substance

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Substance is a JavaScript library for web-based content editing. It provides building blocks for realizing custom text editors and web-based publishing systems.

github.com/substance/substance

substance/substance

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# Clipboard HTML Documenting the diversity of HTML received from the Clipboard. Not only, that there platform specific differences, also every application does their own thing. Web-Apps like Google Docs add diversity by creating different content in different browsers. To make our ClipboardImporter as robust as possible, we perform a series of normalization steps. ## Browser / Chrome (Linux / OSX) The only difference between Linux and OSX is the `meta` tag: Linux: ``` <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> ``` OSX: ``` <meta charset='utf-8'> ``` ### Plain Text: ``` <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Obama received national ``` ### Annotated Text: ``` <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">during his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois,_2004" title="United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">campaign to represent Illinois</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> in ``` ### Two Paragraphs: ``` <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In 2004, Obama received national attention during his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois,_2004" title="United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">campaign to represent Illinois</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">United States Senate</a> with his victory in the March <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Democratic Party</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_election" title="Primary election" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">primary</a>, his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention_keynote_address" title="2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">keynote address</a> at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Democratic National Convention</a> in July, and his election to the Senate in November. He began his presidential campaign in 2007 and, after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_primary_campaign,_2008" title="Barack Obama presidential primary campaign, 2008" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">a close primary campaign</a> against <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Hillary Rodham Clinton</a> in 2008, he won sufficient delegates in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2008" title="Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2008" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Democratic Party primaries</a> to receive the presidential nomination. He then defeated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Republican</a> nominee <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">John McCain</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2008" title="United States presidential election, 2008" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">general election</a>, and was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">inaugurated as president</a> on January 20, 2009. Nine months after his inauguration, Obama was named the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">2009 Nobel Peace Prize</a> laureate.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">During his first two years in office, Obama signed into law <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_(economics)" title="Stimulus (economics)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">economic stimulus</a> legislation in response to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Great Recession</a> in the form of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorization,_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2010" title="Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010</a>. Other major domestic initiatives in his first term included the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a>, often referred to as "Obamacare"; the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act</a>; and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Ask,_Don%27t_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010" title="Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010</a>. In foreign policy, Obama <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Iraq" title="Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">ended U.S. military involvement</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Iraq War</a>, increased U.S. troop levels in<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Afghanistan</a>, signed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_START" title="New START" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">New START</a> arms control treaty with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Russia</a>, ordered <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">U.S. military involvement in Libya</a> in opposition to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Muammar Gaddafi</a>, and ordered the military operation that resulted in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Death of Osama bin Laden" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">death of Osama bin Laden</a>. In January 2011, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_midterm_elections,_2010" title="United States midterm elections, 2010" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">the Republicans regained control of the House of Representatives</a> as the Democratic Party lost a total of 63 seats; and, after a lengthy debate over federal spending and whether or not to raise the nation's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_debt_ceiling" title="United States debt ceiling" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">debt limit</a>, Obama signed the<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_Control_Act_of_2011" title="Budget Control Act of 2011" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Budget Control Act of 2011</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Taxpayer_Relief_Act_of_2012" title="American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012</a>. ``` ### Whole Page: ``` <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint" style="margin-top: -5em; margin-left: 11em; height: 5em; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"></div><div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main" style="margin-left: 11em; padding: 1.25em 1.5em 1.5em; border-width: 1px 0px 1px 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(167, 215, 249); margin-top: -1px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); direction: ltr; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a id="top" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;"></a><div id="siteNotice" style="position: relative; text-align: center; margin: 0px; font-size: 0.8em;"><div id="centralNotice" class="cn-ESPC2015int"><div class="transparant"><div style="float: right;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym#" title="Hide" onclick="hideBanner();return false;" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><img border="0" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/2/20/CloseWindow19x19.png" alt="Hide" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;"></a></div><center><big><img alt="ESPC 2015" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Logo_for_e-Scienc…ext.svg/100px-Logo_for_e-Science_Photo_Competition_v2_without_text.svg.png" title="ESPC 2015" width="100" height="23" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Logo_for_e-Science_Photo_Competition_v2_without_text.svg/150px-Logo_for_e-Science_Photo_Competition_v2_without_text.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Logo_for_e-Science_Photo_Competition_v2_without_text.svg/200px-Logo_for_e-Science_Photo_Competition_v2_without_text.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="154" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;"> <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:European_Science_Photo_Competition_2015" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding: 0px !important; background: none !important;">European Science Photo Competition 2015</a> – participate now!</big></center></div></div></div><div class="mw-indicators" style="float: right; line-height: 1.6; font-size: 0.875em; position: relative; z-index: 1; padding-top: 0.4em;"></div><h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en" style="color: black; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 1.8em; line-height: 1.3; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; background: none;">Synonym</h1><div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content" style="position: relative; line-height: 1.6; font-size: 0.875em; z-index: 0;"><div id="siteSub" style="display: block; font-size: 12.8800001144409px;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div id="contentSub" style="font-size: 11.7600002288818px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); width: auto;"></div><div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump" style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px; zoom: 1; -webkit-user-select: none; margin-top: -1.4em; margin-bottom: 1.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym#mw-head" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym#p-search" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"></a></div><div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr;"><div class="hatnote" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">This article is about the general meaning of "synonym". For its use in biology, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Synonym (taxonomy)</a>.</div><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation" style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 129.5px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(242, 133, 0); background: rgb(251, 251, 251);"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><div style="width: 52px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="204" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;"></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 946px;">This article needs additional citations for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">verification</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synonym&action=edit" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding: 0px !important; background: none !important;">improve this article</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing/1" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2014)</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: transparent;"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding: 3px; font-size: 13.1599998474121px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Library_of_Ashurbanipal_synonym_list_tablet.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Library_of_Ashurb…onym_list_tablet.jpg/220px-Library_of_Ashurbanipal_synonym_list_tablet.jpg" width="220" height="322" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Library_of_Ashurbanipal_synonym_list_tablet.jpg/330px-Library_of_Ashurbanipal_synonym_list_tablet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Library_of_Ashurbanipal_synonym_list_tablet.jpg/440px-Library_of_Ashurbanipal_synonym_list_tablet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1829" data-file-height="2676" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; font-size: 12.370400428772px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Library_of_Ashurbanipal_synonym_list_tablet.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); display: block; text-indent: 15px; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; width: 15px; height: 11px; -webkit-user-select: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22…68h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A);"></a></div>Synonym list in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">cuneiform</a> on a clay tablet, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian" title="Neo-Assyrian" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Neo-Assyrian</a> period. Ref:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=308401&partid=1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22….851-1.851z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E) 100% 50%;">K.4375</a> .</div></div></div>A synonym is a word or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word or phrase in the same language. Words that are synonyms are said to besynonymous, and the state of being a synonym is called synonymy. The word comes from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" title="Ancient Greek language" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Ancient Greek</a> syn (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:σύν" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: none;">σύν</a>) ("with") and onoma (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%84%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:ὄνομα" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: none;">ὄνομα</a>) ("name"). An example of synonyms are the words begin, start, and commence. Words can be synonymous when meant in certain <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_sense" title="Word sense" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">senses</a>, even if they are not synonymous in all of their senses. For example, if we talk about a long time or an extended time, long and extended are synonymous within that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context_(language_use)" title="Context (language use)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">context</a>. Synonyms with exact interchangeability share a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seme_(semantics)" title="Seme (semantics)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">seme</a> or denotational <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sememe" title="Sememe" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">sememe</a>, whereas those with inexactly similar meanings share a broader denotational or connotational <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sememe" title="Sememe" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">sememe</a> and thus overlap within a<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_field" title="Semantic field" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">semantic field</a>. Some academics call the former type <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_synonymy" title="Cognitive synonymy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">cognitive synonyms</a> to distinguish them from the latter type, which they call near-synonyms.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym#cite_note-Stanojevi.C4.87_2009-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[1]</a>In the figurative sense, two words are sometimes said to be synonymous if they have the same <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connotation" title="Connotation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">connotation</a>:<blockquote class="templatequote" style="overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px 40px;">...a widespread impression that ... <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood" title="Hollywood" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Hollywood</a> was synonymous with immorality...<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a><div class="templatequotecite" style="line-height: 1.5em; text-align: left; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-top: 0px;"><cite style="font-style: inherit;">— <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Kearns_Goodwin" title="Doris Kearns Goodwin" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Doris Kearns Goodwin</a></cite></div></blockquote><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Metonymy</a> can sometimes be a form of synonymy, as when, for example, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House" title="White House" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">White House</a> is used as a synonym of the administration in referring to the U.S. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">executive branch</a> under a specific president. Thus a metonym is a type of synonym, and the word metonym is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyponymy_and_hypernymy" title="Hyponymy and hypernymy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">hyponym</a> of the word synonym.The analysis of synonymy, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysemy" title="Polysemy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">polysemy</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyponymy_and_hypernymy" title="Hyponymy and hypernymy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">hyponymy and hypernymy</a> is vital to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(general)" title="Taxonomy (general)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">taxonomy</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">ontology</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">information-science</a> senses of those terms. It has applications in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">pedagogy</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">machine learning</a>, because they rely on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word-sense_disambiguation" title="Word-sense disambiguation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">word-sense disambiguation</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/schema#Noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:schema" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: none;">schema</a>.<div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; font-size: 13.3000001907349px; display: table; zoom: 1; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; font-size: 13.3000001907349px; display: inline; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.3; background: none;">Contents</h2> [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym#" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">hide</a>] </div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym#Examples" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">1Examples</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym#Related_terms" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">2Related terms</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym#See_also" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">3See also</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym#References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">5External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="color: black; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 1.5em; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; background: none;">Examples<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-family: sans-serif;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synonym&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Examples" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>Synonyms can be any <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">part of speech</a> (such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun" title="Noun" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">nouns</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbs" title="Verbs" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">verbs</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">adjectives</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">adverbs</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preposition" title="Preposition" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">prepositions</a>), as long as both words belong to the same part of speech. Examples:<ul style="list-style-type: disc; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22…%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A);"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">verb<ul style="list-style-type: disc; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22…%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A);"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">buy and purchase</li></ul></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">adjective<ul style="list-style-type: disc; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22…%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A);"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">big and large</li></ul></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">adverb<ul style="list-style-type: disc; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22…%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A);"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">quickly and speedily</li></ul></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">preposition<ul style="list-style-type: disc; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22…%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A);"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">on and upon</li></ul></li></ul>Note that synonyms are defined with respect to certain senses of words; for instance, pupil as the aperture in the iris of the eye is not synonymous with student. Such like, he expired means the same as he died, yet my passport has expired cannot be replaced by my passport has died.In English, many synonyms emerged in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Middle Ages</a>, after the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" title="Norman conquest of England" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Norman conquest of England</a>. While <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">England</a>'s new ruling class spoke <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_French" title="Norman French" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Norman French</a>, the lower classes continued to speak <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Old English</a>(Anglo-Saxon). Thus, today we have synonyms like the Norman-derived people, liberty and archer, and the Saxon-derived folk, freedom and bowman. For more examples, see the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Germanic_and_Latinate_equivalents_in_English" title="List of Germanic and Latinate equivalents in English" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">list of Germanic and Latinate equivalents in English</a>.Some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicographer" title="Lexicographer" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">lexicographers</a> claim that no synonyms have exactly the same meaning (in all contexts or social levels of language) because <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">etymology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">orthography</a>, phonic qualities, ambiguous meanings, usage, etc. make them unique. Different words that are similar in meaning usually differ for a reason: feline is more formal than cat; long and extended are only synonyms in one usage and not in others (for example, along arm is not the same as an extended arm). Synonyms are also a source of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">euphemisms</a>.The purpose of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaurus" title="Thesaurus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">thesaurus</a> is to offer the user a listing of similar or related words; these are often, but not always, synonyms.<h2 style="color: black; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 1.5em; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; background: none;">Related terms<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-family: sans-serif;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synonym&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Related terms" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><ul style="list-style-type: disc; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22…%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A);"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The word poecilonym is a rare synonym of the word synonym. It is not entered in most major dictionaries and is a curiosity or piece of trivia for being an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autological_word" title="Autological word" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">autological word</a> because of its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta" title="Meta" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">meta</a> quality as a synonym of synonym.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonym" title="Antonym" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Antonyms</a> are words with opposite or nearly opposite meanings. For example: hot ↔ cold, large ↔ small, thick ↔ thin, synonym ↔ antonym</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.