
"radiusVDW": 2.05,
"boilingpoint": 4425,
"meltingpoint": 2610,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1844",
"period": "5",
"group": "8",
"electronicConfiguration": "Kr 4d7 5s1",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Ru",
"name": "Ruthenium",
"elementColor": [
0.14,
0.56,
0.56
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"ru"
],
"discoverers": [
"K.",
"Klaus"
]
},
{
"id": "Rh",
"atomicNumber": 45,
"mass": 102.9055,
"exactMass": 102.905504,
"ionization": 7.4589,
"electronAffinity": 1.14289,
"electronegativityPauling": 2.28,
"nameOrigin": "Greek 'rhodeos' means 'red like a rose'",
"radiusCovalent": 1.35,
"radiusVDW": 2,
"boilingpoint": 3970,
"meltingpoint": 2236,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1803",
"period": "5",
"group": "8",
"electronicConfiguration": "Kr 4d8 5s1",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Rh",
"name": "Rhodium",
"elementColor": [
0.04,
0.49,
0.55
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"uk"
],
"discoverers": [
"W.",
"Wollaston"
]
},
{
"id": "Pd",
"atomicNumber": 46,
"mass": 106.42,
"exactMass": 105.903486,
"ionization": 8.3369,
"electronAffinity": 0.56214,
"electronegativityPauling": 2.2,
"nameOrigin": "Named after the asteroid Pallas",
"radiusCovalent": 1.31,
"radiusVDW": 2.05,
"boilingpoint": 3240,
"meltingpoint": 1825,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1803",
"period": "5",
"group": "8",
"electronicConfiguration": "Kr 4d10",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Pd",
"name": "Palladium",
"elementColor": [
0,
0.41,
0.52
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"uk"
]
},
{
"id": "Ag",
"atomicNumber": 47,
"mass": 107.8682,
"exactMass": 106.905097,
"ionization": 7.5762,
"electronAffinity": 1.30447,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.93,
"nameOrigin": "Latin 'argentum' for silver",
"radiusCovalent": 1.53,
"radiusVDW": 2.1,
"boilingpoint": 2436,
"meltingpoint": 1235.1,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "0",
"period": "5",
"group": "1",
"electronicConfiguration": "Kr 4d10 5s1",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Ag",
"name": "Silver",
"elementColor": [
0.88,
0.88,
1
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"ancient"
]
},
{
"id": "Cd",
"atomicNumber": 48,
"mass": 112.411,
"exactMass": 113.9033585,
"ionization": 8.9938,
"electronAffinity": 0,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.69,
"nameOrigin": "Greek 'kadmia' ('Galmei' = Zinc carbonate)",
"radiusCovalent": 1.48,
"radiusVDW": 2.2,
"boilingpoint": 1040,
"meltingpoint": 594.26,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1817",
"period": "5",
"group": "2",
"electronicConfiguration": "Kr 4d10 5s2",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Cd",
"name": "Cadmium",
"elementColor": [
1,
0.85,
0.56
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"de"
],
"discoverers": [
"F.",
"Stromeyer"
]
},
{
"id": "In",
"atomicNumber": 49,
"mass": 114.818,
"exactMass": 114.903878,
"ionization": 5.7864,
"electronAffinity": 0.404,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.78,
"nameOrigin": "Named after 'Indigo' because of its blue spectrum",
"radiusCovalent": 1.44,
"radiusVDW": 2.2,
"boilingpoint": 2350,
"meltingpoint": 429.78,
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "1863",
"period": "5",
"group": "3",
"electronicConfiguration": "Kr 4d10 5s2 5p1",
"family": "Other_Metal",
"symbol": "In",
"name": "Indium",
"elementColor": [
0.65,
0.46,
0.45
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"de"
],
"discoverers": [
"F. Reich",
"H.T. Richter"
]
},
{
"id": "Sn",
"atomicNumber": 50,
"mass": 118.71,
"exactMass": 119.9021947,
"ionization": 7.3439,
"electronAffinity": 1.112066,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.96,
"nameOrigin": "Latin 'stannum' for tin",
"radiusCovalent": 1.41,
"radiusVDW": 2.25,
"boilingpoint": 2876,
"meltingpoint": 505.12,
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "0",
"period": "5",
"group": "4",
"electronicConfiguration": "Kr 4d10 5s2 5p2",
"family": "Other_Metal",
"symbol": "Sn",
"name": "Tin",
"elementColor": [
0.4,
0.5,
0.5
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"ancient"
]
},
{
"id": "Sb",
"atomicNumber": 51,
"mass": 121.76,
"exactMass": 120.9038157,
"ionization": 8.6084,
"electronAffinity": 1.047401,
"electronegativityPauling": 2.05,
"nameOrigin": "Arabic 'anthos ammonos' for 'blossom of the god Ammon'",
"radiusCovalent": 1.38,
"radiusVDW": 2.2,
"boilingpoint": 1860,
"meltingpoint": 903.91,
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "0",
"period": "5",
"group": "5",
"electronicConfiguration": "Kr 4d10 5s2 5p3",
"family": "Metalloids",
"symbol": "Sb",
"name": "Antimony",
"elementColor": [
0.62,
0.39,
0.71
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"ancient"
]
},
{
"id": "Te",
"atomicNumber": 52,
"mass": 127.6,
"exactMass": 129.9062244,
"ionization": 9.0096,
"electronAffinity": 1.970875,
"electronegativityPauling": 2.1,
"nameOrigin": "Latin 'tellus' or 'telluris' for 'Planet Earth'",
"radiusCovalent": 1.35,
"radiusVDW": 2.1,
"boilingpoint": 1261,
"meltingpoint": 722.72,
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "1782",
"period": "5",
"group": "6",
"electronicConfiguration": "Kr 4d10 5s2 5p4",
"family": "Metalloids",
"symbol": "Te",
"name": "Tellurium",
"elementColor": [
0.83,
0.48,
0
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"de"
],
"discoverers": [
"Franz",
"Joseph",
"Muller",
"von",
"Reichstein"
]
},
{
"id": "I",
"atomicNumber": 53,
"mass": 126.90447,
"exactMass": 126.904473,
"ionization": 10.4513,
"electronAffinity": 3.059038,
"electronegativityPauling": 2.66,
"nameOrigin": "Greek 'ioeides' for 'violet'.",
"radiusCovalent": 1.33,
"radiusVDW": 2.1,
"boilingpoint": 457.5,
"meltingpoint": 386.7,
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "1811",
"period": "5",
"group": "7",
"electronicConfiguration": "Kr 4d10 5s2 5p5",
"family": "Halogen",
"symbol": "I",
"name": "Iodine",
"elementColor": [
0.58,
0,
0.58
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"fr"
],
"discoverers": [
"Bernard",
"Courtois"
]
},
{
"id": "Xe",
"atomicNumber": 54,
"mass": 131.293,
"exactMass": 131.9041535,
"ionization": 12.1298,
"electronAffinity": 0,
"electronegativityPauling": 2.6,
"nameOrigin": "Greek 'xenos' for 'foreigner'",
"radiusCovalent": 1.3,
"radiusVDW": 2.16,
"boilingpoint": 165.1,
"meltingpoint": 161.39,
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "1898",
"period": "5",
"group": "8",
"electronicConfiguration": "Kr 4d10 5s2 5p6",
"family": "Noblegas",
"symbol": "Xe",
"name": "Xenon",
"elementColor": [
0.26,
0.62,
0.69
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"uk"
],
"discoverers": [
"W. Ramsay",
"M. W. Travers"
]
},
{
"id": "Cs",
"atomicNumber": 55,
"mass": 132.9054519,
"exactMass": 132.9054519,
"ionization": 3.8939,
"electronAffinity": 0.471626,
"electronegativityPauling": 0.79,
"nameOrigin": "Latin 'caesius' for 'heaven blue'.",
"radiusCovalent": 2.25,
"radiusVDW": 3,
"boilingpoint": 944,
"meltingpoint": 301.54,
"periodTableBlock": "s",
"discoveryDate": "1860",
"period": "6",
"group": "1",
"electronicConfiguration": "Xe 6s1",
"family": "Alkali_Earth",
"symbol": "Cs",
"name": "Caesium",
"elementColor": [
0.34,
0.09,
0.56
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"de"
],
"discoverers": [
"Robert Wilhelm Bunsen",
"Gustav Robert Kirchhoff"
]
},
{
"id": "Ba",
"atomicNumber": 56,
"mass": 137.327,
"exactMass": 137.9052472,
"ionization": 5.2117,
"electronAffinity": 0.14462,
"electronegativityPauling": 0.89,
"nameOrigin": "Greek 'barys' for 'heavy'",
"radiusCovalent": 1.98,
"radiusVDW": 2.7,
"boilingpoint": 2078,
"meltingpoint": 1002,
"periodTableBlock": "s",
"discoveryDate": "1808",
"period": "6",
"group": "2",
"electronicConfiguration": "Xe 6s2",
"family": "Alkaline_Earth",
"symbol": "Ba",
"name": "Barium",
"elementColor": [
0,
0.79,
0
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"uk"
],
"discoverers": [
"Humphry",
"Bartholomew",
"Davy"
]
},
{
"id": "La",
"atomicNumber": 57,
"mass": 138.90547,
"exactMass": 138.9063533,
"ionization": 5.5769,
"electronAffinity": 0.47,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.1,
"nameOrigin": "Greek 'lanthanein' for 'hidden'. The Lanthanoids are also called the 'rare earth' elements.",
"radiusCovalent": 1.69,
"radiusVDW": 2.5,
"boilingpoint": 3737,
"meltingpoint": 1191,
"periodTableBlock": "f",
"discoveryDate": "1839",
"period": "6",
"group": "3",
"electronicConfiguration": "Xe 5d1 6s2",
"family": "Rare_Earth",
"symbol": "La",
"name": "Lanthanum",
"elementColor": [
0.44,
0.83,
1
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"se"
],
"discoverers": [
"K.",
"G.",
"Mosander"
]
},
{
"id": "Ce",
"atomicNumber": 58,
"mass": 140.116,
"exactMass": 139.9054387,
"ionization": 5.5387,
"electronAffinity": 0.5,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.12,
"nameOrigin": "Named after the planetoid Ceres",
"radiusVDW": 2.48,
"boilingpoint": 3715,
"meltingpoint": 1071,
"periodTableBlock": "f",
"discoveryDate": "1803",
"period": "6",
"group": "4",
"electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f1 5d1 6s2",
"family": "Rare_Earth",
"symbol": "Ce",
"name": "Cerium",
"elementColor": [
1,
1,
0.78
],
"discoverers": [
"Jöns Jacob Berzelius",
"W. Hisinger",
"M. Klaproth"
]
},
{
"id": "Pr",
"atomicNumber": 59,
"mass": 140.90765,
"exactMass": 140.9076528,
"ionization": 5.473,
"electronAffinity": 0.5,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.13,
"nameOrigin": "Greek 'prasinos didymos' for 'green twin'",
"radiusVDW": 2.47,
"boilingpoint": 3785,
"meltingpoint": 1204,
"periodTableBlock": "f",
"discoveryDate": "1885",
"period": "6",
"group": "5",
"electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f3 6s2",
"family": "Rare_Earth",
"symbol": "Pr",
"name": "Praseodymium",
"elementColor": [
0.85,
1,
0.78
],
"discoverers": [
"Carl",
"F.",
"Auer",
"von",
"Welsbach"
]
},
{
"id": "Nd",
"atomicNumber": 60,
"mass": 144.242,
"exactMass": 141.9077233,
"ionization": 5.525,
"electronAffinity": 0.5,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.14,
"nameOrigin": "Greek 'neos didymos' for 'new twin'",
"radiusVDW": 2.45,
"boilingpoint": 3347,
"meltingpoint": 1294,
"periodTableBlock": "f",
"discoveryDate": "1885",
"period": "6",
"group": "6",
"electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f4 6s2",
"family": "Rare_Earth",
"symbol": "Nd",
"name": "Neodymium",
"elementColor": [
0.78,
1,
0.78
],
"discoverers": [
"Carl",
"F.",
"Auer",
"von",
"Welsbach"
]
},
{
"id": "Pm",
"atomicNumber": 61,
"mass": 145,
"exactMass": 144.912749,
"ionization": 5.582,
"electronAffinity": 0.5,
"nameOrigin": "Named after the Greek Prometheus. Prometheus stole the fire from the gods and gave it to mankind.",
"radiusVDW": 2.43,
"boilingpoint": 3273,
"meltingpoint": 1315,
"periodTableBlock": "f",
"discoveryDate": "1945",
"period": "6",
"group": "7",
"electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f5 6s2",
"family": "Rare_Earth",
"symbol": "Pm",
"name": "Promethium",
"elementColor": [
0.64,
1,
0.78
],
"discoverers": [
"J. A. Marinsky",
"C. D. Coryell",
"L. E. Glendenin"
]
},
{
"id": "Sm",
"atomicNumber": 62,
"mass": 150.36,
"exactMass": 151.9197324,
"ionization": 5.6437,
"electronAffinity": 0.5,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.17,
"nameOrigin": "Named after the mineral Samarskit",
"radiusVDW": 2.42,
"boilingpoint": 2067,
"meltingpoint": 1347,
"periodTableBlock": "f",
"discoveryDate": "1879",
"period": "6",
"group": "8",
"electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f6 6s2",
"family": "Rare_Earth",
"symbol": "Sm",
"name": "Samarium",
"elementColor": [
0.56,
1,
0.78
],
"discoverers": [
"P.",
"Lecoq",
"de",
"Boisbaudran"
]
},
{
"id": "Eu",
"atomicNumber": 63,
"mass": 151.964,
"exactMass": 152.9212303,
"ionization": 5.6704,
"electronAffinity": 0.5,
"nameOrigin": "Named after Europe",
"radiusVDW": 2.4,
"boilingpoint": 1800,
"meltingpoint": 1095,
"periodTableBlock": "f",
"discoveryDate": "1901",
"period": "6",
"group": "8",
"electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f7 6s2",
"family": "Rare_Earth",
"symbol": "Eu",
"name": "Europium",
"elementColor": [
0.38,
1,
0.78
],
"discoverers": [
"E.",
"A.",
"Demarcay"
]
},
{
"id": "Gd",
"atomicNumber": 64,
"mass": 157.25,
"exactMass": 157.9241039,
"ionization": 6.1498,
"electronAffinity": 0.5,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.2,
"nameOrigin": "Named after the Finnish chemist Johan Gadolin",
"radiusVDW": 2.38,
"boilingpoint": 3545,
"meltingpoint": 1585,
"periodTableBlock": "f",
"discoveryDate": "1880",
"period": "6",
"group": "8",
"electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f7 5d1 6s2",
"family": "Rare_Earth",
"symbol": "Gd",
"name": "Gadolinium",
"elementColor": [
0.27,
1,
0.78
],
"discoverers": [
"Jean",
"de",
"Marignac"
]
},
{
"id": "Tb",
"atomicNumber": 65,
"mass": 158.92535,
"exactMass": 158.9253468,
"ionization": 5.8638,
"electronAffinity": 0.5,
"nameOrigin": "Named after the Swedish town of Ytterby",
"radiusVDW": 2.37,
"boilingpoint": 3500,
"meltingpoint": 1629,
"periodTableBlock": "f",
"discoveryDate": "1843",
"period": "6",
"group": "1",
"electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f9 6s2",
"family": "Rare_Earth",
"symbol": "Tb",
"name": "Terbium",
"elementColor": [
0.19,
1,
0.78
],
"discoverers": [
"K.",
"G.",
"Mosander"
]
},
{
"id": "Dy",
"atomicNumber": 66,
"mass": 162.5,
"exactMass": 163.9291748,
"ionization": 5.9389,
"electronAffinity": 0.5,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.22,
"nameOrigin": "Greek 'dysprositor' for 'difficult to reach'",
"radiusVDW": 2.35,
"boilingpoint": 2840,
"meltingpoint": 1685,
"periodTableBlock": "f",
"discoveryDate": "1886",
"period": "6",
"group": "2",
"electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f10 6s2",
"family": "Rare_Earth",
"symbol": "Dy",
"name": "Dysprosium",
"elementColor": [
0.12,
1,
0.78
],
"discoverers": [
"F.",
"E.",
"Lecoq",
"de",
"Boisbaudran"
]
},
{
"id": "Ho",
"atomicNumber": 67,
"mass": 164.93032,
"exactMass": 164.9303221,
"ionization": 6.0215,
"electronAffinity": 0.5,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.23,
"nameOrigin": "Latin 'holmia' for the old name of Stockholm",
"radiusVDW": 2.33,
"boilingpoint": 2968,
"meltingpoint": 1747,
"periodTableBlock": "f",
"discoveryDate": "1878",
"period": "6",
"group": "3",
"electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f11 6s2",
"family": "Rare_Earth",
"symbol": "Ho",
"name": "Holmium",
"elementColor": [
0,
1,
0.61
],
"discoverers": [
"J. L. Soret",
"P.T. Cleve"
]
},
{
"id": "Er",
"atomicNumber": 68,
"mass": 167.259,
"exactMass": 165.9302931,
"ionization": 6.1077,
"electronAffinity": 0.5,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.24,
"nameOrigin": "Named ofter the Swedish town of Ytterby. Terbium and Ytterbium are also named after this town.",
"radiusVDW": 2.32,
"boilingpoint": 3140,
"meltingpoint": 1802,
"periodTableBlock": "f",
"discoveryDate": "1843",
"period": "6",
"group": "4",
"electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f12 6s2",
"family": "Rare_Earth",
"symbol": "Er",
"name": "Erbium",
"elementColor": [
0,
0.9,
0.46
],
"discoverers": [
"K.",
"G.",
"Mosander"
]
},
{
"id": "Tm",
"atomicNumber": 69,
"mass": 168.93421,
"exactMass": 168.9342133,
"ionization": 6.1843,
"electronAffinity": 0.5,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.25,
"nameOrigin": "Named after the old name of Scandinavia, 'Thule'.",
"radiusVDW": 2.3,
"boilingpoint": 2223,
"meltingpoint": 1818,
"periodTableBlock": "f",
"discoveryDate": "1879",
"period": "6",
"group": "5",
"electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f13 6s2",
"family": "Rare_Earth",
"symbol": "Tm",
"name": "Thulium",
"elementColor": [
0,
0.83,
0.32
],
"discoverers": [
"P.",
"T.",
"Cleve"
]
},
{
"id": "Yb",
"atomicNumber": 70,
"mass": 173.054,
"exactMass": 173.9388621,
"ionization": 6.2542,
"electronAffinity": 0.5,
"nameOrigin": "Like Terbium and Gadolinium, this is named after the Swedish town of Ytterby.",
"radiusVDW": 2.28,
"boilingpoint": 1469,
"meltingpoint": 1092,
"periodTableBlock": "f",
"discoveryDate": "1878",
"period": "6",
"group": "6",
"electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f14 6s2",
"family": "Rare_Earth",
"symbol": "Yb",
"name": "Ytterbium",
"elementColor": [
0,
0.75,
0.22
],
"discoverers": [
"J.",
"Ch.",
"Marignac"
]
},
{
"id": "Lu",
"atomicNumber": 71,
"mass": 174.9668,
"exactMass": 174.9407718,
"ionization": 5.4259,
"electronAffinity": 0.5,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.27,
"nameOrigin": "Named after the Roman name 'Lutetia' for Paris",
"radiusCovalent": 1.6,
"radiusVDW": 2.27,
"boilingpoint": 3668,
"meltingpoint": 1936,
"periodTableBlock": "f",
"discoveryDate": "1907",
"period": "6",
"group": "7",
"electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f14 5d1 6s2",
"family": "Rare_Earth",
"symbol": "Lu",
"name": "Lutetium",
"elementColor": [
0,
0.67,
0.14
],
"discoverers": [
"Carl F. Auer von Welsbach",
"G. Urbain"
]
},
{
"id": "Hf",
"atomicNumber": 72,
"mass": 178.49,
"exactMass": 179.94655,
"ionization": 6.8251,
"electronAffinity": 0,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.3,
"nameOrigin": "'Hafnia' is the old name of Kopenhagen (Denmark)",
"radiusCovalent": 1.5,
"radiusVDW": 2.25,
"boilingpoint": 4875,
"meltingpoint": 2504,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1923",
"period": "6",
"group": "4",
"electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f14 5d2 6s2",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Hf",
"name": "Hafnium",
"elementColor": [
0.3,
0.76,
1
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"dk"
],
"discoverers": [
"D. Coster",
"G. Hevesy"
]
},
{
"id": "Ta",
"atomicNumber": 73,
"mass": 180.94788,
"exactMass": 180.9479958,
"ionization": 7.5496,
"electronAffinity": 0.322,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.5,
"nameOrigin": "Named after the Greek myth of Tantalos",
"radiusCovalent": 1.38,
"radiusVDW": 2.2,
"boilingpoint": 5730,
"meltingpoint": 3293,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1802",
"period": "6",
"group": "5",
"electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f14 5d3 6s2",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Ta",
"name": "Tantalum",
"elementColor": [
0.3,
0.65,
1
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"se"
],
"discoverers": [
"A.",
"Ekeberg"
]
},
{
"id": "W",
"atomicNumber": 74,
"mass": 183.84,
"exactMass": 183.9509312,
"ionization": 7.864,
"electronAffinity": 0.815,
"electronegativityPauling": 2.36,
"nameOrigin": "'tung sten' means 'heavy stone' in Swedish. The old name (and thus the symbol 'W') was Wolfram, named after a mineral.",
"radiusCovalent": 1.46,
"radiusVDW": 2.1,
"boilingpoint": 5825,
"meltingpoint": 3695,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1783",
"period": "6",
"group": "6",
"electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f14 5d4 6s2",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "W",
"name": "Tungsten",
"elementColor": [
0.13,
0.58,
0.84
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"es"
],
"discoverers": [
"C.",
"W.",
"Scheele"
]
},
{
"id": "Re",
"atomicNumber": 75,
"mass": 186.207,
"exactMass": 186.9557531,
"ionization": 7.8335,
"electronAffinity": 0.15,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.9,
"nameOrigin": "Named after the German river Rhine (latin 'Rhenium').",
"radiusCovalent": 1.59,
"radiusVDW": 2.05,
"boilingpoint": 5870,
"meltingpoint": 3455,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1925",
"period": "6",
"group": "7",
"electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f14 5d5 6s2",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Re",
"name": "Rhenium",
"elementColor": [
0.15,
0.49,
0.67
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"de"
],
"discoverers": [
"Walter Noddack",
"Ida Tacke-Noddack",
"Otto Berg"
]
},
{
"id": "Os",
"atomicNumber": 76,
"mass": 190.23,
"exactMass": 191.9614807,
"ionization": 8.4382,
"electronAffinity": 1.0778,
"electronegativityPauling": 2.2,
"nameOrigin": "Greek for 'smell'. Its oxides smell strongly like radishes.",
"radiusCovalent": 1.28,
"radiusVDW": 2,
"boilingpoint": 5300,
"meltingpoint": 3300,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1804",
"period": "6",
"group": "8",
"electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f14 5d6 6s2",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Os",
"name": "Osmium",
"elementColor": [
0.15,
0.4,
0.59
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"uk"
],
"discoverers": [
"S.",
"Tennant"
]
},
{
"id": "Ir",
"atomicNumber": 77,
"mass": 192.217,
"exactMass": 192.9629264,
"ionization": 8.967,
"electronAffinity": 1.56436,
"electronegativityPauling": 2.2,
"nameOrigin": "Greek 'iris' for 'rainbow'",
"radiusCovalent": 1.37,
"radiusVDW": 2,
"boilingpoint": 4700,
"meltingpoint": 2720,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1804",
"period": "6",
"group": "8",
"electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f14 5d7 6s2",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Ir",
"name": "Iridium",
"elementColor": [
0.09,
0.33,
0.53
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"uk"
],
"discoverers": [
"S.",
"Tennant"
]
},
{
"id": "Pt",
"atomicNumber": 78,
"mass": 195.084,
"exactMass": 194.9647911,
"ionization": 8.9588,
"electronAffinity": 2.1251,
"electronegativityPauling": 2.28,
"nameOrigin": "Spanish 'platina' means 'small silver'",
"radiusCovalent": 1.28,
"radiusVDW": 2.05,
"boilingpoint": 4100,
"meltingpoint": 2042.1,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1735",
"period": "6",
"group": "8",
"electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f14 5d9 6s1",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Pt",
"name": "Platinum",
"elementColor": [
0.96,
0.93,
0.82
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"uk"
],
"discoverers": [
"A.",
"de",
"Ulloa"
]
},
{
"id": "Au",
"atomicNumber": 79,
"mass": 196.966569,
"exactMass": 196.9665687,
"ionization": 9.2255,
"electronAffinity": 2.30861,
"electronegativityPauling": 2.54,
"nameOrigin": "Latin 'aurum'. Named after Aurora, the goddess of sunrise",
"radiusCovalent": 1.44,
"radiusVDW": 2.1,
"boilingpoint": 3130,
"meltingpoint": 1337.58,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "0",
"period": "6",
"group": "1",
"electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f14 5d10 6s1",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Au",
"name": "Gold",
"elementColor": [
0.8,
0.82,
0.12
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"ancient"
]
},
{
"id": "Hg",
"atomicNumber": 80,
"mass": 200.59,
"exactMass": 201.970643,
"ionization": 10.4375,
"electronAffinity": 0,
"electronegativityPauling": 2,
"nameOrigin": "Graeco-Latin 'hydrargyrum' for 'liquid silver'",
"radiusCovalent": 1.49,
"radiusVDW": 2.05,
"boilingpoint": 629.88,
"meltingpoint": 234.31,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "0",
"period": "6",
"group": "2",
"electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f14 5d10 6s2",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Hg",
"name": "Mercury",
"elementColor": [
0.71,
0.71,
0.76
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"ancient"
]
},
{
"id": "Tl",
"atomicNumber": 81,
"mass": 204.3833,
"exactMass": 204.9744275,
"ionization": 6.1082,
"electronAffinity": 0.377,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.62,
"nameOrigin": "Greek 'tallos' for 'young twig'",
"radiusCovalent": 1.48,
"radiusVDW": 2.2,
"boilingpoint": 1746,
"meltingpoint": 577,
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "1861",
"period": "6",
"group": "3",
"electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1",
"family": "Other_Metal",
"symbol": "Tl",
"name": "Thallium",
"elementColor": [
0.65,
0.33,
0.3
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"uk"
],
"discoverers": [
"W.",
"Crookes"
]
},
{
"id": "Pb",
"atomicNumber": 82,
"mass": 207.2,
"exactMass": 207.9766521,
"ionization": 7.4167,
"electronAffinity": 0.364,
"electronegativityPauling": 2.33,
"nameOrigin": "Latin 'plumbum' for Lead",
"radiusCovalent": 1.47,
"radiusVDW": 2.3,
"boilingpoint": 2023,
"meltingpoint": 600.65,
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "0",
"period": "6",
"group": "4",
"electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2",
"family": "Other_Metal",
"symbol": "Pb",
"name": "Lead",
"elementColor": [
0.34,
0.35,
0.38
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"ancient"
]
},
{
"id": "Bi",
"atomicNumber": 83,
"mass": 208.9804,
"exactMass": 208.9803987,
"ionization": 7.2855,
"electronAffinity": 0.942363,
"electronegativityPauling": 2.02,
"nameOrigin": "The old name of Bismuth is 'Wismut', which stood for 'white mass'.",
"radiusCovalent": 1.46,
"radiusVDW": 2.3,
"boilingpoint": 1837,
"meltingpoint": 544.59,
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "0",
"period": "6",
"group": "5",
"electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3",
"family": "Other_Metal",
"symbol": "Bi",
"name": "Bismuth",
"elementColor": [
0.62,
0.31,
0.71
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"ancient"
]
},
{
"id": "Po",
"atomicNumber": 84,
"mass": 209,
"exactMass": 208.9824304,
"ionization": 8.414,
"electronAffinity": 1.9,
"electronegativityPauling": 2,
"nameOrigin": "Named after Poland to honor Marie Curie",
"radiusVDW": 2,
"meltingpoint": 527,
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "1898",
"period": "6",
"group": "6",
"electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4",
"family": "Metalloids",
"symbol": "Po",
"name": "Polonium",
"elementColor": [
0.67,
0.36,
0
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"fr"
],
"discoverers": [
"M. Sklodowska-Curie",
"P. Curie"
]
},
{
"id": "At",
"atomicNumber": 85,
"mass": 210,
"exactMass": 209.987148,
"ionization": 0,
"electronAffinity": 2.8,
"electronegativityPauling": 2.2,
"nameOrigin": "Greek 'astator' for 'changing'",
"radiusVDW": 2,
"boilingpoint": 610,
"meltingpoint": 575,
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "1940",
"period": "6",
"group": "7",
"electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5",
"family": "Halogen",
"symbol": "At",
"name": "Astatine",
"elementColor": [
0.46,
0.31,
0.27
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"us"
],
"discoverers": [
"D. R. Corson",
"K. R. McKenzie",
"E. Segre"
]
},
{
"id": "Rn",
"atomicNumber": 86,
"mass": 222,
"exactMass": 222.0175777,
"ionization": 10.7485,
"electronAffinity": 0,
"nameOrigin": "Named after Radium. It ends with 'on' to make it clear that it is a noble gas.",
"radiusCovalent": 1.45,
"radiusVDW": 2,
"boilingpoint": 211.4,
"meltingpoint": 202,
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "1898",
"period": "6",
"group": "8",
"electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6",
"family": "Noblegas",
"symbol": "Rn",
"name": "Radon",
"elementColor": [
0.26,
0.51,
0.59
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"de"
],
"discoverers": [
"E.",
"Dorn"
]
},
{
"id": "Fr",
"atomicNumber": 87,
"mass": 223,
"exactMass": 223.0197359,
"ionization": 4.0727,
"electronegativityPauling": 0.7,
"nameOrigin": "Named after France to honor Marguerite Perey",
"radiusVDW": 2,
"boilingpoint": 950,
"meltingpoint": 300,
"periodTableBlock": "s",
"discoveryDate": "1939",
"period": "7",
"group": "1",
"electronicConfiguration": "Rn 7s1",
"family": "Alkali_Earth",
"symbol": "Fr",
"name": "Francium",
"elementColor": [
0.26,
0,
0.4
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"fr"
],
"discoverers": [
"M.",
"Perey"
]
},
{
"id": "Ra",
"atomicNumber": 88,
"mass": 226,
"exactMass": 226.0254098,
"ionization": 5.2784,
"electronegativityPauling": 0.9,
"nameOrigin": "Latin 'radius' for 'beam', as it is radioactive",
"radiusVDW": 2,
"boilingpoint": 1413,
"meltingpoint": 973,
"periodTableBlock": "s",
"discoveryDate": "1898",
"period": "7",
"group": "2",
"electronicConfiguration": "Rn 7s2",
"family": "Alkaline_Earth",
"symbol": "Ra",
"name": "Radium",
"elementColor": [
0,
0.49,
0
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"fr"
],
"discoverers": [
"M. Sklodowska-Curie",
"P. Curie"
]
},
{
"id": "Ac",
"atomicNumber": 89,
"mass": 227,
"exactMass": 227.0277521,
"ionization": 5.17,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.1,
"nameOrigin": "Greek 'aktis' for 'beam' - actinium is radioactive",
"radiusVDW": 2,
"boilingpoint": 3470,
"meltingpoint": 1324,
"periodTableBlock": "f",
"discoveryDate": "1899",
"period": "7",
"group": "3",
"electronicConfiguration": "Rn 6d1 7s2",
"family": "Other_Metal",
"symbol": "Ac",
"name": "Actinium",
"elementColor": [
0.44,
0.67,
0.98
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"fr"
],
"discoverers": [
"A.",
"L.",
"Debierne"
]
},
{
"id": "Th",
"atomicNumber": 90,
"mass": 232.03806,
"exactMass": 232.0380553,
"ionization": 6.3067,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.3,
"nameOrigin": "Named after the German god of thunder: Thor",
"radiusVDW": 2.4,
"boilingpoint": 5060,
"meltingpoint": 2028,
"periodTableBlock": "f",
"discoveryDate": "1828",
"period": "7",
"group": "4",
"electronicConfiguration": "Rn 6d2 7s2",
"family": "Other_Metal",
"symbol": "Th",
"name": "Thorium",
"elementColor": [
0,
0.73,
1
],
"discoverers": [
"J.",
"J.",
"Berzelius"
]
},
{
"id": "Pa",
"atomicNumber": 91,
"mass": 231.03588,
"exactMass": 231.035884,
"ionization": 5.89,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.5,
"nameOrigin": "Greek 'protos' for 'ancester'. Protactinium is before Actinium in the periodic table.",
"radiusVDW": 2,
"boilingpoint": 4300,
"meltingpoint": 1845,
"periodTableBlock": "f",
"discoveryDate": "1917",
"period": "7",
"group": "5",
"electronicConfiguration": "Rn 5f2 6d1 7s2",
"family": "Other_Metal",
"symbol": "Pa",
"name": "Protactinium",
"elementColor": [
0,
0.63,
1
],
"discoverers": [
"O. Hahn",
"L. Meitern",
"W. Wollaston"
]
},
{
"id": "U",
"atomicNumber": 92,
"mass": 238.02891,
"exactMass": 238.0507882,
"ionization": 6.1941,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.38,
"nameOrigin": "Greek 'ouranos' for 'heaven'. Named after the planet Uranus.",
"radiusVDW": 2.3,
"boilingpoint": 4407,
"meltingpoint": 1408,
"periodTableBlock": "f",
"discoveryDate": "1789",
"period": "7",
"group": "6",
"electronicConfiguration": "Rn 5f3 6d1 7s2",
"family": "Other_Metal",
"symbol": "U",
"name": "Uranium",
"elementColor": [
0,
0.56,
1
],
"discoverers": [
"M.",
"M.",
"Klaproth"
]
},
{
"id": "Np",
"atomicNumber": 93,
"mass": 237,
"exactMass": 237.0481734,
"ionization": 6.2657,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.36,
"nameOrigin": "Named after the planet Neptune.",
"radiusVDW": 2,
"boilingpoint": 4175,
"meltingpoint": 912,
"periodTableBlock": "f",
"discoveryDate": "1940",
"period": "7",
"group": "7",
"electronicConfiguration": "Rn 5f4 6d1 7s2",
"family": "Other_Metal",
"symbol": "Np",
"name": "Neptunium",
"elementColor": [
0,
0.5,
1
],
"discoverers": [
"E. M. McMillan",
"P. Aberson"
]
},
{
"id": "Pu",
"atomicNumber": 94,
"mass": 244,
"exactMass": 244.064204,
"ionization": 6.026,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.28,
"nameOrigin": "Named after the planet Pluto.",
"radiusVDW": 2,
"boilingpoint": 3505,
"meltingpoint": 913,
"periodTableBlock": "f",
"discoveryDate": "1940",
"period": "7",
"group": "8",
"electronicConfiguration": "Rn 5f6 7s2",
"family": "Other_Metal",
"symbol": "Pu",
"name": "Plutonium",
"elementColor": [
0,
0.42,
1
],
"discoverers": [
"Glenn T. Seaborg",
"E. M. McMillan",
"J. W. Kennedy",
"A.C. Wahl"
]
},
{
"id": "Am",
"atomicNumber": 95,
"mass": 243,
"exactMass": 243.0613811,
"ionization": 5.9738,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.3,
"nameOrigin": "Named after America.",
"radiusVDW": 2,
"boilingpoint": 2880,
"meltingpoint": 1449,
"periodTableBlock": "f",
"discoveryDate": "1945",
"period": "7",
"group": "8",
"electronicConfiguration": "Rn 5f7 7s2",
"family": "Other_Metal",
"symbol": "Am",
"name": "Americium",
"elementColor": [
0.33,
0.36,
0.95
],
"discoverers": [
"Glenn T. Seaborg",
"L. O. Morgan",
"R. A. James",
"A. Ghiors"
]
},
{
"id": "Cm",
"atomicNumber": 96,
"mass": 247,
"exactMass": 247.070354,
"ionization": 5.9914,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.3,
"nameOrigin": "Named after Marie Curie.",
"radiusVDW": 2,
"boilingpoint": 3383,
"meltingpoint": 1620,
"periodTableBlock": "f",
"discoveryDate": "1944",
"period": "7",
"group": "8",
"electronicConfiguration": "Rn 5f7 6d1 7s2",
"family": "Other_Metal",
"symbol": "Cm",
"name": "Curium",
"elementColor": [
0.47,
0.36,
0.89
],
"discoverers": [
"Glenn T. Seaborg",
"R. A. James",
"A. Ghiors"
]
},
{
"id": "Bk",
"atomicNumber": 97,
"mass": 247,
"exactMass": 247.070307,
"ionization": 6.1979,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.3,
"nameOrigin": "Named after the town Berkeley where it was discovered.",
"radiusVDW": 2,
"boilingpoint": 983,
"meltingpoint": 1258,
"periodTableBlock": "f",
"discoveryDate": "1949",
"period": "7",
"group": "1",
"electronicConfiguration": "Rn 5f9 7s2",
"family": "Other_Metal",
"symbol": "Bk",
"name": "Berkelium",
"elementColor": [
0.54,
0.31,
0.89
],
"discoverers": [
"Glenn T. Seaborg",
"A. Ghiors",
"S. G. Thompson"
]
},
{
"id": "Cf",
"atomicNumber": 98,
"mass": 251,
"exactMass": 251.079587,
"ionization": 6.2817,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.3,
"nameOrigin": "Named after the US-State of California.",
"radiusVDW": 2,
"boilingpoint": 1173,
"meltingpoint": 1172,
"periodTableBlock": "f",
"discoveryDate": "1950",
"period": "7",
"group": "2",
"electronicConfiguration": "Rn 5f10 7s2",
"family": "Other_Metal",
"symbol": "Cf",
"name": "Californium",
"elementColor": [
0.63,
0.21,
0.83
],
"discoverers": [
"Glenn T. Seaborg",
"A. Ghiors",
"S. G. Thompson"
]
},
{
"id": "Es",
"atomicNumber": 99,
"mass": 252,
"exactMass": 252.08298,
"ionization": 6.42,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.3,
"nameOrigin": "Named after the scientist Albert Einstein.",
"radiusVDW": 2,
"meltingpoint": 1130,
"periodTableBlock": "f",
"discoveryDate": "1952",
"period": "7",
"group": "3",
"electronicConfiguration": "Rn 5f11 7s2",
"family": "Other_Metal",
"symbol": "Es",
"name": "Einsteinium",
"elementColor": [
0.7,
0.12,
0.83
],
"discoverers": [
"Glenn T. Seaborg",
"et al."
]
},
{
"id": "Fm",
"atomicNumber": 100,
"mass": 257,
"exactMass": 257.095105,
"ionization": 6.5,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.3,
"nameOrigin": "Named after the scientist Enrico Fermi.",
"radiusVDW": 2,
"meltingpoint": 1800,
"periodTableBlock": "f",
"discoveryDate": "1953",
"period": "7",
"group": "4",
"electronicConfiguration": "Rn 5f12 7s2",
"family": "Other_Metal",
"symbol": "Fm",
"name": "Fermium",
"elementColor": [
0.7,
0.12,
0.73
],
"discoverers": [
"Glenn T. Seaborg",
"et al."
]
},
{
"id": "Md",
"atomicNumber": 101,
"mass": 258,
"exactMass": 258.098431,
"ionization": 6.58,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.3,
"nameOrigin": "Named after the scientist D.I. Mendeleev.",
"radiusVDW": 2,
"meltingpoint": 1100,
"periodTableBlock": "f",
"discoveryDate": "1955",
"period": "7",
"group": "5",
"electronicConfiguration": "Rn 5f13 7s2",
"family": "Other_Metal",
"symbol": "Md",
"name": "Mendelevium",
"elementColor": [
0.7,
0.05,
0.65
],
"discoverers": [
"Glenn T. Seaborg",
"Albert Ghiorso",
"Bernard Harvey",
"Gregory Choppin",
"Stanley G. Thompson"
]
},
{
"id": "No",
"atomicNumber": 102,
"mass": 259,
"exactMass": 259.10103,
"ionization": 6.65,
"electronegativityPauling": 1.3,
"nameOrigin": "Named after the scientist Alfred Nobel.",
"radiusVDW": 2,
"meltingpoint": 1100,
"periodTableBlock": "f",
"discoveryDate": "1958",
"period": "7",
"group": "6",
"electronicConfiguration": "Rn 5f14 7s2",
"family": "Other_Metal",
"symbol": "No",
"name": "Nobelium",
"elementColor": [
0.74,
0.05,
0.53
]
},
{
"id": "Lr",
"atomicNumber": 103,
"mass": 262,
"exactMass": 262.10963,
"ionization": 4.9,
"nameOrigin": "Named after the scientist Ernest Orlando Lawrence.",
"radiusVDW": 2,
"meltingpoint": 1900,
"periodTableBlock": "f",
"discoveryDate": "1961",
"period": "7",
"group": "7",
"electronicConfiguration": "Rn 5f14 7s2 7p1",
"family": "Other_Metal",
"symbol": "Lr",
"name": "Lawrencium",
"elementColor": [
0.78,
0,
0.4
],
"discoverers": [
"Albert Ghiorso",
"Torbjorn Sikkeland",
"Almon Larsh",
"Robert M. Latimer"
]
},
{
"id": "Rf",
"atomicNumber": 104,
"mass": 267,
"exactMass": 261.10877,
"ionization": 6,
"nameOrigin": "Named after the scientist Ernest Rutherford",
"radiusVDW": 2,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1964",
"period": "7",
"group": "4",
"electronicConfiguration": "Rn 5f14 6d2 7s2",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Rf",
"name": "Rutherfordium",
"elementColor": [
0.8,
0,
0.35
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"ru",
"us"
]
},
{
"id": "Db",
"atomicNumber": 105,
"mass": 268,
"exactMass": 262.11408,
"nameOrigin": "Named after the science-town Dubna in Russia",
"radiusVDW": 2,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1967",
"period": "7",
"group": "5",
"electronicConfiguration": "Rn 5f14 6d3 7s2",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Db",
"name": "Dubnium",
"elementColor": [
0.82,
0,
0.31
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"ru",
"us"
]
},
{
"id": "Sg",
"atomicNumber": 106,
"mass": 271,
"exactMass": 263.11832,
"nameOrigin": "Named after the scientist G. Theodore Seaborg.",
"radiusVDW": 2,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1974",
"period": "7",
"group": "6",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Sg",
"name": "Seaborgium",
"elementColor": [
0.85,
0,
0.27
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"ru",
"us"
],
"discoverers": [
"Albert Ghiorso",
"et al."
]
},
{
"id": "Bh",
"atomicNumber": 107,
"mass": 272,
"exactMass": 264.1246,
"nameOrigin": "Named after the scientist Niels Bohr.",
"radiusVDW": 2,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1981",
"period": "7",
"group": "7",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Bh",
"name": "Bohrium",
"elementColor": [
0.88,
0,
0.22
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"ru"
],
"discoverers": [
"Peter Armbruster",
"Gottfried Münzenber",
"et al."
]
},
{
"id": "Hs",
"atomicNumber": 108,
"mass": 270,
"exactMass": 265.13009,
"nameOrigin": "Latin 'hassia' for the German county Hessen. In Hessen a lot elements have been discovered.",
"radiusVDW": 2,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1984",
"period": "7",
"group": "8",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Hs",
"name": "Hassium",
"elementColor": [
0.9,
0,
0.18
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"de"
],
"discoverers": [
"Peter Armbruster",
"Gottfried Münzenber",
"et al."
]
},
{
"id": "Mt",
"atomicNumber": 109,
"mass": 276,
"exactMass": 268.13873,
"nameOrigin": "Named after the scientist Lise Meitner.",
"radiusVDW": 2,
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1982",
"period": "7",
"group": "8",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Mt",
"name": "Meitnerium",
"elementColor": [
0.91,
0,
0.15
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"de"
],
"discoverers": [
"Peter Armbruster",
"Gottfried Münzenber",
"et al."
]
},
{
"id": "Ds",
"atomicNumber": 110,
"mass": 281,
"exactMass": 271.14606,
"nameOrigin": "Named after the German city Darmstadt where many elements have been discovered.",
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1994",
"period": "7",
"group": "8",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Ds",
"name": "Darmstadtium",
"elementColor": [
0.92,
0,
0.14
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"de"
],
"discoverers": [
"S. Hofmann",
"V. Ninov",
"F. P. Hessberger",
"P. Armbruster",
"H. Folger",
"G. Münzenberg",
"H. J. Schött",
"et al."
]
},
{
"id": "Rg",
"atomicNumber": 111,
"mass": 280,
"exactMass": 272.15362,
"nameOrigin": "Named after Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen.",
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1994",
"period": "7",
"group": "1",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Rg",
"name": "Roentgenium",
"elementColor": [
0.93,
0,
0.13
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"de"
],
"discoverers": [
"S. Hofmann",
"V. Ninov",
"F. P. Hessberger",
"P. Armbruster",
"H. Folger",
"G. Münzenberg",
"et al."
]
},
{
"id": "Cn",
"atomicNumber": 112,
"mass": 285,
"exactMass": 285.17411,
"nameOrigin": "Historically known as eka-mercury. Ununbium is a temporary IUPAC systematic element name.",
"periodTableBlock": "d",
"discoveryDate": "1996",
"period": "7",
"family": "Transition",
"symbol": "Cn",
"name": "Copernicium",
"elementColor": [
0.94,
0,
0.12
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"de"
],
"discoverers": [
"First",
"created",
"at",
"the",
"Gesellschaft",
"für",
"Schwerionenforschung"
]
},
{
"id": "Uut",
"atomicNumber": 113,
"mass": 284,
"exactMass": 284.17808,
"nameOrigin": "Historically known as eka-thallium. Ununtrium is a temporary IUPAC systematic element name.",
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "2003",
"period": "7",
"family": "Other_Metal",
"symbol": "Uut",
"name": "Ununtrium",
"elementColor": [
0.95,
0,
0.11
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"ru",
"us"
],
"discoverers": [
"Russian scientists at Dubna (JINR)",
"American scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory."
]
},
{
"id": "Uuq",
"atomicNumber": 114,
"mass": 289,
"exactMass": 289.18728,
"nameOrigin": "Historically known as eka-lead. Ununquadium is a temporary IUPAC systematic element name.",
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "1998",
"period": "7",
"family": "Other_Metal",
"symbol": "Uuq",
"name": "Ununquadium",
"elementColor": [
0.96,
0,
0.1
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"ru",
"us"
],
"discoverers": [
"Joint",
"Institute",
"for",
"Nuclear",
"Research"
]
},
{
"id": "Uup",
"atomicNumber": 115,
"mass": 288,
"exactMass": 288.19249,
"nameOrigin": "Historically known as eka-bismuth. Ununpentium is a temporary IUPAC systematic element name.",
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "2004",
"period": "7",
"family": "Other_Metal",
"symbol": "Uup",
"name": "Ununpentium",
"elementColor": [
0.97,
0,
0.09
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"ru",
"us"
],
"discoverers": [
"Russian scientists at Dubna (JINR)",
"American scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory."
]
},
{
"id": "Uuh",
"atomicNumber": 116,
"mass": 293,
"exactMass": 292.19979,
"nameOrigin": "Historically known as eka-polonium. Ununhexium is a temporary IUPAC systematic element name.",
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "2000",
"period": "7",
"family": "Other_Metal",
"symbol": "Uuh",
"name": "Ununhexium",
"elementColor": [
0.98,
0,
0.08
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"ru"
],
"discoverers": [
"Joint",
"Institute",
"for",
"Nuclear",
"Research"
]
},
{
"id": "Uus",
"atomicNumber": 117,
"nameOrigin": "Temporary symbol and name. Can also be referred to as eka-astatine.",
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "0",
"period": "7",
"family": "Halogen",
"symbol": "Uus",
"name": "Ununseptium",
"elementColor": [
0.99,
0,
0.07
]
},
{
"id": "Uuo",
"atomicNumber": 118,
"mass": 294,
"nameOrigin": "Historically known as eka-radon, eka-emanation before 1960. Ununoctium is a temporary IUPAC systematic element name.",
"periodTableBlock": "p",
"discoveryDate": "2002",
"period": "7",
"family": "Noblegas",
"symbol": "Uuo",
"name": "Ununoctium",
"elementColor": [
1,
0,
0.06
],
"discoveryCountry": [
"ru",
"us"
],
"discoverers": [
"Russian scientists at Dubna (JINR)",
"American scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory."
]
}
]
}