tea-test-dao
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[C[CHello Tea
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<body class="manpage">
<div id="header">
<h1>git-push(1) Manual Page</h1>
<h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>git-push - Update remote refs along with associated objects</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="verseblock">
<pre class="content"><em>git push</em> [--all | --branches | --mirror | --tags] [--follow-tags] [--atomic] [-n | --dry-run] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]
[--repo=<repository>] [-f | --force] [-d | --delete] [--prune] [-q | --quiet] [-v | --verbose]
[-u | --set-upstream] [-o <string> | --push-option=<string>]
[--[no-]signed|--signed=(true|false|if-asked)]
[--force-with-lease[=<refname>[:<expect>]] [--force-if-includes]]
[--no-verify] [<repository> [<refspec>…​]]</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Updates remote refs using local refs, while sending objects
necessary to complete the given refs.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You can make interesting things happen to a repository
every time you push into it, by setting up <em>hooks</em> there. See
documentation for <a href="git-receive-pack.html">git-receive-pack(1)</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When the command line does not specify where to push with the
<code><repository></code> argument, <code>branch.*.remote</code> configuration for the
current branch is consulted to determine where to push. If the
configuration is missing, it defaults to <em>origin</em>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When the command line does not specify what to push with <code><refspec>...</code>
arguments or <code>--all</code>, <code>--mirror</code>, <code>--tags</code> options, the command finds
the default <code><refspec></code> by consulting <code>remote.*.push</code> configuration,
and if it is not found, honors <code>push.default</code> configuration to decide
what to push (See <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for the meaning of <code>push.default</code>).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When neither the command-line nor the configuration specifies what to
push, the default behavior is used, which corresponds to the <code>simple</code>
value for <code>push.default</code>: the current branch is pushed to the
corresponding upstream branch, but as a safety measure, the push is
aborted if the upstream branch does not have the same name as the
local one.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_options">OPTIONS<a id="OPTIONS"></a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><repository></dt>
<dd>
<p>The "remote" repository that is the destination of a push
operation. This parameter can be either a URL
(see the section <a href="#URLS">GIT URLS</a> below) or the name
of a remote (see the section <a href="#REMOTES">REMOTES</a> below).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><refspec>…​</dt>
<dd>
<p>Specify what destination ref to update with what source object.
The format of a <refspec> parameter is an optional plus
<code>+</code>, followed by the source object <src>, followed
by a colon <code>:</code>, followed by the destination ref <dst>.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <src> is often the name of the branch you would want to push, but
it can be any arbitrary "SHA-1 expression", such as <code>master~4</code> or
<code>HEAD</code> (see <a href="gitrevisions.html">gitrevisions(7)</a>).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <dst> tells which ref on the remote side is updated with this
push. Arbitrary expressions cannot be used here, an actual ref must
be named.
If <code>git push [<repository>]</code> without any <code><refspec></code> argument is set to
update some ref at the destination with <code><src></code> with
<code>remote.<repository>.push</code> configuration variable, <code>:<dst></code> part can
be omitted—​such a push will update a ref that <code><src></code> normally updates
without any <code><refspec></code> on the command line. Otherwise, missing
<code>:<dst></code> means to update the same ref as the <code><src></code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If <dst> doesn’t start with <code>refs/</code> (e.g. <code>refs/heads/master</code>) we will
try to infer where in <code>refs/*</code> on the destination <repository> it
belongs based on the type of <src> being pushed and whether <dst>
is ambiguous.</p>
</div>
<div class="openblock">
<div class="content">
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>If <dst> unambiguously refers to a ref on the <repository> remote,
then push to that ref.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If <src> resolves to a ref starting with refs/heads/ or refs/tags/,
then prepend that to <dst>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Other ambiguity resolutions might be added in the future, but for
now any other cases will error out with an error indicating what we
tried, and depending on the <code>advice.pushUnqualifiedRefname</code>
configuration (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>) suggest what refs/
namespace you may have wanted to push to.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The object referenced by <src> is used to update the <dst> reference
on the remote side. Whether this is allowed depends on where in
<code>refs/*</code> the <dst> reference lives as described in detail below, in
those sections "update" means any modifications except deletes, which
as noted after the next few sections are treated differently.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <code>refs/heads/*</code> namespace will only accept commit objects, and
updates only if they can be fast-forwarded.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <code>refs/tags/*</code> namespace will accept any kind of object (as
commits, trees and blobs can be tagged), and any updates to them will
be rejected.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>It’s possible to push any type of object to any namespace outside of
<code>refs/{tags,heads}/*</code>. In the case of tags and commits, these will be
treated as if they were the commits inside <code>refs/heads/*</code> for the
purposes of whether the update is allowed.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>I.e. a fast-forward of commits and tags outside <code>refs/{tags,heads}/*</code>
is allowed, even in cases where what’s being fast-forwarded is not a
commit, but a tag object which happens to point to a new commit which
is a fast-forward of the commit the last tag (or commit) it’s
replacing. Replacing a tag with an entirely different tag is also
allowed, if it points to the same commit, as well as pushing a peeled
tag, i.e. pushing the commit that existing tag object points to, or a
new tag object which an existing commit points to.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Tree and blob objects outside of <code>refs/{tags,heads}/*</code> will be treated
the same way as if they were inside <code>refs/tags/*</code>, any update of them
will be rejected.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>All of the rules described above about what’s not allowed as an update
can be overridden by adding an the optional leading <code>+</code> to a refspec
(or using <code>--force</code> command line option). The only exception to this
is that no amount of forcing will make the <code>refs/heads/*</code> namespace
accept a non-commit object. Hooks and configuration can also override
or amend these rules, see e.g. <code>receive.denyNonFastForwards</code> in
<a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> and <code>pre-receive</code> and <code>update</code> in
<a href="githooks.html">githooks(5)</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Pushing an empty <src> allows you to delete the <dst> ref from the
remote repository. Deletions are always accepted without a leading <code>+</code>
in the refspec (or <code>--force</code>), except when forbidden by configuration
or hooks. See <code>receive.denyDeletes</code> in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> and
<code>pre-receive</code> and <code>update</code> in <a href="githooks.html">githooks(5)</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The special refspec <code>:</code> (or <code>+:</code> to allow non-fast-forward updates)
directs Git to push "matching" branches: for every branch that exists on
the local side, the remote side is updated if a branch of the same name
already exists on the remote side.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>tag <tag></code> means the same as <code>refs/tags/<tag>:refs/tags/<tag></code>.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--all</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--branches</dt>
<dd>
<p>Push all branches (i.e. refs under <code>refs/heads/</code>); cannot be
used with other <refspec>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--prune</dt>
<dd>
<p>Remove remote branches that don’t have a local counterpart. For example
a remote branch <code>tmp</code> will be removed if a local branch with the same
name doesn’t exist any more. This also respects refspecs, e.g.
<code>git push --prune remote refs/heads/*:refs/tmp/*</code> would
make sure that remote <code>refs/tmp/foo</code> will be removed if <code>refs/heads/foo</code>
doesn’t exist.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--mirror</dt>
<dd>
<p>Instead of naming each ref to push, specifies that all
refs under <code>refs/</code> (which includes but is not
limited to <code>refs/heads/</code>, <code>refs/remotes/</code>, and <code>refs/tags/</code>)
be mirrored to the remote repository. Newly created local
refs will be pushed to the remote end, locally updated refs
will be force updated on the remote end, and deleted refs
will be removed from the remote end. This is the default
if the configuration option <code>remote.<remote>.mirror</code> is
set.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-n</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--dry-run</dt>
<dd>
<p>Do everything except actually send the updates.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--porcelain</dt>
<dd>
<p>Produce machine-readable output. The output status line for each ref
will be tab-separated and sent to stdout instead of stderr. The full
symbolic names of the refs will be given.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-d</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--delete</dt>
<dd>
<p>All listed refs are deleted from the remote repository. This is
the same as prefixing all refs with a colon.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--tags</dt>
<dd>
<p>All refs under <code>refs/tags</code> are pushed, in
addition to refspecs explicitly listed on the command
line.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--follow-tags</dt>
<dd>
<p>Push all the refs that would be pushed without this option,
and also push annotated tags in <code>refs/tags</code> that are missing
from the remote but are pointing at commit-ish that are
reachable from the refs being pushed. This can also be specified
with configuration variable <code>push.followTags</code>. For more
information, see <code>push.followTags</code> in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--[no-]signed</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--signed=(true|false|if-asked)</dt>
<dd>
<p>GPG-sign the push request to update refs on the receiving
side, to allow it to be checked by the hooks and/or be
logged. If <code>false</code> or <code>--no-signed</code>, no signing will be
attempted. If <code>true</code> or <code>--signed</code>, the push will fail if the
server does not support signed pushes. If set to <code>if-asked</code>,
sign if and only if the server supports signed pushes. The push
will also fail if the actual call to <code>gpg --sign</code> fails. See
<a href="git-receive-pack.html">git-receive-pack(1)</a> for the details on the receiving end.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--[no-]atomic</dt>
<dd>
<p>Use an atomic transaction on the remote side if available.
Either all refs are updated, or on error, no refs are updated.
If the server does not support atomic pushes the push will fail.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-o <option></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--push-option=<option></dt>
<dd>
<p>Transmit the given string to the server, which passes them to
the pre-receive as well as the post-receive hook. The given string
must not contain a NUL or LF character.
When multiple <code>--push-option=<option></code> are given, they are
all sent to the other side in the order listed on the
command line.
When no <code>--push-option=<option></code> is given from the command
line, the values of configuration variable <code>push.pushOption</code>
are used instead.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--exec=<git-receive-pack></dt>
<dd>
<p>Path to the <em>git-receive-pack</em> program on the remote
end. Sometimes useful when pushing to a remote
repository over ssh, and you do not have the program in
a directory on the default $PATH.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--[no-]force-with-lease</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--force-with-lease=<refname></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--force-with-lease=<refname>:<expect></dt>
<dd>
<p>Usually, "git push" refuses to update a remote ref that is
not an ancestor of the local ref used to overwrite it.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This option overrides this restriction if the current value of the
remote ref is the expected value. "git push" fails otherwise.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Imagine that you have to rebase what you have already published.
You will have to bypass the "must fast-forward" rule in order to
replace the history you originally published with the rebased history.
If somebody else built on top of your original history while you are
rebasing, the tip of the branch at the remote may advance with their
commit, and blindly pushing with <code>--force</code> will lose their work.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This option allows you to say that you expect the history you are
updating is what you rebased and want to replace. If the remote ref
still points at the commit you specified, you can be sure that no
other people did anything to the ref. It is like taking a "lease" on
the ref without explicitly locking it, and the remote ref is updated
only if the "lease" is still valid.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>--force-with-lease</code> alone, without specifying the details, will protect
all remote refs that are going to be updated by requiring their
current value to be the same as the remote-tracking branch we have
for them.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>--force-with-lease=<refname></code>, without specifying the expected value, will
protect the named ref (alone), if it is going to be updated, by
requiring its current value to be the same as the remote-tracking
branch we have for it.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>--force-with-lease=<refname>:<expect></code> will protect the named ref (alone),
if it is going to be updated, by requiring its current value to be
the same as the specified value <code><expect></code> (which is allowed to be
different from the remote-tracking branch we have for the refname,
or we do not even have to have such a remote-tracking branch when
this form is used). If <code><expect></code> is the empty string, then the named ref
must not already exist.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that all forms other than <code>--force-with-lease=<refname>:<expect></code>
that specifies the expected current value of the ref explicitly are
still experimental and their semantics may change as we gain experience
with this feature.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>"--no-force-with-lease" will cancel all the previous --force-with-lease on the
command line.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A general note on safety: supplying this option without an expected
value, i.e. as <code>--force-with-lease</code> or <code>--force-with-lease=<refname></code>
interacts very badly with anything that implicitly runs <code>git fetch</code> on
the remote to be pushed to in the background, e.g. <code>git fetch origin</code>
on your repository in a cronjob.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The protection it offers over <code>--force</code> is ensuring that subsequent
changes your work wasn’t based on aren’t clobbered, but this is
trivially defeated if some background process is updating refs in the
background. We don’t have anything except the remote tracking info to
go by as a heuristic for refs you’re expected to have seen & are
willing to clobber.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If your editor or some other system is running <code>git fetch</code> in the
background for you a way to mitigate this is to simply set up another
remote:</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>git remote add origin-push $(git config remote.origin.url)
git fetch origin-push</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Now when the background process runs <code>git fetch origin</code> the references
on <code>origin-push</code> won’t be updated, and thus commands like:</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>git push --force-with-lease origin-push</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Will fail unless you manually run <code>git fetch origin-push</code>. This method
is of course entirely defeated by something that runs <code>git fetch
--all</code>, in that case you’d need to either disable it or do something
more tedious like:</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>git fetch # update 'master' from remote
git tag base master # mark our base point
git rebase -i master # rewrite some commits
git push --force-with-lease=master:base master:master</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>I.e. create a <code>base</code> tag for versions of the upstream code that you’ve
seen and are willing to overwrite, then rewrite history, and finally
force push changes to <code>master</code> if the remote version is still at
<code>base</code>, regardless of what your local <code>remotes/origin/master</code> has been
updated to in the background.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Alternatively, specifying <code>--force-if-includes</code> as an ancillary option
along with <code>--force-with-lease[=<refname>]</code> (i.e., without saying what
exact commit the ref on the remote side must be pointing at, or which
refs on the remote side are being protected) at the time of "push" will
verify if updates from the remote-tracking refs that may have been
implicitly updated in the background are integrated locally before
allowing a forced update.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-f</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--force</dt>
<dd>
<p>Usually, the command refuses to update a remote ref that is
not an ancestor of the local ref used to overwrite it.
Also, when <code>--force-with-lease</code> option is used, the command refuses
to update a remote ref whose current value does not match
what is expected.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This flag disables these checks, and can cause the remote repository
to lose commits; use it with care.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that <code>--force</code> applies to all the refs that are pushed, hence
using it with <code>push.default</code> set to <code>m