tea-test-dao
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[C[CHello Tea
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<body class="manpage">
<div id="header">
<h1>gitglossary(7) Manual Page</h1>
<h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>gitglossary - A Git Glossary</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>*</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_alternate_object_database"></a>alternate object database</dt>
<dd>
<p>Via the alternates mechanism, a <a href="#def_repository">repository</a>
can inherit part of its <a href="#def_object_database">object database</a>
from another object database, which is called an "alternate".</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_bare_repository"></a>bare repository</dt>
<dd>
<p>A bare repository is normally an appropriately
named <a href="#def_directory">directory</a> with a <code>.git</code> suffix that does not
have a locally checked-out copy of any of the files under
revision control. That is, all of the Git
administrative and control files that would normally be present in the
hidden <code>.git</code> sub-directory are directly present in the
<code>repository.git</code> directory instead,
and no other files are present and checked out. Usually publishers of
public repositories make bare repositories available.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_blob_object"></a>blob object</dt>
<dd>
<p>Untyped <a href="#def_object">object</a>, e.g. the contents of a file.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_branch"></a>branch</dt>
<dd>
<p>A "branch" is a line of development. The most recent
<a href="#def_commit">commit</a> on a branch is referred to as the tip of
that branch. The tip of the branch is <a href="#def_ref">referenced</a> by a branch
<a href="#def_head">head</a>, which moves forward as additional development
is done on the branch. A single Git
<a href="#def_repository">repository</a> can track an arbitrary number of
branches, but your <a href="#def_working_tree">working tree</a> is
associated with just one of them (the "current" or "checked out"
branch), and <a href="#def_HEAD">HEAD</a> points to that branch.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_cache"></a>cache</dt>
<dd>
<p>Obsolete for: <a href="#def_index">index</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_chain"></a>chain</dt>
<dd>
<p>A list of objects, where each <a href="#def_object">object</a> in the list contains
a reference to its successor (for example, the successor of a
<a href="#def_commit">commit</a> could be one of its <a href="#def_parent">parents</a>).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_changeset"></a>changeset</dt>
<dd>
<p>BitKeeper/cvsps speak for "<a href="#def_commit">commit</a>". Since Git does not
store changes, but states, it really does not make sense to use the term
"changesets" with Git.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_checkout"></a>checkout</dt>
<dd>
<p>The action of updating all or part of the
<a href="#def_working_tree">working tree</a> with a <a href="#def_tree_object">tree object</a>
or <a href="#def_blob_object">blob</a> from the
<a href="#def_object_database">object database</a>, and updating the
<a href="#def_index">index</a> and <a href="#def_HEAD">HEAD</a> if the whole working tree has
been pointed at a new <a href="#def_branch">branch</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_cherry-picking"></a>cherry-picking</dt>
<dd>
<p>In <a href="#def_SCM">SCM</a> jargon, "cherry pick" means to choose a subset of
changes out of a series of changes (typically commits) and record them
as a new series of changes on top of a different codebase. In Git, this is
performed by the "git cherry-pick" command to extract the change introduced
by an existing <a href="#def_commit">commit</a> and to record it based on the tip
of the current <a href="#def_branch">branch</a> as a new commit.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_clean"></a>clean</dt>
<dd>
<p>A <a href="#def_working_tree">working tree</a> is clean, if it
corresponds to the <a href="#def_revision">revision</a> referenced by the current
<a href="#def_head">head</a>. Also see "<a href="#def_dirty">dirty</a>".</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_commit"></a>commit</dt>
<dd>
<p>As a noun: A single point in the
Git history; the entire history of a project is represented as a
set of interrelated commits. The word "commit" is often
used by Git in the same places other revision control systems
use the words "revision" or "version". Also used as a short
hand for <a href="#def_commit_object">commit object</a>.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>As a verb: The action of storing a new snapshot of the project’s
state in the Git history, by creating a new commit representing the current
state of the <a href="#def_index">index</a> and advancing <a href="#def_HEAD">HEAD</a>
to point at the new commit.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_commit_graph_general"></a>commit graph concept, representations and usage</dt>
<dd>
<p>A synonym for the <a href="#def_DAG">DAG</a> structure formed by the commits
in the object database, <a href="#def_ref">referenced</a> by branch tips,
using their <a href="#def_chain">chain</a> of linked commits.
This structure is the definitive commit graph. The
graph can be represented in other ways, e.g. the
<a href="#def_commit_graph_file">"commit-graph" file</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_commit_graph_file"></a>commit-graph file</dt>
<dd>
<p>The "commit-graph" (normally hyphenated) file is a supplemental
representation of the <a href="#def_commit_graph_general">commit graph</a>
which accelerates commit graph walks. The "commit-graph" file is
stored either in the .git/objects/info directory or in the info
directory of an alternate object database.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_commit_object"></a>commit object</dt>
<dd>
<p>An <a href="#def_object">object</a> which contains the information about a
particular <a href="#def_revision">revision</a>, such as <a href="#def_parent">parents</a>, committer,
author, date and the <a href="#def_tree_object">tree object</a> which corresponds
to the top <a href="#def_directory">directory</a> of the stored
revision.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_commit-ish"></a>commit-ish (also committish)</dt>
<dd>
<p>A <a href="#def_commit_object">commit object</a> or an <a href="#def_object">object</a> that
can be recursively <a href="#def_dereference">dereferenced</a> to a commit object.
The following are all commit-ishes:
a commit object,
a <a href="#def_tag_object">tag object</a> that points to a commit
object,
a tag object that points to a tag object that points to a
commit object,
etc.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_core_git"></a>core Git</dt>
<dd>
<p>Fundamental data structures and utilities of Git. Exposes only limited
source code management tools.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_DAG"></a>DAG</dt>
<dd>
<p>Directed acyclic graph. The <a href="#def_commit_object">commit objects</a> form a
directed acyclic graph, because they have parents (directed), and the
graph of commit objects is acyclic (there is no <a href="#def_chain">chain</a>
which begins and ends with the same <a href="#def_object">object</a>).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_dangling_object"></a>dangling object</dt>
<dd>
<p>An <a href="#def_unreachable_object">unreachable object</a> which is not
<a href="#def_reachable">reachable</a> even from other unreachable objects; a
dangling object has no references to it from any
reference or <a href="#def_object">object</a> in the <a href="#def_repository">repository</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_dereference"></a>dereference</dt>
<dd>
<p>Referring to a <a href="#def_symref">symbolic ref</a>: the action of accessing the
<a href="#def_ref">reference</a> pointed at by a symbolic ref. Recursive
dereferencing involves repeating the aforementioned process on the
resulting ref until a non-symbolic reference is found.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Referring to a <a href="#def_tag_object">tag object</a>: the action of accessing the
<a href="#def_object">object</a> a tag points at. Tags are recursively dereferenced by
repeating the operation on the result object until the result has either a
specified <a href="#def_object_type">object type</a> (where applicable) or any non-"tag"
object type. A synonym for "recursive dereference" in the context of tags is
"<a href="#def_peel">peel</a>".</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Referring to a <a href="#def_commit_object">commit object</a>: the action of accessing
the commit’s tree object. Commits cannot be dereferenced recursively.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Unless otherwise specified, "dereferencing" as it used in the context of Git
commands or protocols is implicitly recursive.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_detached_HEAD"></a>detached HEAD</dt>
<dd>
<p>Normally the <a href="#def_HEAD">HEAD</a> stores the name of a
<a href="#def_branch">branch</a>, and commands that operate on the
history HEAD represents operate on the history leading to the
tip of the branch the HEAD points at. However, Git also
allows you to <a href="#def_checkout">check out</a> an arbitrary
<a href="#def_commit">commit</a> that isn’t necessarily the tip of any
particular branch. The HEAD in such a state is called
"detached".</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that commands that operate on the history of the current branch
(e.g. <code>git commit</code> to build a new history on top of it) still work
while the HEAD is detached. They update the HEAD to point at the tip
of the updated history without affecting any branch. Commands that
update or inquire information <em>about</em> the current branch (e.g. <code>git
branch --set-upstream-to</code> that sets what remote-tracking branch the
current branch integrates with) obviously do not work, as there is no
(real) current branch to ask about in this state.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_directory"></a>directory</dt>
<dd>
<p>The list you get with "ls" :-)</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_dirty"></a>dirty</dt>
<dd>
<p>A <a href="#def_working_tree">working tree</a> is said to be "dirty" if
it contains modifications which have not been <a href="#def_commit">committed</a> to the current
<a href="#def_branch">branch</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_evil_merge"></a>evil merge</dt>
<dd>
<p>An evil merge is a <a href="#def_merge">merge</a> that introduces changes that
do not appear in any <a href="#def_parent">parent</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_fast_forward"></a>fast-forward</dt>
<dd>
<p>A fast-forward is a special type of <a href="#def_merge">merge</a> where you have a
<a href="#def_revision">revision</a> and you are "merging" another
<a href="#def_branch">branch</a>'s changes that happen to be a descendant of what
you have. In such a case, you do not make a new <a href="#def_merge">merge</a>
<a href="#def_commit">commit</a> but instead just update your branch to point at the same
revision as the branch you are merging. This will happen frequently on a
<a href="#def_remote_tracking_branch">remote-tracking branch</a> of a remote
<a href="#def_repository">repository</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_fetch"></a>fetch</dt>
<dd>
<p>Fetching a <a href="#def_branch">branch</a> means to get the
branch’s <a href="#def_head_ref">head ref</a> from a remote
<a href="#def_repository">repository</a>, to find out which objects are
missing from the local <a href="#def_object_database">object database</a>,
and to get them, too. See also <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_file_system"></a>file system</dt>
<dd>
<p>Linus Torvalds originally designed Git to be a user space file system,
i.e. the infrastructure to hold files and directories. That ensured the
efficiency and speed of Git.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_git_archive"></a>Git archive</dt>
<dd>
<p>Synonym for <a href="#def_repository">repository</a> (for arch people).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_gitfile"></a>gitfile</dt>
<dd>
<p>A plain file <code>.git</code> at the root of a working tree that
points at the directory that is the real repository.
For proper use see <a href="git-worktree.html">git-worktree(1)</a> or <a href="git-submodule.html">git-submodule(1)</a>.
For syntax see <a href="gitrepository-layout.html">gitrepository-layout(5)</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_grafts"></a>grafts</dt>
<dd>
<p>Grafts enable two otherwise different lines of development to be joined
together by recording fake ancestry information for commits. This way
you can make Git pretend the set of <a href="#def_parent">parents</a> a <a href="#def_commit">commit</a> has
is different from what was recorded when the commit was
created. Configured via the <code>.git/info/grafts</code> file.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that the grafts mechanism is outdated and can lead to problems
transferring objects between repositories; see <a href="git-replace.html">git-replace(1)</a>
for a more flexible and robust system to do the same thing.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_hash"></a>hash</dt>
<dd>
<p>In Git’s context, synonym for <a href="#def_object_name">object name</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_head"></a>head</dt>
<dd>
<p>A <a href="#def_ref">named reference</a> to the <a href="#def_commit">commit</a> at the tip of a
<a href="#def_branch">branch</a>. Heads are stored in a file in
<code>$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/</code> directory, except when using packed refs. (See
<a href="git-pack-refs.html">git-pack-refs(1)</a>.)</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_HEAD"></a>HEAD</dt>
<dd>
<p>The current <a href="#def_branch">branch</a>. In more detail: Your <a href="#def_working_tree">working tree</a> is normally derived from the state of the tree
referred to by HEAD. HEAD is a reference to one of the
<a href="#def_head">heads</a> in your repository, except when using a
<a href="#def_detached_HEAD">detached HEAD</a>, in which case it directly
references an arbitrary commit.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_head_ref"></a>head ref</dt>
<dd>
<p>A synonym for <a href="#def_head">head</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_hook"></a>hook</dt>
<dd>
<p>During the normal execution of several Git commands, call-outs are made
to optional scripts that allow a developer to add functionality or
checking. Typically, the hooks allow for a command to be pre-verified
and potentially aborted, and allow for a post-notification after the
operation is done. The hook scripts are found in the
<code>$GIT_DIR/hooks/</code> directory, and are enabled by simply
removing the <code>.sample</code> suffix from the filename. In earlier versions
of Git you had to make them executable.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_index"></a>index</dt>
<dd>
<p>A collection of files with stat information, whose contents are stored
as objects. The index is a stored version of your
<a href="#def_working_tree">working tree</a>. Truth be told, it can also contain a second, and even
a third version of a working tree, which are used
when <a href="#def_merge">merging</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_index_entry"></a>index entry</dt>
<dd>
<p>The information regarding a particular file, stored in the
<a href="#def_index">index</a>. An index entry can be unmerged, if a
<a href="#def_merge">merge</a> was started, but not yet finished (i.e. if
the index contains multiple versions of that file).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_master"></a>master</dt>
<dd>
<p>The default development <a href="#def_branch">branch</a>. Whenever you
create a Git <a href="#def_repository">repository</a>, a branch named
"master" is created, and becomes the active branch. In most
cases, this contains the local development, though that is
purely by convention and is not required.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_merge"></a>merge</dt>
<dd>
<p>As a verb: To bring the contents of another
<a href="#def_branch">branch</a> (possibly from an external
<a href="#def_repository">repository</a>) into the current branch. In the
case where the merged-in branch is from a different repository,
this is done by first <a href="#def_fetch">fetching</a> the remote branch
and then merging the result into the current branch. This
combination of fetch and merge operations is called a
<a href="#def_pull">pull</a>. Merging is performed by an automatic process
that identifies changes made since the branches diverged, and
then applies all those changes together. In cases where changes
conflict, manual intervention may be required to complete the
merge.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>As a noun: unless it is a <a href="#def_fast_forward">fast-forward</a>, a
successful merge results in the creation of a new <a href="#def_commit">commit</a>
representing the result of the merge, and having as
<a href="#def_parent">parents</a> the tips of the merged <a href="#def_branch">branches</a>.
This commit is referred to as a "merge commit", or sometimes just a
"merge".</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_object"></a>object</dt>
<dd>
<p>The unit of storage in Git. It is uniquely identified by the
<a href="#def_SHA1">SHA-1</a> of its contents. Consequently, an
object cannot be changed.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_object_database"></a>object database</dt>
<dd>
<p>Stores a set of "objects", and an individual <a href="#def_object">object</a> is
identified by its <a href="#def_object_name">object name</a>. The objects usually
live in <code>$GIT_DIR/objects/</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_object_identifier"></a>object identifier (oid)</dt>
<dd>
<p>Synonym for <a href="#def_object_name">object name</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_object_name"></a>object name</dt>
<dd>
<p>The unique identifier of an <a href="#def_object">object</a>. The
object name is usually represented by a 40 character
hexadecimal string. Also colloquially called <a href="#def_SHA1">SHA-1</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_object_type"></a>object type</dt>
<dd>
<p>One of the identifiers "<a href="#def_commit_object">commit</a>",
"<a href="#def_tree_object">tree</a>", "<a href="#def_tag_object">tag</a>" or
"<a href="#def_blob_object">blob</a>" describing the type of an
<a href="#def_object">object</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_octopus"></a>octopus</dt>
<dd>
<p>To <a href="#def_merge">merge</a> more than two <a href="#def_branch">branches</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_orphan"></a>orphan</dt>
<dd>
<p>The act of getting on a <a href="#def_branch">branch</a> that does not
exist yet (i.e., an <a href="#def_unborn">unborn</a> branch). After
such an operation, the commit first created becomes a commit
without a parent, starting a new history.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_origin"></a>origin</dt>
<dd>
<p>The default upstream <a href="#def_repository">repository</a>. Most projects have
at least one upstream project which they track. By default
<em>origin</em> is used for that purpose. New upstream updates
will be fetched into <a href="#def_remote_tracking_branch">remote-tracking branches</a> named
origin/name-of-upstream-branch, which you can see using
<code>git branch -r</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_overlay"></a>overlay</dt>
<dd>
<p>Only update and add files to the working directory, but don’t
delete them, similar to how <em>cp -R</em> would update the contents
in the destination director