tea-test-dao

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p,blockquote,dt,td.content,span.alt,summary{font-size:1.0625rem} p{margin-bottom:1.25rem} .sidebarblock p,.sidebarblock dt,.sidebarblock td.content,p.tableblock{font-size:1em} .exampleblock>.content{background:#fffef7;border-color:#e0e0dc;box-shadow:0 1px 4px #e0e0dc} .print-only{display:none!important} @page{margin:1.25cm .75cm} @media print{*{box-shadow:none!important;text-shadow:none!important} html{font-size:80%} a{color:inherit!important;text-decoration:underline!important} a.bare,a[href^="#"],a[href^="mailto:"]{text-decoration:none!important} a[href^="http:"]:not(.bare)::after,a[href^="https:"]:not(.bare)::after{content:"(" attr(href) ")";display:inline-block;font-size:.875em;padding-left:.25em} abbr[title]{border-bottom:1px dotted} abbr[title]::after{content:" (" attr(title) ")"} pre,blockquote,tr,img,object,svg{page-break-inside:avoid} thead{display:table-header-group} svg{max-width:100%} p,blockquote,dt,td.content{font-size:1em;orphans:3;widows:3} h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{page-break-after:avoid} #header,#content,#footnotes,#footer{max-width:none} #toc,.sidebarblock,.exampleblock>.content{background:none!important} #toc{border-bottom:1px solid #dddddf!important;padding-bottom:0!important} body.book #header{text-align:center} body.book #header>h1:first-child{border:0!important;margin:2.5em 0 1em} body.book #header .details{border:0!important;display:block;padding:0!important} body.book #header .details span:first-child{margin-left:0!important} body.book #header .details br{display:block} body.book #header .details br+span::before{content:none!important} body.book #toc{border:0!important;text-align:left!important;padding:0!important;margin:0!important} body.book #toc,body.book #preamble,body.book h1.sect0,body.book .sect1>h2{page-break-before:always} .listingblock code[data-lang]::before{display:block} #footer{padding:0 .9375em} .hide-on-print{display:none!important} .print-only{display:block!important} .hide-for-print{display:none!important} .show-for-print{display:inherit!important}} @media amzn-kf8,print{#header>h1:first-child{margin-top:1.25rem} .sect1{padding:0!important} .sect1+.sect1{border:0} #footer{background:none} #footer-text{color:rgba(0,0,0,.6);font-size:.9em}} @media amzn-kf8{#header,#content,#footnotes,#footer{padding:0}} </style> </head> <body class="manpage"> <div id="header"> <h1>git-fast-import(1) Manual Page</h1> <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <p>git-fast-import - Backend for fast Git data importers</p> </div> </div> <div id="content"> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="verseblock"> <pre class="content">frontend | <em>git fast-import</em> [<options>]</pre> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This program is usually not what the end user wants to run directly. Most end users want to use one of the existing frontend programs, which parses a specific type of foreign source and feeds the contents stored there to <em>git fast-import</em>.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>fast-import reads a mixed command/data stream from standard input and writes one or more packfiles directly into the current repository. When EOF is received on standard input, fast import writes out updated branch and tag refs, fully updating the current repository with the newly imported data.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The fast-import backend itself can import into an empty repository (one that has already been initialized by <em>git init</em>) or incrementally update an existing populated repository. Whether or not incremental imports are supported from a particular foreign source depends on the frontend program in use.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="dlist"> <dl> <dt class="hdlist1">--force</dt> <dd> <p>Force updating modified existing branches, even if doing so would cause commits to be lost (as the new commit does not contain the old commit).</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--quiet</dt> <dd> <p>Disable the output shown by --stats, making fast-import usually be silent when it is successful. However, if the import stream has directives intended to show user output (e.g. <code>progress</code> directives), the corresponding messages will still be shown.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--stats</dt> <dd> <p>Display some basic statistics about the objects fast-import has created, the packfiles they were stored into, and the memory used by fast-import during this run. Showing this output is currently the default, but can be disabled with --quiet.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--allow-unsafe-features</dt> <dd> <p>Many command-line options can be provided as part of the fast-import stream itself by using the <code>feature</code> or <code>option</code> commands. However, some of these options are unsafe (e.g., allowing fast-import to access the filesystem outside of the repository). These options are disabled by default, but can be allowed by providing this option on the command line. This currently impacts only the <code>export-marks</code>, <code>import-marks</code>, and <code>import-marks-if-exists</code> feature commands.</p> <div class="literalblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>Only enable this option if you trust the program generating the fast-import stream! This option is enabled automatically for remote-helpers that use the `import` capability, as they are already trusted to run their own code.</pre> </div> </div> </dd> </dl> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="_options_for_frontends">Options for Frontends</h3> <div class="dlist"> <dl> <dt class="hdlist1">--cat-blob-fd=<fd></dt> <dd> <p>Write responses to <code>get-mark</code>, <code>cat-blob</code>, and <code>ls</code> queries to the file descriptor <fd> instead of <code>stdout</code>. Allows <code>progress</code> output intended for the end-user to be separated from other output.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--date-format=<fmt></dt> <dd> <p>Specify the type of dates the frontend will supply to fast-import within <code>author</code>, <code>committer</code> and <code>tagger</code> commands. See “Date Formats” below for details about which formats are supported, and their syntax.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--done</dt> <dd> <p>Terminate with error if there is no <code>done</code> command at the end of the stream. This option might be useful for detecting errors that cause the frontend to terminate before it has started to write a stream.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="_locations_of_marks_files">Locations of Marks Files</h3> <div class="dlist"> <dl> <dt class="hdlist1">--export-marks=<file></dt> <dd> <p>Dumps the internal marks table to <file> when complete. Marks are written one per line as <code>:markid SHA-1</code>. Frontends can use this file to validate imports after they have been completed, or to save the marks table across incremental runs. As <file> is only opened and truncated at checkpoint (or completion) the same path can also be safely given to --import-marks.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--import-marks=<file></dt> <dd> <p>Before processing any input, load the marks specified in <file>. The input file must exist, must be readable, and must use the same format as produced by --export-marks. Multiple options may be supplied to import more than one set of marks. If a mark is defined to different values, the last file wins.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--import-marks-if-exists=<file></dt> <dd> <p>Like --import-marks but instead of erroring out, silently skips the file if it does not exist.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--[no-]relative-marks</dt> <dd> <p>After specifying --relative-marks the paths specified with --import-marks= and --export-marks= are relative to an internal directory in the current repository. In git-fast-import this means that the paths are relative to the .git/info/fast-import directory. However, other importers may use a different location.</p> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Relative and non-relative marks may be combined by interweaving --(no-)-relative-marks with the --(import|export)-marks= options.</p> </div> </dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="_submodule_rewriting">Submodule Rewriting</h3> <div class="dlist"> <dl> <dt class="hdlist1">--rewrite-submodules-from=<name>:<file></dt> <dt class="hdlist1">--rewrite-submodules-to=<name>:<file></dt> <dd> <p> Rewrite the object IDs for the submodule specified by <name> from the values used in the from <file> to those used in the to <file>. The from marks should have been created by <code>git fast-export</code>, and the to marks should have been created by <code>git fast-import</code> when importing that same submodule.</p> <div class="paragraph"> <p><name> may be any arbitrary string not containing a colon character, but the same value must be used with both options when specifying corresponding marks. Multiple submodules may be specified with different values for <name>. It is an error not to use these options in corresponding pairs.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>These options are primarily useful when converting a repository from one hash algorithm to another; without them, fast-import will fail if it encounters a submodule because it has no way of writing the object ID into the new hash algorithm.</p> </div> </dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="_performance_and_compression_tuning">Performance and Compression Tuning</h3> <div class="dlist"> <dl> <dt class="hdlist1">--active-branches=<n></dt> <dd> <p>Maximum number of branches to maintain active at once. See “Memory Utilization” below for details. Default is 5.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--big-file-threshold=<n></dt> <dd> <p>Maximum size of a blob that fast-import will attempt to create a delta for, expressed in bytes. The default is 512m (512 MiB). Some importers may wish to lower this on systems with constrained memory.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--depth=<n></dt> <dd> <p>Maximum delta depth, for blob and tree deltification. Default is 50.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--export-pack-edges=<file></dt> <dd> <p>After creating a packfile, print a line of data to <file> listing the filename of the packfile and the last commit on each branch that was written to that packfile. This information may be useful after importing projects whose total object set exceeds the 4 GiB packfile limit, as these commits can be used as edge points during calls to <em>git pack-objects</em>.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">--max-pack-size=<n></dt> <dd> <p>Maximum size of each output packfile. The default is unlimited.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">fastimport.unpackLimit</dt> <dd> <p>See <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a></p> </dd> </dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_performance">PERFORMANCE</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The design of fast-import allows it to import large projects in a minimum amount of memory usage and processing time. Assuming the frontend is able to keep up with fast-import and feed it a constant stream of data, import times for projects holding 10+ years of history and containing 100,000+ individual commits are generally completed in just 1-2 hours on quite modest (~$2,000 USD) hardware.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Most bottlenecks appear to be in foreign source data access (the source just cannot extract revisions fast enough) or disk IO (fast-import writes as fast as the disk will take the data). Imports will run faster if the source data is stored on a different drive than the destination Git repository (due to less IO contention).</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_development_cost">DEVELOPMENT COST</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>A typical frontend for fast-import tends to weigh in at approximately 200 lines of Perl/Python/Ruby code. Most developers have been able to create working importers in just a couple of hours, even though it is their first exposure to fast-import, and sometimes even to Git. This is an ideal situation, given that most conversion tools are throw-away (use once, and never look back).</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_parallel_operation">PARALLEL OPERATION</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Like <em>git push</em> or <em>git fetch</em>, imports handled by fast-import are safe to run alongside parallel <code>git repack -a -d</code> or <code>git gc</code> invocations, or any other Git operation (including <em>git prune</em>, as loose objects are never used by fast-import).</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>fast-import does not lock the branch or tag refs it is actively importing. After the import, during its ref update phase, fast-import tests each existing branch ref to verify the update will be a fast-forward update (the commit stored in the ref is contained in the new history of the commit to be written). If the update is not a fast-forward update, fast-import will skip updating that ref and instead prints a warning message. fast-import will always attempt to update all branch refs, and does not stop on the first failure.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Branch updates can be forced with --force, but it’s recommended that this only be used on an otherwise quiet repository. Using --force is not necessary for an initial import into an empty repository.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_technical_discussion">TECHNICAL DISCUSSION</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>fast-import tracks a set of branches in memory. Any branch can be created or modified at any point during the import process by sending a <code>commit</code> command on the input stream. This design allows a frontend program to process an unlimited number of branches simultaneously, generating commits in the order they are available from the source data. It also simplifies the frontend programs considerably.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>fast-import does not use or alter the current working directory, or any file within it. (It does however update the current Git repository, as referenced by <code>GIT_DIR</code>.) Therefore an import frontend may use the working directory for its own purposes, such as extracting file revisions from the foreign source. This ignorance of the working directory also allows fast-import to run very quickly, as it does not need to perform any costly file update operations when switching between branches.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_input_format">INPUT FORMAT</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>With the exception of raw file data (which Git does not interpret) the fast-import input format is text (ASCII) based. This text based format simplifies development and debugging of frontend programs, especially when a higher level language such as Perl, Python or Ruby is being used.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>fast-import is very strict about its input. Where we say SP below we mean <strong>exactly</strong> one space. Likewise LF means one (and only one) linefeed and HT one (and only one) horizontal tab. Supplying additional whitespace characters will cause unexpected results, such as branch names or file names with leading or trailing spaces in their name, or early termination of fast-import when it encounters unexpected input.</p> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="_stream_comments">Stream Comments</h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p>To aid in debugging frontends fast-import ignores any line that begins with <code>#</code> (ASCII pound/hash) up to and including the line ending <code>LF</code>. A comment line may contain any sequence of bytes that does not contain an LF and therefore may be used to include any detailed debugging information that might be specific to the frontend and useful when inspecting a fast-import data stream.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="_date_formats">Date Formats</h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The following date formats are supported. A frontend should select the format it will use for this import by passing the format name in the --date-format=<fmt> command-line option.</p> </div> <div class="dlist"> <dl> <dt class="hdlist1"><code>raw</code></dt> <dd> <p>This is the Git native format and is <code><time> SP <offutc></code>. It is also fast-import’s default format, if --date-format was not specified.</p> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The time of the event is specified by <code><time></code> as the number of seconds since the UNIX epoch (midnight, Jan 1, 1970, UTC) and is written as an ASCII decimal integer.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The local offset is specified by <code><offutc></code> as a positive or negative offset from UTC. For example EST (which is 5 hours behind UTC) would be expressed in <code><tz></code> by “-0500” while UTC is “+0000”. The local offset does not affect <code><time></code>; it is used only as an advisement to help formatting routines display the timestamp.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If the local offset is not available in the source material, use “+0000”, or the most common local offset. For example many organizations have a CVS repository which has only ever been accessed by users who are located in the same location and time zone. In this case a reasonable offset from UTC could be assumed.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Unlike the <code>rfc2822</code> format, this format is very strict. Any variation in formatting will cause fast-import to reject the value, and some sanity checks on the numeric values may also be performed.</p> </div> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1"><code>raw-permissive</code></dt> <dd> <p>This is the same as <code>raw</code> except that no sanity checks on the numeric epoch and local offset are performed. This can be useful when trying to filter or import an existing history with e.g. bogus timezone values.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1"><code>rfc2822</code></dt> <dd> <p>This is the standard email format as described by RFC 2822.</p> <div class="paragraph"> <p>An example value is “Tue Feb 6 11:22:18 2007 -0500”. The Git parser is accurate, but a little on the lenient side. It is the same parser used by <em>git am</em> when applying patches received from email.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Some malformed strings may be accepted as valid dates. In some of these cases Git will still be able to obtain the correct date from the malformed string. There are also some types of malformed strings which Git will parse wrong, and yet consider valid. Seriously malformed strings will be rejected.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Unlike the <code>raw</code> format above, the time zone/UTC offset information contained in an RFC 2822 date string is used to adjust the date value to UTC prior to storage. Therefore it is important that this information be as accurate as possible.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If the source material uses RFC 2822 style dates, the frontend should let fast-import handle the parsing and conversion (rather than attempting to do it itself) as the Git parser has been well tested in the wild.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Frontends should prefer the <code>raw</code> format if the source material already uses UNIX-epoch format, can be coaxed to give dates in that format, or its format is easily convertible to it, as there is no ambiguity in parsing.</p> </div> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1"><code>now</code></dt> <dd> <p>Always use the current time and time zone. The literal <code>now</code> must always be supplied for <code><when></code>.</p> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This is a toy format. The current time and time zone of this system is always copied into the identity string at the time it is being created by fast-import. There is no way to specify a different time or time zone.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This particular format is supplied as it’s short to implement and may be useful to a process that wants to create a new commit right now, without needing to use a working directory or <em>git update-index</em>.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If separate <code>author</code> and <code>committer</code> commands are used in a <code>commit</code> the timestamps may not match, as the system clock will be polled twice (once for each command). The only way to ensure that both author and committer identity information has the same timestamp is to omit <code>author</code> (thus copying from <code>committer</code>) or to use a date format other than <code>now</code>.</p> </div> </dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="_commands">Commands</h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p>fast-import accepts several commands to update the current repository and control the current import process. More detailed discussion (with examples) of each command follows later.</p> </div> <div class="dlist"> <dl> <dt class="hdlist1"><code>commit</code></dt> <dd> <p>Creates a new branch or updates an existing branch by creating a new commit and updating the branch to point at the newly created commit.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1"><code>tag</code></dt> <dd> <p>Creates an annotated tag object from an existing commit or branch. Lightweight tags are not supported by this command, as they are not recommended for recording meaningful points in time.</p> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1"><code>reset</code></dt> <dd> <