tea-test-dao

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.hide-for-print{display:none!important} .show-for-print{display:inherit!important}} @media amzn-kf8,print{#header>h1:first-child{margin-top:1.25rem} .sect1{padding:0!important} .sect1+.sect1{border:0} #footer{background:none} #footer-text{color:rgba(0,0,0,.6);font-size:.9em}} @media amzn-kf8{#header,#content,#footnotes,#footer{padding:0}} </style> </head> <body class="manpage"> <div id="header"> <h1>gitprotocol-pack(5) Manual Page</h1> <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <p>gitprotocol-pack - How packs are transferred over-the-wire</p> </div> </div> <div id="content"> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="verseblock"> <pre class="content"><over-the-wire-protocol></pre> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Git supports transferring data in packfiles over the ssh://, git://, http:// and file:// transports. There exist two sets of protocols, one for pushing data from a client to a server and another for fetching data from a server to a client. The three transports (ssh, git, file) use the same protocol to transfer data. http is documented in <a href="gitprotocol-http.html">gitprotocol-http(5)</a>.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The processes invoked in the canonical Git implementation are <em>upload-pack</em> on the server side and <em>fetch-pack</em> on the client side for fetching data; then <em>receive-pack</em> on the server and <em>send-pack</em> on the client for pushing data. The protocol functions to have a server tell a client what is currently on the server, then for the two to negotiate the smallest amount of data to send in order to fully update one or the other.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_pkt_line_format">pkt-line Format</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The descriptions below build on the pkt-line format described in <a href="gitprotocol-common.html">gitprotocol-common(5)</a>. When the grammar indicates <code>PKT-LINE(...)</code>, unless otherwise noted the usual pkt-line LF rules apply: the sender SHOULD include a LF, but the receiver MUST NOT complain if it is not present.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>An error packet is a special pkt-line that contains an error string.</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre> error-line = PKT-LINE("ERR" SP explanation-text)</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Throughout the protocol, where <code>PKT-LINE(...)</code> is expected, an error packet MAY be sent. Once this packet is sent by a client or a server, the data transfer process defined in this protocol is terminated.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_transports">Transports</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>There are three transports over which the packfile protocol is initiated. The Git transport is a simple, unauthenticated server that takes the command (almost always <em>upload-pack</em>, though Git servers can be configured to be globally writable, in which <em>receive- pack</em> initiation is also allowed) with which the client wishes to communicate and executes it and connects it to the requesting process.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>In the SSH transport, the client just runs the <em>upload-pack</em> or <em>receive-pack</em> process on the server over the SSH protocol and then communicates with that invoked process over the SSH connection.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The file:// transport runs the <em>upload-pack</em> or <em>receive-pack</em> process locally and communicates with it over a pipe.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_extra_parameters">Extra Parameters</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The protocol provides a mechanism in which clients can send additional information in its first message to the server. These are called "Extra Parameters", and are supported by the Git, SSH, and HTTP protocols.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Each Extra Parameter takes the form of <code><key>=<value></code> or <code><key></code>.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Servers that receive any such Extra Parameters MUST ignore all unrecognized keys. Currently, the only Extra Parameter recognized is "version" with a value of <em>1</em> or <em>2</em>. See <a href="gitprotocol-v2.html">gitprotocol-v2(5)</a> for more information on protocol version 2.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_git_transport">Git Transport</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The Git transport starts off by sending the command and repository on the wire using the pkt-line format, followed by a NUL byte and a hostname parameter, terminated by a NUL byte.</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>0033git-upload-pack /project.git\0host=myserver.com\0</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The transport may send Extra Parameters by adding an additional NUL byte, and then adding one or more NUL-terminated strings:</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>003egit-upload-pack /project.git\0host=myserver.com\0\0version=1\0</pre> </div> </div> <div class="openblock"> <div class="content"> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>git-proto-request = request-command SP pathname NUL [ host-parameter NUL ] [ NUL extra-parameters ] request-command = "git-upload-pack" / "git-receive-pack" / "git-upload-archive" ; case sensitive pathname = *( %x01-ff ) ; exclude NUL host-parameter = "host=" hostname [ ":" port ] extra-parameters = 1*extra-parameter extra-parameter = 1*( %x01-ff ) NUL</pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>host-parameter is used for the git-daemon name based virtual hosting. See --interpolated-path option to git daemon, with the %H/%CH format characters.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Basically what the Git client is doing to connect to an <em>upload-pack</em> process on the server side over the Git protocol is this:</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ echo -e -n \ "003agit-upload-pack /schacon/gitbook.git\0host=example.com\0" | nc -v example.com 9418</pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_ssh_transport">SSH Transport</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Initiating the upload-pack or receive-pack processes over SSH is executing the binary on the server via SSH remote execution. It is basically equivalent to running this:</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ ssh git.example.com "git-upload-pack '/project.git'"</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>For a server to support Git pushing and pulling for a given user over SSH, that user needs to be able to execute one or both of those commands via the SSH shell that they are provided on login. On some systems, that shell access is limited to only being able to run those two commands, or even just one of them.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>In an ssh:// format URI, it’s absolute in the URI, so the <em>/</em> after the host name (or port number) is sent as an argument, which is then read by the remote git-upload-pack exactly as is, so it’s effectively an absolute path in the remote filesystem.</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre> git clone ssh://user@example.com/project.git | v ssh user@example.com "git-upload-pack '/project.git'"</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>In a "user@host:path" format URI, it’s relative to the user’s home directory, because the Git client will run:</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre> git clone user@example.com:project.git | v ssh user@example.com "git-upload-pack 'project.git'"</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The exception is if a <em>~</em> is used, in which case we execute it without the leading <em>/</em>.</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre> ssh://user@example.com/~alice/project.git, | v ssh user@example.com "git-upload-pack '~alice/project.git'"</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Depending on the value of the <code>protocol.version</code> configuration variable, Git may attempt to send Extra Parameters as a colon-separated string in the GIT_PROTOCOL environment variable. This is done only if the <code>ssh.variant</code> configuration variable indicates that the ssh command supports passing environment variables as an argument.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>A few things to remember here:</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p>The "command name" is spelled with dash (e.g. git-upload-pack), but this can be overridden by the client;</p> </li> <li> <p>The repository path is always quoted with single quotes.</p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_fetching_data_from_a_server">Fetching Data From a Server</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>When one Git repository wants to get data that a second repository has, the first can <em>fetch</em> from the second. This operation determines what data the server has that the client does not then streams that data down to the client in packfile format.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_reference_discovery">Reference Discovery</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>When the client initially connects the server will immediately respond with a version number (if "version=1" is sent as an Extra Parameter), and a listing of each reference it has (all branches and tags) along with the object name that each reference currently points to.</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre> $ echo -e -n "0045git-upload-pack /schacon/gitbook.git\0host=example.com\0\0version=1\0" | nc -v example.com 9418 000eversion 1 00887217a7c7e582c46cec22a130adf4b9d7d950fba0 HEAD\0multi_ack thin-pack side-band side-band-64k ofs-delta shallow no-progress include-tag 00441d3fcd5ced445d1abc402225c0b8a1299641f497 refs/heads/integration 003f7217a7c7e582c46cec22a130adf4b9d7d950fba0 refs/heads/master 003cb88d2441cac0977faf98efc80305012112238d9d refs/tags/v0.9 003c525128480b96c89e6418b1e40909bf6c5b2d580f refs/tags/v1.0 003fe92df48743b7bc7d26bcaabfddde0a1e20cae47c refs/tags/v1.0^{} 0000</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The returned response is a pkt-line stream describing each ref and its current value. The stream MUST be sorted by name according to the C locale ordering.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If HEAD is a valid ref, HEAD MUST appear as the first advertised ref. If HEAD is not a valid ref, HEAD MUST NOT appear in the advertisement list at all, but other refs may still appear.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The stream MUST include capability declarations behind a NUL on the first ref. The peeled value of a ref (that is "ref^{}") MUST be immediately after the ref itself, if presented. A conforming server MUST peel the ref if it’s an annotated tag.</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre> advertised-refs = *1("version 1") (no-refs / list-of-refs) *shallow flush-pkt no-refs = PKT-LINE(zero-id SP "capabilities^{}" NUL capability-list) list-of-refs = first-ref *other-ref first-ref = PKT-LINE(obj-id SP refname NUL capability-list) other-ref = PKT-LINE(other-tip / other-peeled) other-tip = obj-id SP refname other-peeled = obj-id SP refname "^{}" shallow = PKT-LINE("shallow" SP obj-id) capability-list = capability *(SP capability) capability = 1*(LC_ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "_") LC_ALPHA = %x61-7A</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Server and client MUST use lowercase for obj-id, both MUST treat obj-id as case-insensitive.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>See protocol-capabilities.txt for a list of allowed server capabilities and descriptions.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_packfile_negotiation">Packfile Negotiation</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>After reference and capabilities discovery, the client can decide to terminate the connection by sending a flush-pkt, telling the server it can now gracefully terminate, and disconnect, when it does not need any pack data. This can happen with the ls-remote command, and also can happen when the client already is up to date.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Otherwise, it enters the negotiation phase, where the client and server determine what the minimal packfile necessary for transport is, by telling the server what objects it wants, its shallow objects (if any), and the maximum commit depth it wants (if any). The client will also send a list of the capabilities it wants to be in effect, out of what the server said it could do with the first <em>want</em> line.</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre> upload-request = want-list *shallow-line *1depth-request [filter-request] flush-pkt want-list = first-want *additional-want shallow-line = PKT-LINE("shallow" SP obj-id) depth-request = PKT-LINE("deepen" SP depth) / PKT-LINE("deepen-since" SP timestamp) / PKT-LINE("deepen-not" SP ref) first-want = PKT-LINE("want" SP obj-id SP capability-list) additional-want = PKT-LINE("want" SP obj-id) depth = 1*DIGIT filter-request = PKT-LINE("filter" SP filter-spec)</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Clients MUST send all the obj-ids it wants from the reference discovery phase as <em>want</em> lines. Clients MUST send at least one <em>want</em> command in the request body. Clients MUST NOT mention an obj-id in a <em>want</em> command which did not appear in the response obtained through ref discovery.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The client MUST write all obj-ids which it only has shallow copies of (meaning that it does not have the parents of a commit) as <em>shallow</em> lines so that the server is aware of the limitations of the client’s history.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The client now sends the maximum commit history depth it wants for this transaction, which is the number of commits it wants from the tip of the history, if any, as a <em>deepen</em> line. A depth of 0 is the same as not making a depth request. The client does not want to receive any commits beyond this depth, nor does it want objects needed only to complete those commits. Commits whose parents are not received as a result are defined as shallow and marked as such in the server. This information is sent back to the client in the next step.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The client can optionally request that pack-objects omit various objects from the packfile using one of several filtering techniques. These are intended for use with partial clone and partial fetch operations. An object that does not meet a filter-spec value is omitted unless explicitly requested in a <em>want</em> line. See <code>rev-list</code> for possible filter-spec values.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Once all the <em>want’s and 'shallow’s (and optional 'deepen</em>) are transferred, clients MUST send a flush-pkt, to tell the server side that it is done sending the list.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Otherwise, if the client sent a positive depth request, the server will determine which commits will and will not be shallow and send this information to the client. If the client did not request a positive depth, this step is skipped.</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre> shallow-update = *shallow-line *unshallow-line flush-pkt shallow-line = PKT-LINE("shallow" SP obj-id) unshallow-line = PKT-LINE("unshallow" SP obj-id)</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If the client has requested a positive depth, the server will compute the set of commits which are no deeper than the desired depth. The set of commits starts at the client’s wants.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The server writes <em>shallow</em> lines for each commit whose parents will not be sent as a result. The server writes an <em>unshallow</em> line for each commit which the client has indicated is shallow, but is no longer shallow at the currently requested depth (that is, its parents will now be sent). The server MUST NOT mark as unshallow anything which the client has not indicated was shallow.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Now the client will send a list of the obj-ids it has using <em>have</em> lines, so the server can make a packfile that only contains the objects that the client needs. In multi_ack mode, the canonical implementation will send up to 32 of these at a time, then will send a flush-pkt. The canonical implementation will skip ahead and send the next 32 immediately, so that there is always a block of 32 "in-flight on the wire" at a time.</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre> upload-haves = have-list compute-end have-list = *have-line have-line = PKT-LINE("have" SP obj-id) compute-end = flush-pkt / PKT-LINE("done")</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If the server reads <em>have</em> lines, it then will respond by ACKing any of the obj-ids the client said it had that the server also has. The server will ACK obj-ids differently depending on which ack mode is chosen by the client.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>In multi_ack mode:</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p>the server will respond with <em>ACK obj-id continue</em> for any common commits.</p> </li> <li> <p>once the server has found an acceptable common base commit and is ready to make a packfile, it will blindly ACK all <em>have</em> obj-ids back to the client.</p> </li> <li> <p>the server will then send a <em>NAK</em> and then wait for another response from the client - either a <em>done</em> or another list of <em>have</em> lines.</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>In multi_ack_detailed mode:</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p>the server will differentiate the ACKs where it is signaling that it is ready to send data with <em>ACK obj-id ready</em> lines, and signals the identified common commits with <em>ACK obj-id common</em> lines.</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Without either multi_ack or multi_ack_detailed:</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p>upload-pack sends "ACK obj-id" on the first common object it finds. After that it says nothing until the client gives it a "done".</p> </li> <li> <p>upload-pack sends "NAK" on a flush-pkt if no common object has been found yet. If one has been found, and thus an ACK was already sent, it’s silent on the flush-pkt.</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>After the client has gotten enough ACK responses that it can determine that the server has enough information to send an efficient packfile (in the canonical implementation, this is determined when it has received enough ACKs that it can color everything left in the --date-order queue as common with the server, or the --date-order queue is empty), or the client determines that it wants to give up (in