tea-test-dao

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h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{page-break-after:avoid} #header,#content,#footnotes,#footer{max-width:none} #toc,.sidebarblock,.exampleblock>.content{background:none!important} #toc{border-bottom:1px solid #dddddf!important;padding-bottom:0!important} body.book #header{text-align:center} body.book #header>h1:first-child{border:0!important;margin:2.5em 0 1em} body.book #header .details{border:0!important;display:block;padding:0!important} body.book #header .details span:first-child{margin-left:0!important} body.book #header .details br{display:block} body.book #header .details br+span::before{content:none!important} body.book #toc{border:0!important;text-align:left!important;padding:0!important;margin:0!important} body.book #toc,body.book #preamble,body.book h1.sect0,body.book .sect1>h2{page-break-before:always} .listingblock code[data-lang]::before{display:block} #footer{padding:0 .9375em} .hide-on-print{display:none!important} .print-only{display:block!important} .hide-for-print{display:none!important} .show-for-print{display:inherit!important}} @media amzn-kf8,print{#header>h1:first-child{margin-top:1.25rem} .sect1{padding:0!important} .sect1+.sect1{border:0} #footer{background:none} #footer-text{color:rgba(0,0,0,.6);font-size:.9em}} @media amzn-kf8{#header,#content,#footnotes,#footer{padding:0}} </style> </head> <body class="manpage"> <div id="header"> <h1>git-log(1) Manual Page</h1> <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <p>git-log - Show commit logs</p> </div> </div> <div id="content"> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="verseblock"> <pre class="content"><em>git log</em> [<options>] [<revision-range>] [[--] <path>…]</pre> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Shows the commit logs.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>List commits that are reachable by following the <code>parent</code> links from the given commit(s), but exclude commits that are reachable from the one(s) given with a <em>^</em> in front of them. The output is given in reverse chronological order by default.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You can think of this as a set operation. Commits reachable from any of the commits given on the command line form a set, and then commits reachable from any of the ones given with <em>^</em> in front are subtracted from that set. The remaining commits are what comes out in the command’s output. Various other options and paths parameters can be used to further limit the result.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Thus, the following command:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ git log foo bar ^baz</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>means "list all the commits which are reachable from <em>foo</em> or <em>bar</em>, but not from <em>baz</em>".</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>A special notation "<em><commit1></em>..<em><commit2></em>" can be used as a short-hand for "^<em><commit1></em> <em><commit2></em>". For example, either of the following may be used interchangeably:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ git log origin..HEAD $ git log HEAD ^origin</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Another special notation is "<em><commit1></em>…<em><commit2></em>" which is useful for merges. The resulting set of commits is the symmetric difference between the two operands. The following two commands are equivalent:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ git log A B --not $(git merge-base --all A B) $ git log A...B</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The command takes options applicable to the <a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a> command to control what is shown and how, and options applicable to the <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a> command to control how the changes each commit introduces are shown.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="dlist"> <dl> <dt class="hdlist1">--follow</dt> <dd> <p>Continue listing the history of a file beyond renames (works only for a single file).</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--no-decorate</dt> <dt class="hdlist1">--decorate[=short|full|auto|no]</dt> <dd> <p>Print out the ref names of any commits that are shown. If <em>short</em> is specified, the ref name prefixes <em>refs/heads/</em>, <em>refs/tags/</em> and <em>refs/remotes/</em> will not be printed. If <em>full</em> is specified, the full ref name (including prefix) will be printed. If <em>auto</em> is specified, then if the output is going to a terminal, the ref names are shown as if <em>short</em> were given, otherwise no ref names are shown. The option <code>--decorate</code> is short-hand for <code>--decorate=short</code>. Default to configuration value of <code>log.decorate</code> if configured, otherwise, <code>auto</code>.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--decorate-refs=<pattern></dt> <dt class="hdlist1">--decorate-refs-exclude=<pattern></dt> <dd> <p>For each candidate reference, do not use it for decoration if it matches any patterns given to <code>--decorate-refs-exclude</code> or if it doesn’t match any of the patterns given to <code>--decorate-refs</code>. The <code>log.excludeDecoration</code> config option allows excluding refs from the decorations, but an explicit <code>--decorate-refs</code> pattern will override a match in <code>log.excludeDecoration</code>.</p> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If none of these options or config settings are given, then references are used as decoration if they match <code>HEAD</code>, <code>refs/heads/</code>, <code>refs/remotes/</code>, <code>refs/stash/</code>, or <code>refs/tags/</code>.</p> </div> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--clear-decorations</dt> <dd> <p>When specified, this option clears all previous <code>--decorate-refs</code> or <code>--decorate-refs-exclude</code> options and relaxes the default decoration filter to include all references. This option is assumed if the config value <code>log.initialDecorationSet</code> is set to <code>all</code>.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--source</dt> <dd> <p>Print out the ref name given on the command line by which each commit was reached.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--[no-]mailmap</dt> <dt class="hdlist1">--[no-]use-mailmap</dt> <dd> <p>Use mailmap file to map author and committer names and email addresses to canonical real names and email addresses. See <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a>.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--full-diff</dt> <dd> <p>Without this flag, <code>git log -p <path>...</code> shows commits that touch the specified paths, and diffs about the same specified paths. With this, the full diff is shown for commits that touch the specified paths; this means that "<path>…" limits only commits, and doesn’t limit diff for those commits.</p> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Note that this affects all diff-based output types, e.g. those produced by <code>--stat</code>, etc.</p> </div> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--log-size</dt> <dd> <p>Include a line “log size <number>” in the output for each commit, where <number> is the length of that commit’s message in bytes. Intended to speed up tools that read log messages from <code>git log</code> output by allowing them to allocate space in advance.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">-L<start>,<end>:<file></dt> <dt class="hdlist1">-L:<funcname>:<file></dt> <dd> <p>Trace the evolution of the line range given by <em><start>,<end></em>, or by the function name regex <em><funcname></em>, within the <em><file></em>. You may not give any pathspec limiters. This is currently limited to a walk starting from a single revision, i.e., you may only give zero or one positive revision arguments, and <em><start></em> and <em><end></em> (or <em><funcname></em>) must exist in the starting revision. You can specify this option more than once. Implies <code>--patch</code>. Patch output can be suppressed using <code>--no-patch</code>, but other diff formats (namely <code>--raw</code>, <code>--numstat</code>, <code>--shortstat</code>, <code>--dirstat</code>, <code>--summary</code>, <code>--name-only</code>, <code>--name-status</code>, <code>--check</code>) are not currently implemented.</p> <div class="paragraph"> <p><em><start></em> and <em><end></em> can take one of these forms:</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p>number</p> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If <em><start></em> or <em><end></em> is a number, it specifies an absolute line number (lines count from 1).</p> </div> </li> <li> <p><code>/regex/</code></p> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This form will use the first line matching the given POSIX regex. If <em><start></em> is a regex, it will search from the end of the previous <code>-L</code> range, if any, otherwise from the start of file. If <em><start></em> is <code>^/regex/</code>, it will search from the start of file. If <em><end></em> is a regex, it will search starting at the line given by <em><start></em>.</p> </div> </li> <li> <p>+offset or -offset</p> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This is only valid for <em><end></em> and will specify a number of lines before or after the line given by <em><start></em>.</p> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If <code>:<funcname></code> is given in place of <em><start></em> and <em><end></em>, it is a regular expression that denotes the range from the first funcname line that matches <em><funcname></em>, up to the next funcname line. <code>:<funcname></code> searches from the end of the previous <code>-L</code> range, if any, otherwise from the start of file. <code>^:<funcname></code> searches from the start of file. The function names are determined in the same way as <code>git diff</code> works out patch hunk headers (see <em>Defining a custom hunk-header</em> in <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a>).</p> </div> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1"><revision-range></dt> <dd> <p>Show only commits in the specified revision range. When no <revision-range> is specified, it defaults to <code>HEAD</code> (i.e. the whole history leading to the current commit). <code>origin..HEAD</code> specifies all the commits reachable from the current commit (i.e. <code>HEAD</code>), but not from <code>origin</code>. For a complete list of ways to spell <revision-range>, see the <em>Specifying Ranges</em> section of <a href="gitrevisions.html">gitrevisions(7)</a>.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">[--] <path>…</dt> <dd> <p>Show only commits that are enough to explain how the files that match the specified paths came to be. See <em>History Simplification</em> below for details and other simplification modes.</p> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Paths may need to be prefixed with <code>--</code> to separate them from options or the revision range, when confusion arises.</p> </div> </dd> </dl> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="_commit_limiting">Commit Limiting</h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Besides specifying a range of commits that should be listed using the special notations explained in the description, additional commit limiting may be applied.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Using more options generally further limits the output (e.g. <code>--since=<date1></code> limits to commits newer than <code><date1></code>, and using it with <code>--grep=<pattern></code> further limits to commits whose log message has a line that matches <code><pattern></code>), unless otherwise noted.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Note that these are applied before commit ordering and formatting options, such as <code>--reverse</code>.</p> </div> <div class="dlist"> <dl> <dt class="hdlist1">-<number></dt> <dt class="hdlist1">-n <number></dt> <dt class="hdlist1">--max-count=<number></dt> <dd> <p>Limit the number of commits to output.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--skip=<number></dt> <dd> <p>Skip <em>number</em> commits before starting to show the commit output.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--since=<date></dt> <dt class="hdlist1">--after=<date></dt> <dd> <p>Show commits more recent than a specific date.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--since-as-filter=<date></dt> <dd> <p>Show all commits more recent than a specific date. This visits all commits in the range, rather than stopping at the first commit which is older than a specific date.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--until=<date></dt> <dt class="hdlist1">--before=<date></dt> <dd> <p>Show commits older than a specific date.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--author=<pattern></dt> <dt class="hdlist1">--committer=<pattern></dt> <dd> <p>Limit the commits output to ones with author/committer header lines that match the specified pattern (regular expression). With more than one <code>--author=<pattern></code>, commits whose author matches any of the given patterns are chosen (similarly for multiple <code>--committer=<pattern></code>).</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--grep-reflog=<pattern></dt> <dd> <p>Limit the commits output to ones with reflog entries that match the specified pattern (regular expression). With more than one <code>--grep-reflog</code>, commits whose reflog message matches any of the given patterns are chosen. It is an error to use this option unless <code>--walk-reflogs</code> is in use.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--grep=<pattern></dt> <dd> <p>Limit the commits output to ones with a log message that matches the specified pattern (regular expression). With more than one <code>--grep=<pattern></code>, commits whose message matches any of the given patterns are chosen (but see <code>--all-match</code>).</p> <div class="paragraph"> <p>When <code>--notes</code> is in effect, the message from the notes is matched as if it were part of the log message.</p> </div> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--all-match</dt> <dd> <p>Limit the commits output to ones that match all given <code>--grep</code>, instead of ones that match at least one.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--invert-grep</dt> <dd> <p>Limit the commits output to ones with a log message that do not match the pattern specified with <code>--grep=<pattern></code>.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">-i</dt> <dt class="hdlist1">--regexp-ignore-case</dt> <dd> <p>Match the regular expression limiting patterns without regard to letter case.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--basic-regexp</dt> <dd> <p>Consider the limiting patterns to be basic regular expressions; this is the default.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">-E</dt> <dt class="hdlist1">--extended-regexp</dt> <dd> <p>Consider the limiting patterns to be extended regular expressions instead of the default basic regular expressions.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">-F</dt> <dt class="hdlist1">--fixed-strings</dt> <dd> <p>Consider the limiting patterns to be fixed strings (don’t interpret pattern as a regular expression).</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">-P</dt> <dt class="hdlist1">--perl-regexp</dt> <dd> <p>Consider the limiting patterns to be Perl-compatible regular expressions.</p> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Support for these types of regular expressions is an optional compile-time dependency. If Git wasn’t compiled with support for them providing this option will cause it to die.</p> </div> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--remove-empty</dt> <dd> <p>Stop when a given path disappears from the tree.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--merges</dt> <dd> <p>Print only merge commits. This is exactly the same as <code>--min-parents=2</code>.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--no-merges</dt> <dd> <p>Do not print commits with more than one parent. This is exactly the same as <code>--max-parents=1</code>.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--min-parents=<number></dt> <dt class="hdlist1">--max-parents=<number></dt> <dt class="hdlist1">--no-min-parents</dt> <dt class="hdlist1">--no-max-parents</dt> <dd> <p>Show only commits which have at least (or at most) that many parent commits. In particular, <code>--max-parents=1</code> is the same as <code>--no-merges</code>, <code>--min-parents=2</code> is the same as <code>--merges</code>. <code>--max-parents=0</code> gives all root commits and <code>--min-parents=3</code> all octopus merges.</p> <div class="paragraph"> <p><code>--no-min-parents</code> and <code>--no-max-parents</code> reset these limits (to no limit) again. Equivalent forms are <code>--min-parents=0</code> (any commit has 0 or more parents) and <code>--max-parents=-1</code> (negative numbers denote no upper limit).</p> </div> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--first-parent</dt> <dd> <p>When finding commits to include, follow only the first parent commit upon seeing a merge commit. This option can give a better overview when viewing the evolution of a particular topic branch, because merges into a topic branch tend to be only about adjusting to updated upstream from time to time, and this option allows you to ignore the individual commits brought in to your history by such a merge.</p> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This option also changes default diff format for merge commits to <code>first-parent</code>, see <code>--diff-merges=first-parent</code> for details.</p> </div> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--exclude-first-parent-only</dt> <dd> <p>When finding commits to exclude (with a <em>^</em>), follow only the first parent commit upon seeing a merge commit. This can be used to find the set of changes in a topic branch from the point where it diverged from the remote branch, given that arbitrary merges can be valid topic branch changes.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--not</dt> <dd> <p>Reverses the meaning of the <em>^</em> prefix (or lack thereof) for all following revision specifiers, up to the next <code>--not</code>. When used on the command line before --stdin, the revisions passed through stdin will not be affected by it. Conversely, when passed via standard input, the revisions passed on the command line will not be affected by it.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--all</dt> <dd> <p>Pretend as if all the refs in <code>refs/</code>, along with <code>HEAD</code>, are listed on the command line as <em><commit></em>.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--branches[=<pattern>]</dt> <dd> <p>Pretend as if all the refs in <code>refs/heads</code> are listed on the command line as <em><commit></em>. If <em><pattern></em> is given, limit branches to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks <em>?</em>, <em>*</em>, or <em>[</em>, <em>/*</em> at the end is implied.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--tags[=<pattern>]</dt> <dd> <p>Pretend as if all the refs in <code>refs/tags</code> are listed on the command line as <em><commit></em>. If <em><pattern></em> is given, limit tags to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks <em>?</em>, <em>*</em>, or <em>[</em>, <em>/*</em> at the end is implied.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--remotes[=<pattern>]</dt> <dd> <p>Pretend as if all the refs in <code>refs/remotes</code> are listed on the command line as <em><commit></em>. If <em><pattern></em> is given, limit remote-tracking branches to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks <em>?</em>, <em>*</em>, or <em>[</em>, <em>/*</em> at the end is implied.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--glob=<glob-pattern></dt> <dd> <p>Pretend as if all the refs matching shell glob <em><glob-pattern></em> are listed on the command line as <em><commit></em>. Leading <em>refs/</em>, is automatically prepended if missing. If pattern lacks <em>?</em>, <em>*</em>, or <em>[</em>, <em>/*</em> at the end is implied.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--exclude=<glob-pattern></dt> <dd> <p>Do not include refs matching <em><glob-pattern></em> that the next <code>--all</code>, <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, <code>--remotes</code>, or <code>--glob</code> would otherwise consider. Repetitions of this option accumulate exclusion patterns up to the next <code>--all</code>, <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, <code>--remotes</code>, or <code>--glob</code> option (other options or arguments do not clear accumulated patterns).</p> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The patterns given should not begin with <code>refs/heads</code>, <code>refs/tags</code>, or <code>refs/remotes</code> when applied to <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, or <code>--remotes</code>, respectively, and they must begin with <code>refs/</