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*change.txt* For Vim version 9.1. Last change: 2023 Dec 19
VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar
This file describes commands that delete or change text. In this context,
changing text means deleting the text and replacing it with other text using
one command. You can undo all of these commands. You can repeat the non-Ex
commands with the "." command.
1. Deleting text |deleting|
2. Delete and insert |delete-insert|
3. Simple changes |simple-change| *changing*
4. Complex changes |complex-change|
4.1 Filter commands |filter|
4.2 Substitute |:substitute|
4.3 Search and replace |search-replace|
4.4 Changing tabs |change-tabs|
5. Copying and moving text |copy-move|
6. Formatting text |formatting|
7. Sorting text |sorting|
For inserting text see |insert.txt|.
==============================================================================
1. Deleting text *deleting* *E470*
["x]<Del> or *<Del>* *x* *dl*
["x]x Delete [count] characters under and after the cursor
[into register x] (not |linewise|). Does the same as
"dl".
The <Del> key does not take a [count]. Instead, it
deletes the last character of the count.
See |:fixdel| if the <Del> key does not do what you
want. See |'whichwrap'| for deleting a line break
(join lines).
*X* *dh*
["x]X Delete [count] characters before the cursor [into
register x] (not |linewise|). Does the same as "dh".
Also see |'whichwrap'|.
*d*
["x]d{motion} Delete text that {motion} moves over [into register
x]. See below for exceptions.
*dd*
["x]dd Delete [count] lines [into register x] |linewise|.
*D*
["x]D Delete the characters under the cursor until the end
of the line and [count]-1 more lines [into register
x]; synonym for "d$".
(not |linewise|)
When the '#' flag is in 'cpoptions' the count is
ignored.
{Visual}["x]x or *v_x* *v_d* *v_<Del>*
{Visual}["x]d or
{Visual}["x]<Del> Delete the highlighted text [into register x] (for
{Visual} see |Visual-mode|).
{Visual}["x]CTRL-H or *v_CTRL-H* *v_<BS>*
{Visual}["x]<BS> When in Select mode: Delete the highlighted text [into
register x].
{Visual}["x]X or *v_X* *v_D* *v_b_D*
{Visual}["x]D Delete the highlighted lines [into register x] (for
{Visual} see |Visual-mode|). In Visual block mode,
"D" deletes the highlighted text plus all text until
the end of the line.
*:d* *:de* *:del* *:delete* *:dl* *:dp*
:[range]d[elete] [x] Delete [range] lines (default: current line) [into
register x].
Note these weird abbreviations:
:dl delete and list
:dell idem
:delel idem
:deletl idem
:deletel idem
:dp delete and print
:dep idem
:delp idem
:delep idem
:deletp idem
:deletep idem
:[range]d[elete] [x] {count}
Delete {count} lines, starting with [range]
(default: current line |cmdline-ranges|) [into
register x].
These commands delete text. You can repeat them with the `.` command
(except `:d`) and undo them. Use Visual mode to delete blocks of text. See
|registers| for an explanation of registers.
An exception for the d{motion} command: If the motion is not linewise, the
start and end of the motion are not in the same line, and there are only
blanks before the start and there are no non-blanks after the end of the
motion, the delete becomes linewise. This means that the delete also removes
the line of blanks that you might expect to remain. Use the |o_v| operator to
force the motion to be characterwise.
Trying to delete an empty region of text (e.g., "d0" in the first column)
is an error when 'cpoptions' includes the 'E' flag.
*J*
J Join [count] lines, with a minimum of two lines.
Remove the indent and insert up to two spaces (see
below). Fails when on the last line of the buffer.
If [count] is too big it is reduced to the number of
lines available.
*v_J*
{Visual}J Join the highlighted lines, with a minimum of two
lines. Remove the indent and insert up to two spaces
(see below).
*gJ*
gJ Join [count] lines, with a minimum of two lines.
Don't insert or remove any spaces.
*v_gJ*
{Visual}gJ Join the highlighted lines, with a minimum of two
lines. Don't insert or remove any spaces.
*:j* *:join*
:[range]j[oin][!] [flags]
Join [range] lines. Same as "J", except with [!]
the join does not insert or delete any spaces.
If a [range] has equal start and end values, this
command does nothing. The default behavior is to
join the current line with the line below it.
See |ex-flags| for [flags].
:[range]j[oin][!] {count} [flags]
Join {count} lines, starting with [range] (default:
current line |cmdline-ranges|). Same as "J", except
with [!] the join does not insert or delete any
spaces.
See |ex-flags| for [flags].
These commands delete the <EOL> between lines. This has the effect of joining
multiple lines into one line. You can repeat these commands (except `:j`) and
undo them.
These commands, except "gJ", insert one space in place of the <EOL> unless
there is trailing white space or the next line starts with a ')'. These
commands, except "gJ", delete any leading white space on the next line. If
the 'joinspaces' option is on, these commands insert two spaces after a '.',
'!' or '?' (but if 'cpoptions' includes the 'j' flag, they insert two spaces
only after a '.').
The 'B' and 'M' flags in 'formatoptions' change the behavior for inserting
spaces before and after a multibyte character |fo-table|.
The '[ mark is set at the end of the first line that was joined, '] at the end
of the resulting line.
==============================================================================
2. Delete and insert *delete-insert* *replacing*
*R*
R Enter Replace mode: Each character you type replaces
an existing character, starting with the character
under the cursor. Repeat the entered text [count]-1
times. See |Replace-mode| for more details.
*gR*
gR Enter Virtual Replace mode: Each character you type
replaces existing characters in screen space. So a
<Tab> may replace several characters at once.
Repeat the entered text [count]-1 times. See
|Virtual-Replace-mode| for more details.
*c*
["x]c{motion} Delete {motion} text [into register x] and start
insert. When 'cpoptions' includes the 'E' flag and
there is no text to delete (e.g., with "cTx" when the
cursor is just after an 'x'), an error occurs and
insert mode does not start (this is Vi compatible).
When 'cpoptions' does not include the 'E' flag, the
"c" command always starts insert mode, even if there
is no text to delete.
*cc*
["x]cc Delete [count] lines [into register x] and start
insert |linewise|. If 'autoindent' is on, preserve
the indent of the first line.
*C*
["x]C Delete from the cursor position to the end of the
line and [count]-1 more lines [into register x], and
start insert. Synonym for c$ (not |linewise|).
*s*
["x]s Delete [count] characters [into register x] and start
insert (s stands for Substitute). Synonym for "cl"
(not |linewise|).
*S*
["x]S Delete [count] lines [into register x] and start
insert. Synonym for "cc" |linewise|.
{Visual}["x]c or *v_c* *v_s*
{Visual}["x]s Delete the highlighted text [into register x] and
start insert (for {Visual} see |Visual-mode|).
*v_r*
{Visual}r{char} Replace all selected characters by {char}.
CTRL-C will be inserted literally.
*v_C*
{Visual}["x]C Delete the highlighted lines [into register x] and
start insert. In Visual block mode it works
differently |v_b_C|.
*v_S*
{Visual}["x]S Delete the highlighted lines [into register x] and
start insert (for {Visual} see |Visual-mode|).
*v_R*
{Visual}["x]R Currently just like {Visual}["x]S. In a next version
it might work differently.
Notes:
- You can end Insert and Replace mode with <Esc>.
- See the section "Insert and Replace mode" |mode-ins-repl| for the other
special characters in these modes.
- The effect of [count] takes place after Vim exits Insert or Replace mode.
- When the 'cpoptions' option contains '$' and the change is within one line,
Vim continues to show the text to be deleted and puts a '$' at the last
deleted character.
See |registers| for an explanation of registers.
Replace mode is just like Insert mode, except that every character you enter
deletes one character. If you reach the end of a line, Vim appends any
further characters (just like Insert mode). In Replace mode, the backspace
key restores the original text (if there was any). (See section "Insert and
Replace mode" |mode-ins-repl|).
*cw* *cW*
Special case: When the cursor is in a word, "cw" and "cW" do not include the
white space after a word, they only change up to the end of the word. This is
because Vim interprets "cw" as change-word, and a word does not include the
following white space.
{Vi: "cw" when on a blank followed by other blanks changes only the first
blank; this is probably a bug, because "dw" deletes all the blanks; use the
'w' flag in 'cpoptions' to make it work like Vi anyway}
If you prefer "cw" to include the space after a word, use this mapping: >
:map cw dwi
Or use "caw" (see |aw|).
*:c* *:ch* *:change*
:{range}c[hange][!] Replace lines of text with some different text.
Type a line containing only "." to stop replacing.
Without {range}, this command changes only the current
line.
Adding [!] toggles 'autoindent' for the time this
command is executed.
This command is not supported in |Vim9| script,
because it is too easily confused with a variable
name.
==============================================================================
3. Simple changes *simple-change*
*r*
r{char} Replace the character under the cursor with {char}.
If {char} is a <CR> or <NL>, a line break replaces the
character. To replace with a real <CR>, use CTRL-V
<CR>. CTRL-V <NL> replaces with a <Nul>.
If {char} is CTRL-E or CTRL-Y the character from the
line below or above is used, just like with |i_CTRL-E|
and |i_CTRL-Y|. This also works with a count, thus
`10r<C-E>` copies 10 characters from the line below.
If you give a [count], Vim replaces [count] characters
with [count] {char}s. When {char} is a <CR> or <NL>,
however, Vim inserts only one <CR>: "5r<CR>" replaces
five characters with a single line break.
When {char} is a <CR> or <NL>, Vim performs
autoindenting. This works just like deleting the
characters that are replaced and then doing
"i<CR><Esc>".
{char} can be entered as a digraph |digraph-arg|.
|:lmap| mappings apply to {char}. The CTRL-^ command
in Insert mode can be used to switch this on/off
|i_CTRL-^|. See |utf-8-char-arg| about using
composing characters when 'encoding' is Unicode.
*gr*
gr{char} Replace the virtual characters under the cursor with
{char}. This replaces in screen space, not file
space. See |gR| and |Virtual-Replace-mode| for more
details. As with |r| a count may be given.
{char} can be entered like with |r|, but characters
that have a special meaning in Insert mode, such as
most CTRL-keys, cannot be used.
*digraph-arg*
The argument for Normal mode commands like |r| and |t| is a single character.
When 'cpo' doesn't contain the 'D' flag, this character can also be entered
like |digraphs|. First type CTRL-K and then the two digraph characters.
{not available when compiled without the |+digraphs| feature}
*case*
The following commands change the case of letters. The currently active
|locale| is used. See |:language|. The LC_CTYPE value matters here.
*~*
~ 'notildeop' option: Switch case of the character
under the cursor and move the cursor to the right.
If a [count] is given, do that many characters.
~{motion} 'tildeop' option: switch case of {motion} text.
*g~*
g~{motion} Switch case of {motion} text.
g~g~ *g~g~* *g~~*
g~~ Switch case of current line.
*v_~*
{Visual}~ Switch case of highlighted text (for {Visual} see
|Visual-mode|).
*v_U*
{Visual}U Make highlighted text uppercase (for {Visual} see
|Visual-mode|).
*gU* *uppercase*
gU{motion} Make {motion} text uppercase.
Example: >
:map! <C-F> <Esc>gUiw`]a
< This works in Insert mode: press CTRL-F to make the
word before the cursor uppercase. Handy to type
words in lowercase and then make them uppercase.
gUgU *gUgU* *gUU*
gUU Make current line uppercase.
*v_u*
{Visual}u Make highlighted text lowercase (for {Visual} see
|Visual-mode|).
*gu* *lowercase*
gu{motion} Make {motion} text lowercase.
gugu *gugu* *guu*
guu Make current line lowercase.
*g?* *rot13*
g?{motion} Rot13 encode {motion} text.
*v_g?*
{Visual}g? Rot13 encode the highlighted text (for {Visual} see
|Visual-mode|).
g?g? *g?g?* *g??*
g?? Rot13 encode current line.
To turn one line into title caps, make every first letter of a word
uppercase: >
:s/\v<(.)(\w*)/\u\1\L\2/g
Adding and subtracting ~
*CTRL-A*
CTRL-A Add [count] to the number or alphabetic character at
or after the cursor.
*v_CTRL-A*
{Visual}CTRL-A Add [count] to the number or alphabetic character in
the highlighted text.
*v_g_CTRL-A*
{Visual}g CTRL-A Add [count] to the number or alphabetic character in
the highlighted text. If several lines are
highlighted, each one will be incremented by an
additional [count] (so effectively creating a
[count] incrementing sequence).
For Example, if you have this list of numbers:
1. ~
1. ~
1. ~
1. ~
Move to the second "1." and Visually select three
lines, pressing g CTRL-A results in:
1. ~
2. ~
3. ~
4. ~
*CTRL-X*
CTRL-X Subtract [count] from the number or alphabetic
character at or after the cursor.
*v_CTRL-X*
{Visual}CTRL-X Subtract [count] from the number or alphabetic
character in the highlighted text.
On MS-Windows, this is mapped to cut Visual text
|dos-standard-mappings|. If you want to disable the
mapping, use this: >
silent! vunmap <C-X>
<
*v_g_CTRL-X*
{Visual}g CTRL-X Subtract [count] from the number or alphabetic
character in the highlighted text. If several lines
are highlighted, each value will be decremented by an
additional [count] (so effectively creating a [count]
decrementing sequence).
The CTRL-A and CTRL-X commands can work for:
- signed and unsigned decimal numbers
- unsigned binary, octal and hexadecimal numbers
- alphabetic characters
This depends on the 'nrformats' option:
- When 'nrformats' includes "bin", Vim assumes numbers starting with '0b' or
'0B' are binary.
- When 'nrformats' includes "octal", Vim considers numbers starting with a '0'
to be octal, unless the number includes a '8' or '9'. Other numbers are
decimal and may have a preceding minus sign.
If the cursor is on a number, the commands apply to that number; otherwise
Vim uses the number to the right of the cursor.
- When 'nrformats' includes "hex", Vim assumes numbers starting with '0x' or
'0X' are hexadecimal. The case of the rightmost letter in the number
determines the case of the resulting hexadecimal number. If there is no
letter in the current number, Vim uses the previously detected case.
- When 'nrformats' includes "alpha", Vim will change the alphabetic character
under or after the cursor. This is useful to make lists with an alphabetic
index.
For decimals a leading negative sign is considered for incrementing/
decrementing, for binary, octal and hex values, it won't be considered. To
ignore the sign Visually select the number before using CTRL-A or CTRL-X.
For numbers with leading zeros (including all octal and hexadecimal numbers),
Vim preserves the number of characters in the number when possible. CTRL-A on
"0077" results in "0100", CTRL-X on "0x100" results in "0x0ff".
There is one exception: When a number that starts with a zero is found not to
be octal (it contains a '8' or '9'), but 'nrformats' does include "octal",
leading zeros are removed to avoid that the result may be recognized as an
octal number.
Note that when 'nrformats' includes "octal", decimal numbers with leading
zeros cause mistakes, because they can be confused with octal numbers.
Note similarly, when 'nrformats' includes both "bin" and "hex", binary numbers
with a leading '0x' or '0X' can be interpreted as hexadecimal rather than
binary since '0b' are valid hexadecimal digits. CTRL-A on "0x0b11" results in
"0x0b12", not "0x0b100".
When 'nrformats' includes "bin" and doesn't include "hex", CTRL-A on "0b11" in
"0x0b11" results in "0x0b100".
When the number under the cursor is too big to fit into 32 or 64 bit
(depending on how Vim was build), it will be rounded off to the nearest number
that can be represented, and the addition/subtraction is skipped. E.g. with
64 bit support using CTRL-X on 18446744073709551616 results in
18446744073709551615. Same for larger numbers, such as 18446744073709551618.
The CTRL-A command is very useful in a macro. Example: Use the following
steps to make a numbered list.
1. Create the first list entry, make sure it starts with a number.
2. qa - start recording into register 'a'
3. Y - yank the entry
4. p - put a copy of the entry below the first one
5. CTRL-A - increment the number
6. q - stop recording
7. <count>@a - repeat the yank, put and increment <count> times
SHIFTING LINES LEFT OR RIGHT *shift-left-right*
*<*
<{motion} Shift {motion} lines one 'shiftwidth' leftwards.
If the 'vartabstop' feature is enabled, and the
'shiftwidth' option is set to zero, the amount of
indent is calculated at the first non-blank character
in the line.
*<<*
<< Shift [count] lines one 'shiftwidth' leftwards.
*v_<*
{Visual}[count]< Shift the highlighted lines [count] 'shiftwidth'
leftwards (for {Visual} see |Visual-mode|).
*>*
>{motion} Shift {motion} lines one 'shiftwidth' rightwards.
If the 'vartabstop' feature is enabled, and the
'shiftwidth' option is set to zero, the amount of
indent is calculated at the first non-blank character
in the line.
*>>*
>> Shift [count] lines one 'shiftwidth' rightwards.
*v_>*
{Visual}[count]> Shift the highlighted lines [count] 'shiftwidth'
rightwards (for {Visual} see |Visual-mode|).
*:<*
:[range]< Shift [range] lines one 'shiftwidth' left. Repeat '<'
for shifting multiple 'shiftwidth's.
:[range]< {count} Shift {count} lines one 'shiftwidth' left, starting
with [range] (default current line |cmdline-ranges|).
Repeat '<' for shifting multiple 'shiftwidth's.
:[range]le[ft] [indent] left align lines in [range]. Sets the indent in the
lines to [indent] (default 0).
*:>*
:[range]> [flags] Shift [range] lines one 'shiftwidth' right.
Repeat '>' for shifting multiple 'shiftwidth's.
See |ex-flags| for [flags].
:[range]> {count} [flags]
Shift {count} lines one 'shiftwidth' right, starting
with [range] (default current line |cmdline-ranges|).
Repeat '>' for shifting multiple 'shiftwidth's.
See |ex-flags| for [flags].
The ">" and "<" commands are handy for changing the indentation within
programs. Use the 'shiftwidth' option to set the size of the white space
which these commands insert or delete. Normally the 'shiftwidth' option is 8,
but you can set it to, say, 3 to make smaller indents. The shift leftwards
stops when there is no indent. The shift right does not affect empty lines.
If the 'shiftround' option is on, the indent is rounded to a multiple of
'shiftwidth'.
If the 'smartindent' option is on, or 'cindent' is on and 'cinkeys' contains
'#' with a zero value, shift right does not affect lines starting with '#'
(these are supposed to be C preprocessor lines that must stay in column 1).
This can be changed with the 'cino' option, see |cino-#|.
When the 'expandtab' option is off (this is the default) Vim uses <Tab>s as
much as possible to make the indent. You can use ">><<" to replace an indent
made out of spaces with the same indent made out of <Tab>s (and a few spaces
if necessary). If the 'expandtab' option is on, Vim uses only spaces. Then
you can use ">><<" to replace <Tab>s in the indent by spaces (or use
`:retab!`).
To move a line several 'shiftwidth's, use Visual mode or the `:` commands.
For example: >
Vjj4> move three lines 4 indents to the right
:<<< move current line 3 indents to the left
:>> 5 move 5 lines 2 indents to the right
:5>> move line 5 2 indents to the right
==============================================================================
4. Complex changes *complex-change*
4.1 Filter commands *filter*
A filter is a program that accepts text at standard input, changes it in some
way, and sends it to standard output. You can use the commands below to send
some text through a filter, so that it is replaced by the filter output.
Examples of filters are "sort", which sorts lines alphabetically, and
"indent", which formats C program files (you need a version of indent that
works like a filter; not all versions do). The 'shell' option specifies the
shell Vim uses to execute the filter command (See also the 'shelltype'
option). You can repeat filter commands with ".". Vim does not recognize a
comment (starting with '"') after the `:!` command.
*!*
!{motion}{filter} Filter {motion} text lines through the external
program {filter}.
*!!*
!!{filter} Filter [count] lines through the external program
{filter}.
*v_!*
{Visual}!{filter} Filter the highlighted lines through the external
program {filter} (for {Visual} see |Visual-mode|).
:{range}![!]{filter} [!][arg] *:range!*
Filter {range} lines through the external program
{filter}. Vim replaces the optional bangs with the
latest given command and appends the optional [arg].
Vim saves the output of the filter command in a
temporary file and then reads the file into the buffer
|tempfile|. Vim uses the 'shellredir' option to
redirect the filter output to the temporary file.
However, if the 'shelltemp' option is off then pipes
are used when possible (on Unix).
When the 'R' flag is included in 'cpoptions' marks in
the filtered lines are deleted, unless the
|:keepmarks| command is used. Example: >
:keepmarks '<,'>!sort
< When the number of lines after filtering is less than
before, marks in the missing lines are deleted anyway.
*=*
={motion} Filter {motion} lines through the external program
given with the 'equalprg' option. When the 'equalprg'
option is empty (this is the default), use the
internal formatting function |C-indenting| and
|'lisp'|. But when 'indentexpr' is not empty, it will
be used instead |indent-expression|. When Vim was
compiled without internal formatting then the "indent"
program is used as a last resort.
*==*
== Filter [count] lines like with ={motion}.
*v_=*
{Visual}= Filter the highlighted lines like with ={motion}.
*tempfile* *setuid*
Vim uses temporary files for filtering, generating diffs and also for
tempname(). For Unix, the file will be in a private directory (only
accessible by the current user) to avoid security problems (e.g., a symlink
attack or other people reading your file). When Vim exits the directory and
all files in it are deleted. When Vim has the setuid bit set this may cause
problems, the temp file is owned by the setuid user but the filter command
probably runs as the original user.
Directory for temporary files is created in the first of these directories
that works:
Unix: $TMPDIR, /tmp, current-dir, $HOME.
Windows: $TMP, $TEMP, c:\TMP, c:\TEMP
For MS-Windows the GetTempFileName() system function is used.
For other systems the tmpnam() library function is used.
4.2 Substitute *:substitute*
*:s* *:su*
:[range]s[ubstitute]/{pattern}/{string}/[flags] [count]
For each line in [range] replace a match of {pattern}
with {string}.
For the {pattern} see |pattern|.
{string} can be a literal string, or something
special; see |sub-replace-special|.
When [range] and [count] are omitted, replace in the
current line only. When [count] is given, replace in
[count] lines, starting with the last line in [range].
When [range] is omitted start in the current line.
*E939* *E1510*
[count] must be a positive number (max 2147483647)
Also see |cmdline-ranges|.
See |:s_flags| for [flags].
The delimiter doesn't need to be /, see
|pattern-delimiter|.
:[range]s[ubstitute] [flags] [count]
:[range]&[&][flags] [count] *:&*
Repeat last :substitute with same search pattern and
substitute string, but without the same flags. You
may add [flags], see |:s_flags|.
Note that after `:substitute` the '&' flag can't be
used, it's recognized as a pattern separator.
The space between `:substitute` and the 'c', 'g',
'i', 'I' and 'r' flags isn't required, but in scripts
it's a good idea to keep it to avoid confusion.
Also see the two and three letter commands to repeat
:substitute below |:substitute-repeat|.
:[range]~[&][flags] [count] *:~*
Repeat last substitute with same substitute string
but with last used search pattern. This is like
`:&r`. See |:s_flags| for [flags].
*&*
& Synonym for `:s` (repeat last substitute). Note
that the flags are not remembered, thus it might
actually work differently. You can use `:&&` to keep
the flags.
*g&*
g& Synonym for `:%s//~/&` (repeat last substitute with
last search pattern on all lines with the same flags).
For example, when you first do a substitution with
`:s/pattern/repl/flags` and then `/search` for
something else, `g&` will do `:%s/search/repl/flags`.
Mnemonic: global substitute.
*:snomagic* *:sno*
:[range]sno[magic] ... Same as `:substitute`, but always use 'nomagic'.
*:smagic* *:sm*
:[range]sm[agic] ... Same as `:substitute`, but always use 'magic'.
*:s_flags*
The flags that you can use for the substitute commands:
*:&&*
[&] Must be the first one: Keep the flags from the previous substitute
command. Examples: >
:&&
:s/this/that/&
< Note that `:s` and `:&` don't keep the flags.
[c] Confirm each substitution. Vim highlights the matching string (with
|hl-IncSearch|). You can type: *:s_c*
'y' to substitute this match
'l' to substitute this match and then quit ("last")
'n' to skip this match
<Esc> to quit substituting
'a' to substitute this and all remaining matches
'q' to quit substituting
CTRL-E to scroll the screen up
CTRL-Y to scroll the screen down
If the 'edcompatible' option is on, Vim remembers the [c] flag and
toggles it each time you use it, but resets it when you give a new
search pattern.
*:s_e*
[e] When the search pattern fails, do not issue an error message and, in
particular, continue in maps as if no error occurred. This is most
useful to prevent the "No match" error from breaking a mapping. Vim
does not suppress the following error messages, however:
Regular expressions can't be delimited by letters
\ should be followed by /, ? or &
No previous substitute regular expression
Trailing characters
Interrupted
*:s_g*
[g] Replace all occurrences in the line. Without this argument,
replacement occurs only for the first occurrence in each line. If
the 'edcompatible' option is on, Vim remembers this flag and toggles
it each time you use it, but resets it when you give a new search
pattern. If the 'gdefault' option is on, this flag is on by default
and the [g] argument switches it off.
*:s_i*
[i] Ignore case for the pattern. The 'ignorecase' and 'smartcase' options
are not used.
*:s_I*
[I] Don't ignore case for the pattern. The 'ignorecase' and 'smartcase'
options are not used.
*:s_n*
[n] Report the number of matches, do not actually substitute. The [c]
flag is ignored. The matches are reported as if 'report' is zero.
Useful to |count-items|.
If \= |sub-replace-expression| is used, the expression will be
evaluated in the |sandbox| at every match.
[p] Print the line containing the last substitute. *:s_p*
[#] Like [p] and prepend the line number. *:s_#*
[l] Like [p] but print the text like |:list|. *:s_l*
*:s_r*
[r] Only useful in combination with `:&` or `:s` without arguments. `:&r`
works the same way as `:~`: When the search pattern is empty, use the
previously used search pattern instead of the search pattern from the
last substitute or `:global`. If the last command that did a search
was a substitute or `:global`, there is no effect. If the last
command was a search command such as "/", use the pattern from that
command.
For `:s` with an argument this already happens: >
:s/blue/red/
/green
:s//red/ or :~ or :&r
< The last commands will replace "green" with "red". >
:s/blue/red/
/green
:&
< The last command will replace "blue" with "red".
Note that there is no flag to change the "magicness" of the pattern. A
different command is used instead, or you can use |/\v| and friends. The
reason is that the flags can only be found by skipping the pattern, and in
order to skip the pattern the "magicness" must be known. Catch 22!
If the {pattern} for the substitute command is empty, the command uses the
pattern from the last substitute or `:global` command. If there is none, but
there is a previous search pattern, that one is used. With the [r] flag, the
command uses the pattern from the last substitute, `:global`, or search
command.
If the {string} is omitted the substitute is done as if it's empty. Thus the
matched pattern is deleted. The separator after {pattern} can also be left
out then. Example: >
:%s/TESTING
This deletes "TESTING" from all lines, but only one per line.
*E1270*
For compatibility with Vi these two exceptions are allowed in legacy script:
"\/{string}/" and "\?{string}?" do the same as "//{string}/r".
"\&{string}&" does the same as "//{string}/".
*pattern-delimiter* *E146* *E1241* *E1242*
Instead of the '/' which surrounds the pattern and replacement string, you can
use another single-byte character. This is useful if you want to include a
'/' in the search pattern or replacement string. Example: >
:s+/+//+
You can use most characters, but not an alphanumeric character, '\', '"' or
'|'. In Vim9 script you should not use '#' because it may be recognized as
the start of a comment.
For the definition of a pattern, see |pattern|. In Visual block mode, use
|/\%V| in the pattern to have the substitute work in the block only.
Otherwise it works on whole lines anyway.
*sub-replace-special* *:s\=*
When the {string} starts with "\=" it is evaluated as an expression, see
|sub-replace-expression|. You can use that for complex replacement or special
characters.
The substitution is limited in recursion to 4 levels. *E1290*
Otherwise these characters in {string} have a special meaning:
*:s%*
When {string} is equal to "%" and '/' is included with the 'cpoptions' option,
then the {string} of the previous substitute command is used, see |cpo-/|
magic nomagic action ~
& \& replaced with the whole matched pattern *s/\&*
\& & replaced with &
\0 replaced with the whole matched pattern *\0* *s/\0*
\1 replaced with the matched pattern in the first
pair of () *s/\1*
\2 replaced with the matched pattern in the second
pair of () *s/\2*
.. .. *s/\3*
\9 replaced with the matched pattern in the ninth
pair of () *s/\9*
~ \~ replaced with the {string} of the previous
substitute *s~*
\~ ~ replaced with ~ *s/\~*
\u next character made uppercase *s/\u*
\U following characters made uppercase, until \E *s/\U*
\l next character made lowercase *s/\l*
\L following characters made lowercase, until \E *s/\L*
\e end of \u, \U, \l and \L (NOTE: not <Esc>!) *s/\e*
\E end of \u, \U, \l and \L *s/\E*
<CR> split line in two at this point
(Type the <CR> as CTRL-V <Enter>) *s<CR>*
\r idem *s/\r*
\<CR> insert a carriage-return (CTRL-M)
(Type the <CR> as CTRL-V <Enter>) *s/\<CR>*
\n insert a <NL> (<NUL> in the file)
(does NOT break the line) *s/\n*
\b insert a <BS> *s/\b*
\t insert a <Tab> *s/\t*
\\ insert a single backslash *s/\\*
\x where x is any character not mentioned above:
Reserved for future expansion
The special meaning is also used inside the third argument {sub} of
the |substitute()| function with the following exceptions:
- A % inserts a percent literally without regard to 'cpoptions'.
- magic is always set without regard to 'magic'.
- A ~ inserts a tilde literally.
- <CR> and \r inserts a carriage-return (CTRL-M).
- \<CR> does not have a special meaning. It's just one of \x.
Examples: >
:s/a\|b/xxx\0xxx/g modifies "a b" to "xxxaxxx xxxbxxx"
:s/\([abc]\)\([efg]\)/\2\1/g modifies "af fa bg" to "fa fa gb"
:s/abcde/abc^Mde/ modifies "abcde" to "abc", "de" (two lines)
:s/$/\^M/ modifies "abcde" to "abcde^M"
:s/\w\+/\u\0/g modifies "bla bla" to "Bla Bla"
:s/\w\+/\L\u\0/g modifies "BLA bla" to "Bla Bla"
Note: "\L\u" can be used to capitalize the first letter of a word. This is
not compatible with Vi and older versions of Vim, where the "\u" would cancel
out the "\L". Same for "\U\l".
Note: In previous versions CTRL-V was handled in a special way. Since this is
not Vi compatible, this was removed. Use a backslash instead.
command text result ~
:s/aa/a^Ma/ aa a<line-break>a
:s/aa/a\^Ma/ aa a^Ma
:s/aa/a\\^Ma/ aa a\<line-break>a
(you need to type CTRL-V <CR> to get a ^M here)
The numbering of "\1", "\2" etc. is done based on which "\(" comes first in
the pattern (going left to right). When a parentheses group matches several
times, the last one will be used for "\1", "\2", etc. Example: >
:s/\(\(a[a-d] \)*\)/\2/ modifies "aa ab x" to "ab x"
The "\2" is for "\(a[a-d] \)". At first it matches "aa ", secondly "ab ".
When using parentheses in combination with '|', like in \([ab]\)\|\([cd]\),
either the first or second pattern in parentheses did not match, so either
\1 or \2 is empty. Example: >
:s/\([ab]\)\|\([cd]\)/\1x/g modifies "a b c d" to "ax bx x x"
<
*:sc* *:sce* *:scg* *:sci* *:scI* *:scl* *:scp* *:sg* *:sgc*
*:sge* *:sgi* *:sgI* *:sgl* *:sgn* *:sgp* *:sgr* *:sI* *:si*
*:sic* *:sIc* *:sie* *:sIe* *:sIg* *:sIl* *:sin* *:sIn* *:sIp*
*:sip* *:sIr* *:sir* *:sr* *:src* *:srg* *:sri* *:srI* *:srl*
*:srn* *:srp* *:substitute-repeat*
2-letter and 3-letter :substitute commands ~
These commands repeat the previous `:substitute` command with the given flags.
The first letter is always "s", followed by one or two of the possible flag
characters. For example `:sce` works like `:s///ce`. The table lists the
possible combinations, not all flags are possible, because the command is
short for another command.
List of :substitute commands
| c e g i I n p l r
| c :sc :sce :scg :sci :scI :scn :scp :scl
| e
| g :sgc :sge :sg :sgi :sgI :sgn :sgp :sgl :sgr
| i :sic :sie :si :siI :sin :sip :sir
| I :sIc :sIe :sIg :sIi :sI :sIn :sIp :sIl :sIr
| n
| p
| l
| r :src :srg :sri :srI :srn :srp :srl :sr
Exceptions:
:scr is `:scriptnames`
:se is `:set`
:sig is `:sign`
:sil is `:silent`
:sn is `:snext`
:sp is `:split`
:sl is `:sleep`
:sre is `:srewind`
Substitute with an expression *sub-replace-expression*
*sub-replace-\=* *s/\=*
When the substitute string starts with "\=" the remainder is interpreted as an
expression.
The special meaning for characters as mentioned at |sub-replace-special| does
not apply except for "<CR>". A <NL> character is used as a line break, you
can get one with a double-quote string: "\n". Prepend a backslash to get a
real <NL> character (which will be a NUL in the file).
The "\=" notation can also be used inside the third argument {sub} of
|substitute()| function. In this case, the special meaning for characters as
mentioned at |sub-replace-special| does not apply at all. Especially, <CR> and
<NL> are interpreted not as a line break but as a carriage-return and a
new-line respectively.
When the result is a |List| then the items are joined with separating line
breaks. Thus each item becomes a line, except that they can contain line
breaks themselves.
The |submatch()| function can be used to obtain matched text. The whole
matched text can be accessed with "submatch(0)". The text matched with the
first pair of () with "submatch(1)". Likewise for further sub-matches in ().
Be careful: The separation character must not appear in the expression!
Consider using a character like "@" or ":". There is no problem if the result
of the expression contains the separation character.
Examples: >
:s@\n@\="\r" .. expand("$HOME") .. "\r"@
This replaces an end-of-line with a new line containing the value of $HOME. >
s/E/\="\<Char-0x20ac>"/g
This replaces each 'E' character with a euro sign. Read more in |<Char->|.
4.3 Search and replace *search-replace*
*:pro* *:promptfind*
:promptf[ind] [string]
Put up a Search dialog. When [string] is given, it is
used as the initial search string.
{only for Win32, Motif and GTK GUI}
*:promptr* *:promptrepl*
:promptr[epl] [string]
Put up a Search/Replace dialog. When [string] is
given, it is used as the initial search string.
{only for Win32, Motif and GTK GUI}
4.4 Changing tabs *change-tabs*
*:ret* *:retab* *:retab!*
:[range]ret[ab][!] [new_tabstop]
Replace all sequences of white-space containing a
<Tab> with new strings of white-space using the new
tabstop value given. If you do not specify a new
tabstop size or it is zero, Vim uses the current value
of 'tabstop'.
The current value of 'tabstop' is always used to
compute the width of existing tabs.
With !, Vim also replaces strings of only normal
spaces with tabs where appropriate.
With 'expandtab' on, Vim replaces all tabs with the
appropriate number of spaces.
This command sets 'tabstop' to the new value given,
and if performed on the whole file, which is default,
should not make any visible change.
Careful: This command modifies any <Tab> characters
inside of strings in a C program. Use "\t" to avoid
this (that's a good habit anyway).
`:retab!` may also change a sequence of spaces by
<Tab> characters, which can mess up a printf().
If the |+vartabs| feature is enabled then a list of
tab widths separated by commas may be used in place of
a single tabstop. Each value in the list represents
the width of one tabstop, except the final value which
applies to all following tabstops.
*retab-example*
Example for using autocommands and ":retab" to edit a file which is stored
with tabstops at 8 but edited with tabstops set at 4. Warning: white space
inside of strings can change! Also see 'softtabstop' option. >
:auto BufReadPost *.xx retab! 4
:auto BufWritePre *.xx retab! 8
:auto BufWritePost *.xx retab! 4
:auto BufNewFile *.xx set ts=4
==============================================================================
5. Copying and moving text *copy-move*
*quote*
"{register} Use {register} for next delete, yank or put. Use
an uppercase character to append with delete and yank.
Registers ".", "%", "#" and ":" only work with put.
*:reg* *:registers*
:reg[isters] Display the type and contents of all numbered and
named registers. If a register is written to for
|:redir| it will not be listed.
Type can be one of:
"c" for |characterwise| text
"l" for |linewise| text
"b" for |blockwise-visual| text
:reg[isters] {arg} Display the contents of the numbered and named
registers that are mentioned in {arg}. For example: >
:reg 1a
< to display registers '1' and 'a'. Spaces are allowed
in {arg}.
*:di* *:dis* *:display*
:di[splay] [arg] Same as :registers.
*y* *yank*
["x]y{motion} Yank {motion} text [into register x]. When no
characters are to be yanked (e.g., "y0" in column 1),
this is an error when 'cpoptions' includes the 'E'
flag.
*yy*
["x]yy Yank [count] lines [into register x] |linewise|.
*Y*
["x]Y yank [count] lines [into register x] (synonym for
yy, |linewise|). If you like "Y" to work from the
cursor to the end of line (which is more logical,
but not Vi-compatible) use ":map Y y$".
*zy*
["x]zy{motion} Yank {motion} text [into register x]. Only differs
from `y` when selecting a block of text, see |v_zy|.
*v_y*
{Visual}["x]y Yank the highlighted text [into register x] (for
{Visual} see |Visual-mode|).
*v_Y*
{Visual}["x]Y Yank the highlighted lines [into register x] (for
{Visual} see |Visual-mode|).
*v_zy*
{Visual}["x]zy Yank the highlighted text [into register x]. Trailing
whitespace at the end of each line of a selected block
won't be yanked. Especially useful in combination
with `zp`. (for {Visual} see |Visual-mode|)
*:y* *:yank* *E850*
:[range]y[ank] [x] Yank [range] lines [into register x]. Yanking to the
"* or "+ registers is possible only when the
|+clipboard| feature is included.
:[range]y[ank] [x] {count}
Yank {count} lines, starting with last line number
in [range] (default: current line |cmdline-ranges|),
[into register x].
*p* *put* *E353* *E1240*
["x]p Put the text [from register x] after the cursor
[count] times.
*P*
["x]P Put the text [from register x] before the cursor
[count] times.
*<MiddleMouse>*
["x]<MiddleMouse> Put the text from a register before the cursor [count]
times. Uses the "* register, unless another is
specified.
Leaves the cursor at the end of the new text.
Using the mouse only works when 'mouse' contains 'n'
or 'a'.
If you have a scrollwheel and often accidentally paste
text, you can use these mappings to disable the
pasting with the middle mouse button: >
:map <MiddleMouse> <Nop>
:imap <MiddleMouse> <Nop>
< You might want to disable the multi-click versions
too, see |double-click|.
*gp*
["x]gp Just like "p", but leave the cursor just after the new
text.
*gP*
["x]gP Just like "P", but leave the cursor just after the new
text.
*:pu* *:put*
:[line]pu[t] [x] Put the text [from register x] after [line] (default
current line). This always works |linewise|, thus
this command can be used to put a yanked block as new
lines.
If no register is specified, it depends on the 'cb'
option: If 'cb' contains "unnamedplus", paste from the
+ register |quoteplus|. Otherwise, if 'cb' contains
"unnamed", paste from the * register |quotestar|.
Otherwise, paste from the unnamed register
|quote_quote|.
The register can also be '=' followed by an optional
expression. The expression continues until the end of
the command. You need to escape the '|' and '"'
characters to prevent them from terminating the
command. Example: >
:put ='path' .. \",/test\"
< If there is no expression after '=', Vim uses the
previous expression. You can see it with ":dis =".
:[line]pu[t]! [x] Put the text [from register x] before [line] (default
current line).
["x]]p or *]p* *]<MiddleMouse>*
["x]]<MiddleMouse> Like "p", but adjust the indent to the current line.
Using the mouse only works when 'mouse' contains 'n'
or 'a'.
["x][P or *[P*
["x]]P or *]P*
["x][p or *[p* *[<MiddleMouse>*
["x][<MiddleMouse> Like "P", but adjust the indent to the current line.
Using the mouse only works when 'mouse' contains 'n'
or 'a'.
["x]zp or *zp* *zP*
["x]zP Like "p" and "P", except without adding trailing spaces
when pasting a block. Thus the inserted text will not
always be a rectangle. Especially useful in
combination with |v_zy|.
You can use these commands to copy text from one place to another. Do this
by first getting the text into a register with a yank, delete or change
command, then inserting the register contents with a put command. You can
also use these commands to move text from one file to another, because Vim
preserves all registers when changing buffers (the CTRL-^ command is a quick
way to toggle between two files).
*linewise-register* *characterwise-register*
You can repeat the put commands with "." (except for :put) and undo them. If
the command that was used to get the text into the register was |linewise|,
Vim inserts the text below ("p") or above ("P") the line where the cursor is.
Otherwise Vim inserts the text after ("p") or before ("P") the cursor. With
the ":put" command, Vim always inserts the text in the next line. You can
exchange two characters with the command sequence "xp". You can exchange two
lines with the command sequence "ddp". You can exchange two words with the
command sequence "deep" (start with the cursor in the blank space before the
first word). You can use the "']" or "`]" command after the put command to
move the cursor to the end of the inserted text, or use "'[" or "`[" to move
the cursor to the start.
*put-Visual-mode* *v_p* *v_P*
When using a put command like |p| or |P| in Visual mode, Vim will try to
replace the selected text with the contents of the register. Whether this
works well depends on the type of selection and the type of the text in the
register. With blockwise selection it also depends on the size of the block
and whether the corners are on an existing character. (Implementation detail:
it actually works by first putting the register after the selection and then
deleting the selection.)
With |p| the previously selected text is put in the unnamed register (and
possibly the selection and/or clipboard). This is useful if you want to put
that text somewhere else. But you cannot repeat the same change.
With |P| the unnamed register is not changed (and neither the selection or
clipboard), you can repeat the same change. But the deleted text cannot be
used. If you do need it you can use |p| with another register. E.g., yank
the text to copy, Visually select the text to replace and use "0p . You can
repeat this as many times as you like, and the unnamed register will be
changed each time.
*blockwise-put*
When a register contains text from one line (characterwise), using a
blockwise Visual selection, putting that register will paste that text
repeatedly in each of the selected lines, thus replacing the blockwise
selected region by multiple copies of the register text. For example:
- yank the word "TEXT" into a register with `yw`
- select a visual block, marked with "v" in this text:
aaavvaaa
bbbvvbbb
cccvvccc
- press `p`, results in:
aaaTEXTaaa
bbbTEXTbbb
cccTEXTccc
*blockwise-register*
If you use a blockwise Visual mode command to get the text into the register,
the block of text will be inserted before ("P") or after ("p") the cursor
column in the current and next lines. Vim makes the whole block of text start
in the same column. Thus the inserted text looks the same as when it was
yanked or deleted. Vim may replace some <Tab> characters with spaces to make
this happen. However, if the width of the block is not a multiple of a <Tab>
width and the text after the inserted block contains <Tab>s, that text may be
misaligned.
Use |zP|/|zp| to paste a blockwise yanked register without appending trailing
spaces.
Note that after a characterwise yank command, Vim leaves the cursor on the
first yanked character that is closest to the start of the buffer. This means
that "yl" doesn't move the cursor, but "yh" moves the cursor one character
left.
Rationale: In Vi the "y" command followed by a backwards motion would
sometimes not move the cursor to the first yanked character,
because redisplaying was skipped. In Vim it always moves to
the first character, as specified by Posix.
With a linewise yank command the cursor is put in the first line, but the
column is unmodified, thus it may not be on the first yanked character.
There are ten types of registers: *registers* *{register}* *E354*
1. The unnamed register ""
2. 10 numbered registers "0 to "9
3. The small delete register "-
4. 26 named registers "a to "z or "A to "Z
5. Three read-only registers ":, "., "%
6. Alternate buffer register "#
7. The expression register "=
8. The selection and drop registers "*, "+ and "~
9. The black hole register "_
10. Last search pattern register "/
1. Unnamed register "" *quote_quote* *quotequote*
Vim fills this register with text deleted with the "d", "c", "s", "x" commands
or copied with the yank "y" command, regardless of whether or not a specific
register was used (e.g. "xdd). This is like the unnamed register is pointing
to the last used register. Thus when appending using an uppercase register
name, the unnamed register contains the same text as the nam