tea-test-dao

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.hide-for-print{display:none!important} .show-for-print{display:inherit!important}} @media amzn-kf8,print{#header>h1:first-child{margin-top:1.25rem} .sect1{padding:0!important} .sect1+.sect1{border:0} #footer{background:none} #footer-text{color:rgba(0,0,0,.6);font-size:.9em}} @media amzn-kf8{#header,#content,#footnotes,#footer{padding:0}} </style> </head> <body class="manpage"> <div id="header"> <h1>gitattributes(5) Manual Page</h1> <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <p>gitattributes - Defining attributes per path</p> </div> </div> <div id="content"> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>$GIT_DIR/info/attributes, .gitattributes</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>A <code>gitattributes</code> file is a simple text file that gives <code>attributes</code> to pathnames.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Each line in <code>gitattributes</code> file is of form:</p> </div> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>pattern attr1 attr2 ...</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>That is, a pattern followed by an attributes list, separated by whitespaces. Leading and trailing whitespaces are ignored. Lines that begin with <em>#</em> are ignored. Patterns that begin with a double quote are quoted in C style. When the pattern matches the path in question, the attributes listed on the line are given to the path.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Each attribute can be in one of these states for a given path:</p> </div> <div class="dlist"> <dl> <dt class="hdlist1">Set</dt> <dd> <p>The path has the attribute with special value "true"; this is specified by listing only the name of the attribute in the attribute list.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">Unset</dt> <dd> <p>The path has the attribute with special value "false"; this is specified by listing the name of the attribute prefixed with a dash <code>-</code> in the attribute list.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">Set to a value</dt> <dd> <p>The path has the attribute with specified string value; this is specified by listing the name of the attribute followed by an equal sign <code>=</code> and its value in the attribute list.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">Unspecified</dt> <dd> <p>No pattern matches the path, and nothing says if the path has or does not have the attribute, the attribute for the path is said to be Unspecified.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>When more than one pattern matches the path, a later line overrides an earlier line. This overriding is done per attribute.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The rules by which the pattern matches paths are the same as in <code>.gitignore</code> files (see <a href="gitignore.html">gitignore(5)</a>), with a few exceptions:</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p>negative patterns are forbidden</p> </li> <li> <p>patterns that match a directory do not recursively match paths inside that directory (so using the trailing-slash <code>path/</code> syntax is pointless in an attributes file; use <code>path/**</code> instead)</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>When deciding what attributes are assigned to a path, Git consults <code>$GIT_DIR/info/attributes</code> file (which has the highest precedence), <code>.gitattributes</code> file in the same directory as the path in question, and its parent directories up to the toplevel of the work tree (the further the directory that contains <code>.gitattributes</code> is from the path in question, the lower its precedence). Finally global and system-wide files are considered (they have the lowest precedence).</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>When the <code>.gitattributes</code> file is missing from the work tree, the path in the index is used as a fall-back. During checkout process, <code>.gitattributes</code> in the index is used and then the file in the working tree is used as a fall-back.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If you wish to affect only a single repository (i.e., to assign attributes to files that are particular to one user’s workflow for that repository), then attributes should be placed in the <code>$GIT_DIR/info/attributes</code> file. Attributes which should be version-controlled and distributed to other repositories (i.e., attributes of interest to all users) should go into <code>.gitattributes</code> files. Attributes that should affect all repositories for a single user should be placed in a file specified by the <code>core.attributesFile</code> configuration option (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>). Its default value is $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/attributes. If $XDG_CONFIG_HOME is either not set or empty, $HOME/.config/git/attributes is used instead. Attributes for all users on a system should be placed in the <code>$(prefix)/etc/gitattributes</code> file.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Sometimes you would need to override a setting of an attribute for a path to <code>Unspecified</code> state. This can be done by listing the name of the attribute prefixed with an exclamation point <code>!</code>.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_reserved_builtin_attributes">RESERVED BUILTIN_* ATTRIBUTES</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>builtin_* is a reserved namespace for builtin attribute values. Any user defined attributes under this namespace will be ignored and trigger a warning.</p> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="_builtin_objectmode"><code>builtin_objectmode</code></h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This attribute is for filtering files by their file bit modes (40000, 120000, 160000, 100755, 100644). e.g. <em>:(attr:builtin_objectmode=160000)</em>. You may also check these values with <code>git check-attr builtin_objectmode -- <file></code>. If the object is not in the index <code>git check-attr --cached</code> will return unspecified.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_effects">EFFECTS</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Certain operations by Git can be influenced by assigning particular attributes to a path. Currently, the following operations are attributes-aware.</p> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="_checking_out_and_checking_in">Checking-out and checking-in</h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p>These attributes affect how the contents stored in the repository are copied to the working tree files when commands such as <em>git switch</em>, <em>git checkout</em> and <em>git merge</em> run. They also affect how Git stores the contents you prepare in the working tree in the repository upon <em>git add</em> and <em>git commit</em>.</p> </div> <div class="sect3"> <h4 id="_text"><code>text</code></h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This attribute marks the path as a text file, which enables end-of-line conversion: When a matching file is added to the index, the file’s line endings are normalized to LF in the index. Conversely, when the file is copied from the index to the working directory, its line endings may be converted from LF to CRLF depending on the <code>eol</code> attribute, the Git config, and the platform (see explanation of <code>eol</code> below).</p> </div> <div class="dlist"> <dl> <dt class="hdlist1">Set</dt> <dd> <p>Setting the <code>text</code> attribute on a path enables end-of-line conversion on checkin and checkout as described above. Line endings are normalized to LF in the index every time the file is checked in, even if the file was previously added to Git with CRLF line endings.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">Unset</dt> <dd> <p>Unsetting the <code>text</code> attribute on a path tells Git not to attempt any end-of-line conversion upon checkin or checkout.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">Set to string value "auto"</dt> <dd> <p>When <code>text</code> is set to "auto", Git decides by itself whether the file is text or binary. If it is text and the file was not already in Git with CRLF endings, line endings are converted on checkin and checkout as described above. Otherwise, no conversion is done on checkin or checkout.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">Unspecified</dt> <dd> <p>If the <code>text</code> attribute is unspecified, Git uses the <code>core.autocrlf</code> configuration variable to determine if the file should be converted.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Any other value causes Git to act as if <code>text</code> has been left unspecified.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect3"> <h4 id="_eol"><code>eol</code></h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This attribute marks a path to use a specific line-ending style in the working tree when it is checked out. It has effect only if <code>text</code> or <code>text=auto</code> is set (see above), but specifying <code>eol</code> automatically sets <code>text</code> if <code>text</code> was left unspecified.</p> </div> <div class="dlist"> <dl> <dt class="hdlist1">Set to string value "crlf"</dt> <dd> <p>This setting converts the file’s line endings in the working directory to CRLF when the file is checked out.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">Set to string value "lf"</dt> <dd> <p>This setting uses the same line endings in the working directory as in the index when the file is checked out.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">Unspecified</dt> <dd> <p>If the <code>eol</code> attribute is unspecified for a file, its line endings in the working directory are determined by the <code>core.autocrlf</code> or <code>core.eol</code> configuration variable (see the definitions of those options in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>). If <code>text</code> is set but neither of those variables is, the default is <code>eol=crlf</code> on Windows and <code>eol=lf</code> on all other platforms.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="sect3"> <h4 id="_backwards_compatibility_with_crlf_attribute">Backwards compatibility with <code>crlf</code> attribute</h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>For backwards compatibility, the <code>crlf</code> attribute is interpreted as follows:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>crlf text -crlf -text crlf=input eol=lf</pre> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect3"> <h4 id="_end_of_line_conversion">End-of-line conversion</h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>While Git normally leaves file contents alone, it can be configured to normalize line endings to LF in the repository and, optionally, to convert them to CRLF when files are checked out.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If you simply want to have CRLF line endings in your working directory regardless of the repository you are working with, you can set the config variable "core.autocrlf" without using any attributes.</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>[core] autocrlf = true</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This does not force normalization of text files, but does ensure that text files that you introduce to the repository have their line endings normalized to LF when they are added, and that files that are already normalized in the repository stay normalized.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If you want to ensure that text files that any contributor introduces to the repository have their line endings normalized, you can set the <code>text</code> attribute to "auto" for <em>all</em> files.</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>* text=auto</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The attributes allow a fine-grained control, how the line endings are converted. Here is an example that will make Git normalize .txt, .vcproj and .sh files, ensure that .vcproj files have CRLF and .sh files have LF in the working directory, and prevent .jpg files from being normalized regardless of their content.</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>* text=auto *.txt text *.vcproj text eol=crlf *.sh text eol=lf *.jpg -text</pre> </div> </div> <div class="admonitionblock note"> <table> <tr> <td class="icon"> <div class="title">Note</div> </td> <td class="content"> When <code>text=auto</code> conversion is enabled in a cross-platform project using push and pull to a central repository the text files containing CRLFs should be normalized. </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>From a clean working directory:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ echo "* text=auto" >.gitattributes $ git add --renormalize . $ git status # Show files that will be normalized $ git commit -m "Introduce end-of-line normalization"</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If any files that should not be normalized show up in <em>git status</em>, unset their <code>text</code> attribute before running <em>git add -u</em>.</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>manual.pdf -text</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Conversely, text files that Git does not detect can have normalization enabled manually.</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>weirdchars.txt text</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If <code>core.safecrlf</code> is set to "true" or "warn", Git verifies if the conversion is reversible for the current setting of <code>core.autocrlf</code>. For "true", Git rejects irreversible conversions; for "warn", Git only prints a warning but accepts an irreversible conversion. The safety triggers to prevent such a conversion done to the files in the work tree, but there are a few exceptions. Even though…</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p><em>git add</em> itself does not touch the files in the work tree, the next checkout would, so the safety triggers;</p> </li> <li> <p><em>git apply</em> to update a text file with a patch does touch the files in the work tree, but the operation is about text files and CRLF conversion is about fixing the line ending inconsistencies, so the safety does not trigger;</p> </li> <li> <p><em>git diff</em> itself does not touch the files in the work tree, it is often run to inspect the changes you intend to next <em>git add</em>. To catch potential problems early, safety triggers.</p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="sect3"> <h4 id="_working_tree_encoding"><code>working-tree-encoding</code></h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Git recognizes files encoded in ASCII or one of its supersets (e.g. UTF-8, ISO-8859-1, …) as text files. Files encoded in certain other encodings (e.g. UTF-16) are interpreted as binary and consequently built-in Git text processing tools (e.g. <em>git diff</em>) as well as most Git web front ends do not visualize the contents of these files by default.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>In these cases you can tell Git the encoding of a file in the working directory with the <code>working-tree-encoding</code> attribute. If a file with this attribute is added to Git, then Git re-encodes the content from the specified encoding to UTF-8. Finally, Git stores the UTF-8 encoded content in its internal data structure (called "the index"). On checkout the content is re-encoded back to the specified encoding.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Please note that using the <code>working-tree-encoding</code> attribute may have a number of pitfalls:</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p>Alternative Git implementations (e.g. JGit or libgit2) and older Git versions (as of March 2018) do not support the <code>working-tree-encoding</code> attribute. If you decide to use the <code>working-tree-encoding</code> attribute in your repository, then it is strongly recommended to ensure that all clients working with the repository support it.</p> <div class="paragraph"> <p>For example, Microsoft Visual Studio resources files (<code>*.rc</code>) or PowerShell script files (<code>*.ps1</code>) are sometimes encoded in UTF-16. If you declare <code>*.ps1</code> as files as UTF-16 and you add <code>foo.ps1</code> with a <code>working-tree-encoding</code> enabled Git client, then <code>foo.ps1</code> will be stored as UTF-8 internally. A client without <code>working-tree-encoding</code> support will checkout <code>foo.ps1</code> as UTF-8 encoded file. This will typically cause trouble for the users of this file.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If a Git client that does not support the <code>working-tree-encoding</code> attribute adds a new file <code>bar.ps1</code>, then <code>bar.ps1</code> will be stored "as-is" internally (in this example probably as UTF-16). A client with <code>working-tree-encoding</code> support will interpret the internal contents as UTF-8 and try to convert it to UTF-16 on checkout. That operation will fail and cause an error.</p> </div> </li> <li> <p>Reencoding content to non-UTF encodings can cause errors as the conversion might not be UTF-8 round trip safe. If you suspect your encoding to not be round trip safe, then add it to <code>core.checkRoundtripEncoding</code> to make Git check the round trip encoding (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>). SHIFT-JIS (Japanese character set) is known to have round trip issues with UTF-8 and is checked by default.</p> </li> <li> <p>Reencoding content requires resources that might slow down certain Git operations (e.g <em>git checkout</em> or <em>git add</em>).</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Use the <code>working-tree-encoding</code> attribute only if you cannot store a file in UTF-8 encoding and if you want Git to be able to process the content as text.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>As an example, use the following attributes if your <em>*.ps1</em> files are UTF-16 encoded with byte order mark (BOM) and you want Git to perform automatic line ending conversion based on your platform.</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>*.ps1 text working-tree-encoding=UTF-16</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Use the following attributes if your <em>*.ps1</em> files are UTF-16 little endian encoded without BOM and you want Git to use Windows line endings in the working directory (use <code>UTF-16LE-BOM</code> instead of <code>UTF-16LE</code> if you want UTF-16 little endian with BOM). Please note, it is highly recommended to explicitly define the line endings with <code>eol</code> if the <code>working-tree-encoding</code> attribute is used to avoid ambiguity.</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>*.ps1 text working-tree-encoding=UTF-16LE eol=CRLF</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You can get a list of all available encodings on your platform with the following command:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>iconv --list</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If you do not know the encoding of a file, then you can use the <code>file</code> command to guess the encoding:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>file foo.ps1</pre> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect3"> <h4 id="_ident"><code>ident</code></h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>When the attribute <code>ident</code> is set for a path, Git replaces <code>$Id$</code> in the blob object with <code>$Id:</code>, followed by the 40-character hexadecimal blob object name, followed by a dollar sign <code>$</code> upon checkout. Any byte sequence that begins with <code>$Id:</code> and ends with <code>$</code> in the worktree file is replaced with <code>$Id$</code> upon check-in.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect3"> <h4 id="_symlink"><code>symlink</code></h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>On Windows, symbolic links have a type: a "file symlink" must point at a file, and a "dir