tea-test-dao

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.hide-for-print{display:none!important} .show-for-print{display:inherit!important}} @media amzn-kf8,print{#header>h1:first-child{margin-top:1.25rem} .sect1{padding:0!important} .sect1+.sect1{border:0} #footer{background:none} #footer-text{color:rgba(0,0,0,.6);font-size:.9em}} @media amzn-kf8{#header,#content,#footnotes,#footer{padding:0}} </style> </head> <body class="manpage"> <div id="header"> <h1>gittutorial(7) Manual Page</h1> <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <p>gittutorial - A tutorial introduction to Git</p> </div> </div> <div id="content"> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="verseblock"> <pre class="content">git *</pre> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This tutorial explains how to import a new project into Git, make changes to it, and share changes with other developers.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If you are instead primarily interested in using Git to fetch a project, for example, to test the latest version, you may prefer to start with the first two chapters of <a href="user-manual.html">The Git User’s Manual</a>.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>First, note that you can get documentation for a command such as <code>git log --graph</code> with:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ man git-log</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>or:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ git help log</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>With the latter, you can use the manual viewer of your choice; see <a href="git-help.html">git-help(1)</a> for more information.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>It is a good idea to introduce yourself to Git with your name and public email address before doing any operation. The easiest way to do so is:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ git config --global user.name "Your Name Comes Here" $ git config --global user.email you@yourdomain.example.com</pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_importing_a_new_project">Importing a new project</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Assume you have a tarball <code>project.tar.gz</code> with your initial work. You can place it under Git revision control as follows.</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ tar xzf project.tar.gz $ cd project $ git init</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Git will reply</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>Initialized empty Git repository in .git/</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You’ve now initialized the working directory—you may notice a new directory created, named <code>.git</code>.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Next, tell Git to take a snapshot of the contents of all files under the current directory (note the <code>.</code>), with <code>git add</code>:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ git add .</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This snapshot is now stored in a temporary staging area which Git calls the "index". You can permanently store the contents of the index in the repository with <code>git commit</code>:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ git commit</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This will prompt you for a commit message. You’ve now stored the first version of your project in Git.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_making_changes">Making changes</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Modify some files, then add their updated contents to the index:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ git add file1 file2 file3</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You are now ready to commit. You can see what is about to be committed using <code>git diff</code> with the <code>--cached</code> option:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ git diff --cached</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>(Without <code>--cached</code>, <code>git diff</code> will show you any changes that you’ve made but not yet added to the index.) You can also get a brief summary of the situation with <code>git status</code>:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ git status On branch master Changes to be committed: (use "git restore --staged <file>..." to unstage) modified: file1 modified: file2 modified: file3</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If you need to make any further adjustments, do so now, and then add any newly modified content to the index. Finally, commit your changes with:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ git commit</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This will again prompt you for a message describing the change, and then record a new version of the project.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Alternatively, instead of running <code>git add</code> beforehand, you can use</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ git commit -a</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>which will automatically notice any modified (but not new) files, add them to the index, and commit, all in one step.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>A note on commit messages: Though not required, it’s a good idea to begin the commit message with a single short (no more than 50 characters) line summarizing the change, followed by a blank line and then a more thorough description. The text up to the first blank line in a commit message is treated as the commit title, and that title is used throughout Git. For example, <a href="git-format-patch.html">git-format-patch(1)</a> turns a commit into email, and it uses the title on the Subject line and the rest of the commit in the body.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_git_tracks_content_not_files">Git tracks content not files</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Many revision control systems provide an <code>add</code> command that tells the system to start tracking changes to a new file. Git’s <code>add</code> command does something simpler and more powerful: <code>git add</code> is used both for new and newly modified files, and in both cases it takes a snapshot of the given files and stages that content in the index, ready for inclusion in the next commit.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_viewing_project_history">Viewing project history</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>At any point you can view the history of your changes using</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ git log</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If you also want to see complete diffs at each step, use</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ git log -p</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Often the overview of the change is useful to get a feel of each step</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ git log --stat --summary</pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_managing_branches">Managing branches</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>A single Git repository can maintain multiple branches of development. To create a new branch named <code>experimental</code>, use</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ git branch experimental</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If you now run</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ git branch</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>you’ll get a list of all existing branches:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre> experimental * master</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The <code>experimental</code> branch is the one you just created, and the <code>master</code> branch is a default branch that was created for you automatically. The asterisk marks the branch you are currently on; type</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ git switch experimental</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>to switch to the <code>experimental</code> branch. Now edit a file, commit the change, and switch back to the <code>master</code> branch:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>(edit file) $ git commit -a $ git switch master</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Check that the change you made is no longer visible, since it was made on the <code>experimental</code> branch and you’re back on the <code>master</code> branch.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You can make a different change on the <code>master</code> branch:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>(edit file) $ git commit -a</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>at this point the two branches have diverged, with different changes made in each. To merge the changes made in <code>experimental</code> into <code>master</code>, run</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ git merge experimental</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If the changes don’t conflict, you’re done. If there are conflicts, markers will be left in the problematic files showing the conflict;</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ git diff</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>will show this. Once you’ve edited the files to resolve the conflicts,</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ git commit -a</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>will commit the result of the merge. Finally,</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ gitk</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>will show a nice graphical representation of the resulting history.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>At this point you could delete the <code>experimental</code> branch with</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ git branch -d experimental</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This command ensures that the changes in the <code>experimental</code> branch are already in the current branch.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If you develop on a branch <code>crazy-idea</code>, then regret it, you can always delete the branch with</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ git branch -D crazy-idea</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Branches are cheap and easy, so this is a good way to try something out.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_using_git_for_collaboration">Using Git for collaboration</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Suppose that Alice has started a new project with a Git repository in <code>/home/alice/project</code>, and that Bob, who has a home directory on the same machine, wants to contribute.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Bob begins with:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>bob$ git clone /home/alice/project myrepo</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This creates a new directory <code>myrepo</code> containing a clone of Alice’s repository. The clone is on an equal footing with the original project, possessing its own copy of the original project’s history.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Bob then makes some changes and commits them:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>(edit files) bob$ git commit -a (repeat as necessary)</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>When he’s ready, he tells Alice to pull changes from the repository at <code>/home/bob/myrepo</code>. She does this with:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>alice$ cd /home/alice/project alice$ git pull /home/bob/myrepo master</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This merges the changes from Bob’s <code>master</code> branch into Alice’s current branch. If Alice has made her own changes in the meantime, then she may need to manually fix any conflicts.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The <code>pull</code> command thus performs two operations: it fetches changes from a remote branch, then merges them into the current branch.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Note that in general, Alice would want her local changes committed before initiating this <code>pull</code>. If Bob’s work conflicts with what Alice did since their histories forked, Alice will use her working tree and the index to resolve conflicts, and existing local changes will interfere with the conflict resolution process (Git will still perform the fetch but will refuse to merge — Alice will have to get rid of her local changes in some way and pull again when this happens).</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Alice can peek at what Bob did without merging first, using the <code>fetch</code> command; this allows Alice to inspect what Bob did, using a special symbol <code>FETCH_HEAD</code>, in order to determine if he has anything worth pulling, like this:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>alice$ git fetch /home/bob/myrepo master alice$ git log -p HEAD..FETCH_HEAD</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This operation is safe even if Alice has uncommitted local changes. The range notation <code>HEAD..FETCH_HEAD</code> means "show everything that is reachable from the <code>FETCH_HEAD</code> but exclude anything that is reachable from <code>HEAD</code>". Alice already knows everything that leads to her current state (<code>HEAD</code>), and reviews what Bob has in his state (<code>FETCH_HEAD</code>) that she has not seen with this command.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If Alice wants to visualize what Bob did since their histories forked she can issue the following command:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ gitk HEAD..FETCH_HEAD</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This uses the same two-dot range notation we saw earlier with <code>git log</code>.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Alice may want to view what both of them did since they forked. She can use three-dot form instead of the two-dot form:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ gitk HEAD...FETCH_HEAD</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This means "show everything that is reachable from either one, but exclude anything that is reachable from both of them".</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Please note that these range notation can be used with both <code>gitk</code> and <code>git log</code>.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>After inspecting what Bob did, if there is nothing urgent, Alice may decide to continue working without pulling from Bob. If Bob’s history does have something Alice would immediately need, Alice may choose to stash her work-in-progress first, do a <code>pull</code>, and then finally unstash her work-in-progress on top of the resulting history.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>When you are working in a small closely knit group, it is not unusual to interact with the same repository over and over again. By defining <em>remote</em> repository shorthand, you can make it easier:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>alice$ git remote add bob /home/bob/myrepo</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>With this, Alice can perform the first part of the <code>pull</code> operation alone using the <code>git fetch</code> command without merging them with her own branch, using:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>alice$ git fetch bob</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Unlike the longhand form, when Alice fetches from Bob using a remote repository shorthand set up with <code>git remote</code>, what was fetched is stored in a remote-tracking branch, in this case <code>bob/master</code>. So after this:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>alice$ git log -p master..bob/master</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>shows a list of all the changes that Bob made since he branched from Alice’s <code>master</code> branch.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>After examining those changes, Alice could merge the changes into her <code>master</code> branch:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>alice$ git merge bob/master</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This <code>merge</code> can also be done by <em>pulling from her own remote-tracking branch</em>, like this:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>alice$ git pull . remotes/bob/master</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Note that git pull always merges into the current branch, regardless of what else is given on the command line.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Later, Bob can update his repo with Alice’s latest changes using</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>bob$ git pull</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Note that he doesn’t need to give the path to Alice’s repository; when Bob cloned Alice’s repository, Git stored the location of her repository in the repository configuration, and that location is used for pulls:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>bob$ git config --get remote.origin.url /home/alice/project</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>(The complete configuration created by <code>git clone</code> is visible using <code>git config -l</code>, and the <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> man page explains the meaning of each option.)</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Git also keeps a pristine copy of Alice’s <code>master</code> branch under the name <code>origin/master</code>:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>bob$ git branch -r origin/master</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If Bob later decides to work from a different host, he can still perform clones and pulls using the ssh protocol:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>bob$ git clone alice.org:/home/alice/project myrepo</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Alternatively, Git has a native protocol, or can use http; see <a href="git-pull.html">git-pull(1)</a> for details.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Git can also be used in a CVS-like mode, with a central repository that various users push changes to; see <a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a> and <a href="gitcvs-migration.html">gitcvs-migration(7)</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_exploring_history">Exploring history</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Git history is represented as a series of interrelated commits. We have already seen that the <code>git log</code> command can list those commits. Note that first line of each <code>git log</code> entry also gives a name for the commit:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ git log commit c82a22c39cbc32576f64f5c6b3f24b99ea8149c7 Author: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> Date: Tue May 16 17:18:22 2006 -0700 merge-base: Clarify the comments on post processing.</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>We can give thi