tea-test-dao

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.hide-for-print{display:none!important} .show-for-print{display:inherit!important}} @media amzn-kf8,print{#header>h1:first-child{margin-top:1.25rem} .sect1{padding:0!important} .sect1+.sect1{border:0} #footer{background:none} #footer-text{color:rgba(0,0,0,.6);font-size:.9em}} @media amzn-kf8{#header,#content,#footnotes,#footer{padding:0}} </style> </head> <body class="article"> <div id="header"> <h1>Concerning Git’s Packing Heuristics</h1> <div class="details"> <span id="revdate">2018-06-07</span> </div> </div> <div id="content"> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>Oh, here's a really stupid question:</pre> </div> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre> Where do I go to learn the details of Git's packing heuristics?</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Be careful what you ask!</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Followers of the Git, please open the Git IRC Log and turn to February 10, 2006.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>It’s a rare occasion, and we are joined by the King Git Himself, Linus Torvalds (linus). Nathaniel Smith, (njs`), has the floor and seeks enlightenment. Others are present, but silent.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Let’s listen in!</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre> <njs`> Oh, here's a really stupid question -- where do I go to learn the details of Git's packing heuristics? google avails me not, reading the source didn't help a lot, and wading through the whole mailing list seems less efficient than any of that.</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>It is a bold start! A plea for help combined with a simultaneous tri-part attack on some of the tried and true mainstays in the quest for enlightenment. Brash accusations of google being useless. Hubris! Maligning the source. Heresy! Disdain for the mailing list archives. Woe.</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><pasky> yes, the packing-related delta stuff is somewhat mysterious even for me ;)</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Ah! Modesty after all.</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre> <linus> njs, I don't think the docs exist. That's something where I don't think anybody else than me even really got involved. Most of the rest of Git others have been busy with (especially Junio), but packing nobody touched after I did it.</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>It’s cryptic, yet vague. Linus in style for sure. Wise men interpret this as an apology. A few argue it is merely a statement of fact.</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><njs`> I guess the next step is "read the source again", but I have to build up a certain level of gumption first :-)</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Indeed! On both points.</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><linus> The packing heuristic is actually really really simple.</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Bait…</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><linus> But strange.</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>And switch. That ought to do it!</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><linus> Remember: Git really doesn't follow files. So what it does is - generate a list of all objects - sort the list according to magic heuristics - walk the list, using a sliding window, seeing if an object can be diffed against another object in the window - write out the list in recency order</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The traditional understatement:</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><njs`> I suspect that what I'm missing is the precise definition of the word "magic"</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The traditional insight:</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><pasky> yes</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>And Babel-like confusion flowed.</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><njs`> oh, hmm, and I'm not sure what this sliding window means either</pre> </div> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><pasky> iirc, it appeared to me to be just the sha1 of the object when reading the code casually ...</pre> </div> </div> <div class="olist lowerroman"> <ol class="lowerroman" type="i"> <li> <p>which simply doesn’t sound as a very good heuristics, though ;)</p> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><njs`> .....and recency order. okay, I think it's clear I didn't even realize how much I wasn't realizing :-)</pre> </div> </div> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Ah, grasshopper! And thus the enlightenment begins anew.</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre> <linus> The "magic" is actually in theory totally arbitrary. ANY order will give you a working pack, but no, it's not ordered by SHA-1.</pre> </div> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>Before talking about the ordering for the sliding delta window, let's talk about the recency order. That's more important in one way.</pre> </div> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><njs`> Right, but if all you want is a working way to pack things together, you could just use cat and save yourself some trouble...</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Waaait for it….</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><linus> The recency ordering (which is basically: put objects _physically_ into the pack in the order that they are "reachable" from the head) is important.</pre> </div> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><njs`> okay</pre> </div> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><linus> It's important because that's the thing that gives packs good locality. It keeps the objects close to the head (whether they are old or new, but they are _reachable_ from the head) at the head of the pack. So packs actually have absolutely _wonderful_ IO patterns.</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Read that again, because it is important.</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><linus> But recency ordering is totally useless for deciding how to actually generate the deltas, so the delta ordering is something else.</pre> </div> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>The delta ordering is (wait for it): - first sort by the "basename" of the object, as defined by the name the object was _first_ reached through when generating the object list - within the same basename, sort by size of the object - but always sort different types separately (commits first).</pre> </div> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>That's not exactly it, but it's very close.</pre> </div> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><njs`> The "_first_ reached" thing is not too important, just you need some way to break ties since the same objects may be reachable many ways, yes?</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>And as if to clarify:</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><linus> The point is that it's all really just any random heuristic, and the ordering is totally unimportant for correctness, but it helps a lot if the heuristic gives "clumping" for things that are likely to delta well against each other.</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>It is an important point, so secretly, I did my own research and have included my results below. To be fair, it has changed some over time. And through the magic of Revisionistic History, I draw upon this entry from The Git IRC Logs on my father’s birthday, March 1:</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre> <gitster> The quote from the above linus should be rewritten a bit (wait for it): - first sort by type. Different objects never delta with each other. - then sort by filename/dirname. hash of the basename occupies the top BITS_PER_INT-DIR_BITS bits, and bottom DIR_BITS are for the hash of leading path elements. - then if we are doing "thin" pack, the objects we are _not_ going to pack but we know about are sorted earlier than other objects. - and finally sort by size, larger to smaller.</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>In one swell-foop, clarification and obscurification! Nonetheless, authoritative. Cryptic, yet concise. It even solicits notions of quotes from The Source Code. Clearly, more study is needed.</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre> <gitster> That's the sort order. What this means is: - we do not delta different object types. - we prefer to delta the objects with the same full path, but allow files with the same name from different directories. - we always prefer to delta against objects we are not going to send, if there are some. - we prefer to delta against larger objects, so that we have lots of removals.</pre> </div> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>The penultimate rule is for "thin" packs. It is used when the other side is known to have such objects.</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>There it is again. "Thin" packs. I’m thinking to myself, "What is a <em>thin</em> pack?" So I ask:</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><jdl> What is a "thin" pack?</pre> </div> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><gitster> Use of --objects-edge to rev-list as the upstream of pack-objects. The pack transfer protocol negotiates that.</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Woo hoo! Cleared that <em>right</em> up!</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><gitster> There are two directions - push and fetch.</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>There! Did you see it? It is not <em>"push" and "pull"</em>! How often the confusion has started here. So casually mentioned, too!</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><gitster> For push, git-send-pack invokes git-receive-pack on the other end. The receive-pack says "I have up to these commits". send-pack looks at them, and computes what are missing from the other end. So "thin" could be the default there.</pre> </div> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre> In the other direction, fetch, git-fetch-pack and git-clone-pack invokes git-upload-pack on the other end (via ssh or by talking to the daemon).</pre> </div> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>There are two cases: fetch-pack with -k and clone-pack is one, fetch-pack without -k is the other. clone-pack and fetch-pack with -k will keep the downloaded packfile without expanded, so we do not use thin pack transfer. Otherwise, the generated pack will have delta without base object in the same pack.</pre> </div> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>But fetch-pack without -k will explode the received pack into individual objects, so we automatically ask upload-pack to give us a thin pack if upload-pack supports it.</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>OK then.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Uh.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Let’s return to the previous conversation still in progress.</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><njs`> and "basename" means something like "the tail of end of path of file objects and dir objects, as per basename(3), and we just declare all commit and tag objects to have the same basename" or something?</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Luckily, that too is a point that gitster clarified for us!</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If I might add, the trick is to make files that <em>might</em> be similar be located close to each other in the hash buckets based on their file names. It used to be that "foo/Makefile", "bar/baz/quux/Makefile" and "Makefile" all landed in the same bucket due to their common basename, "Makefile". However, now they land in "close" buckets.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The algorithm allows not just for the <em>same</em> bucket, but for <em>close</em> buckets to be considered delta candidates. The rationale is essentially that files, like Makefiles, often have very similar content no matter what directory they live in.</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><linus> I played around with different delta algorithms, and with making the "delta window" bigger, but having too big of a sliding window makes it very expensive to generate the pack: you need to compare every object with a _ton_ of other objects.</pre> </div> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>There are a number of other trivial heuristics too, which basically boil down to "don't bother even trying to delta this pair" if we can tell before-hand that the delta isn't worth it (due to size differences, where we can take a previous delta result into account to decide that "ok, no point in trying that one, it will be worse").</pre> </div> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>End result: packing is actually very size efficient. It's somewhat CPU-wasteful, but on the other hand, since you're really only supposed to do it maybe once a month (and you can do it during the night), nobody really seems to care.</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Nice Engineering Touch, there. Find when it doesn’t matter, and proclaim it a non-issue. Good style too!</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><njs`> So, just to repeat to see if I'm following, we start by getting a list of the objects we want to pack, we sort it by this heuristic (basically lexicographically on the tuple (type, basename, size)).</pre> </div> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>Then we walk through this list, and calculate a delta of each object against the last n (tunable parameter) objects, and pick the smallest of these deltas.</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Vastly simplified, but the essence is there!</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><linus> Correct.</pre> </div> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><njs`> And then once we have picked a delta or fulltext to represent each object, we re-sort by recency, and write them out in that order.</pre> </div> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><linus> Yup. Some other small details:</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>And of course there is the "Other Shoe" Factor too.</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><linus> - We limit the delta depth to another magic value (right now both the window and delta depth magic values are just "10")</pre> </div> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><njs`> Hrm, my intuition is that you'd end up with really _bad_ IO patterns, because the things you want are near by, but to actually reconstruct them you may have to jump all over in random ways.</pre> </div> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><linus> - When we write out a delta, and we haven't yet written out the object it is a delta against, we write out the base object first. And no, when we reconstruct them, we actually get nice IO patterns, because: - larger objects tend to be "more recent" (Linus' law: files grow) - we actively try to generate deltas from a larger object to a smaller one - this means that the top-of-tree very seldom has deltas (i.e. deltas in _practice_ are "backwards deltas")</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Again, we should reread that whole paragraph. Not just because Linus has slipped Linus’s Law in there on us, but because it is important. Let’s make sure we clarify some of the points here:</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><njs`> So the point is just that in practice, delta order and recency order match each other quite well.</pre> </div> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre> <linus> Yes. There's another nice side to this (and yes, it was designed that way ;): - the reason we generate deltas against the larger object is actually a big space saver too!</pre> </div> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><njs`> Hmm, but your last comment (if "we haven't yet written out the object it is a delta against, we write out the base object first"), seems like it would make these facts mostly irrelevant because even if in practice you would not have to wander around much, in fact you just brute-force say that in the cases where you might have to wander, don't do that :-)</pre> </div> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><linus> Yes and no. Notice the rule: we only write out the base object first if the delta against it was more recent. That means that you can actually have deltas that refer to a base object that is _not_ close to the delta object, but that only happens when the delta is needed to generate an _old_ object.</pre> </div> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><linus> See?</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Yeah, no. I missed that on the first two or three readings myself.</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><linus> This keeps the front of the pack dense. The front of the pack never contains data that isn't relevant to a "recent" object. The size optimization comes from our use of xdelta (but is true for many other delta algorithms): removing data is cheaper (in size) than adding data.</pre> </div> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre> When you remove data, you only need to say "copy bytes n--m". In contrast, in a delta that _adds_ data, you have to say "add these bytes: 'actual data goes here'"</pre> </div> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p>njs` has quit: Read error: 104 (Connection reset by peer)</p> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><linus> Uhhuh. I hope I didn't blow njs` mind.</pre> </div> </div> </li> <li> <p>njs` has joined channel #git</p> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><pasky> :)</pre> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The silent observers are amused. Of course.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>And as if njs` was expected to be omniscient:</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><linus> njs - did you miss anything?</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>OK, I’ll spell it out. That’s Geek Humor. If njs` was not actually connected for a little bit there, how would he know if missed anything while he was disconnected? He’s a benevolent dictator with