skills-ws
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87 agent skills for AI coding assistants — marketing, growth, web3, dev, design & operations. Built for OpenClaw, Claude Code, Cursor, and Codex.
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## Contents
- 3. Payroll Tax & Social Contributions by Country
- Employer Social Contribution Rates
- Key Observations
## 3. Payroll Tax & Social Contributions by Country
### Employer Social Contribution Rates
*Last verified: Jun 2026. Rates are approximate aggregates (pension + health + unemployment + accident + family, etc.) and vary by sector, risk class, salary band and collective agreement. **Contribution ceilings are reset every year** — the values below are 2026 where confirmed, otherwise flagged. Always confirm the current year's figures and rate split with the national social-security authority before running payroll.*
| Country | Employer Rate (approx.) | Employee Rate (approx.) | Cap/Ceiling (2026 unless noted) |
|---------|------------------------|------------------------|-------------|
| Austria | ~21% | ~18% | Höchstbeitragsgrundlage ~€6,930/month (2026); verify at [oegk.at](https://www.gesundheitskasse.at/) |
| Belgium | ~25% (after structural reduction) | ~13.07% | No ceiling for most contributions |
| Bulgaria | ~18-19% | ~13-14% | Ceiling reset annually (BGN); verify at [NRA](https://nra.bg/) — note Bulgaria adopts the euro from 1 Jan 2026 |
| Croatia | ~16.5% | ~20% | No ceiling |
| Cyprus | ~8.8% social insurance (+ funds) | ~8.8% | Max insurable earnings ~€68,904/year (2026); rate 8.8% each side (fixed 2024–2028) |
| Czech Republic | ~33.8% | ~11% (incl. 7.1% health) | Social security ceiling ~CZK 2.4M/year (48× avg wage); verify yearly at [ČSSZ](https://www.cssz.cz/) |
| Denmark | ~0-2% (very low) | ~8% (AM-bidrag labor market tax) | No traditional social contributions; tax-funded system (high income tax instead) |
| Estonia | ~33.8% (social tax 33% + unemployment) | ~1.6% (+ 2% funded pension, opt-in higher) | Monthly minimum social tax base applies; no upper cap |
| Finland | ~20% average | ~9-10% | Earnings-related pension: no cap |
| France | ~40-45% | ~22-25% | Multiple ceilings. **PASS 2026** — confirm the exact figure at [urssaf.fr](https://www.urssaf.fr/accueil/outils-documentation/taux-baremes/plafonds-securite-sociale.html) (published sources differ); many contributions uncapped. |
| Germany | ~20-21% | ~20-21% | **2026**: pension/unemployment ceiling €8,450/month (€101,400/yr, now unified East/West); health/care ceiling €5,812.50/month (€69,750/yr). |
| Greece | ~22% | ~14% | Ceiling on insurable earnings applies; verify at [EFKA](https://www.efka.gov.gr/) |
| Hungary | ~13% (social contribution tax) | ~18.5% | No ceiling |
| Ireland | ~11.15% (PRSI Class A) | ~4.1% (PRSI) | No ceiling for employer PRSI; PRSI rates rising in steps to 2028 |
| Italy | ~30% | ~9-10% | Ceiling (massimale) applies to some components, mainly post-1996 entrants; verify at [INPS](https://www.inps.it/) |
| Latvia | ~23.59% | ~10.50% | Annual cap on mandatory contributions; verify at [VID](https://www.vid.gov.lv/) |
| Lithuania | ~1.77% (employer; burden shifted to employee since 2019) | ~19.5% (incl. pension, health) | "Sodra ceiling" ~60× avg wage/year; verify at [sodra.lt](https://www.sodra.lt/) |
| Luxembourg | ~12-15% | ~12-14% | Ceiling ~€13,518.70/month (5× social min wage, 2026); verify at [ccss.public.lu](https://ccss.public.lu/fr/parametres-sociaux.html) |
| Malta | ~10% | ~10% | Weekly ceiling reset yearly; verify at [CFR](https://cfr.gov.mt/) |
| Netherlands | ~18-20% (varies) | Employee insurance premiums via payroll | Max premium wage ~€79,400/year (2026); verify at [belastingdienst.nl](https://www.belastingdienst.nl/) |
| Poland | ~19-22% | ~13.7% | Pension/disability base capped at 30× projected avg monthly salary/year; verify at [ZUS](https://www.zus.pl/) |
| Portugal | ~23.75% | ~11% | No ceiling |
| Romania | ~2.25% (CAM) | ~35% (CAS 25% + CASS 10%) | Burden largely on employee; verify at [ANAF](https://www.anaf.ro/) |
| Slovakia | ~35.2% | ~13.4% | Ceiling ~7× avg monthly wage; verify at [socpoist.sk](https://www.socpoist.sk/) |
| Slovenia | ~16.1% | ~22.1% | No ceiling for most |
| Spain | ~30% | ~6.47% (+ MEI solidarity) | Max base ~€5,101.20/month (2026); additional "solidarity quota" on earnings above the cap (phasing in to 2045). Verify at [seg-social.es](https://www.seg-social.es/) |
| Sweden | ~31.42% | ~7% (pension contribution) | Reduced employer rate for young/old workers; verify at [skatteverket.se](https://www.skatteverket.se/) |
### Key Observations
- **Highest employer burden**: Slovakia (~35.2%), France (~40-45% incl. uncapped lines), Czech Republic / Estonia (~33.8%), Spain / Italy (~30%).
- **Lowest employer burden**: Denmark (~0-2%), Lithuania (~1.77% post-reform), Malta / Ireland (~10-11%), Hungary (~13%).
- **Note**: Low employer rates usually shift cost elsewhere — Denmark funds welfare via high income tax; Lithuania and Romania load contributions onto the employee.
- **Caps move yearly and in opposite directions to rates** — a "lower rate" country can still cost more on a high salary if its ceiling is uncapped (France) vs. capped (Germany). Use the §10 total-cost examples for a like-for-like view, but recompute with current-year ceilings.
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