sequelize

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <base data-ice="baseUrl" href="../../"> <title data-ice="title">Tutorial</title> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="css/style.css"> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="css/prettify-tomorrow.css"> <script src="script/prettify/prettify.js"></script> <script src="script/manual.js"></script> <link data-ice="userStyle" rel="stylesheet" href="user/css/0-style.css"> </head> <body class="layout-container manual-root" data-ice="rootContainer"> <header> <a href="./">Home</a> <a href="identifiers.html">Reference</a> <a href="source.html">Source</a> <a data-ice="repoURL" href="https://github.com/sequelize/sequelize.git" class="repo-url-github">Repository</a> <div class="search-box"> <span> <img src="./image/search.png"> <span class="search-input-edge"></span><input class="search-input"><span class="search-input-edge"></span> </span> <ul class="search-result"></ul> </div> </header> <nav class="navigation" data-ice="nav"><div class="manual-toc-root"> <div data-ice="manual" data-toc-name="installation"> <ul class="manual-toc"> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h1 manual-color manual-color-installation" data-section-count="■■" data-link="manual/installation/getting-started.html"><a href="manual/installation/getting-started.html" data-ice="link">Getting started</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/installation/getting-started.html"><a href="manual/installation/getting-started.html#installation" data-ice="link">Installation</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/installation/getting-started.html"><a href="manual/installation/getting-started.html#setting-up-a-connection" data-ice="link">Setting up a connection</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/installation/getting-started.html"><a href="manual/installation/getting-started.html#test-the-connection" data-ice="link">Test the connection</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/installation/getting-started.html"><a href="manual/installation/getting-started.html#your-first-model" data-ice="link">Your first model</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/installation/getting-started.html"><a href="manual/installation/getting-started.html#your-first-query" data-ice="link">Your first query</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/installation/getting-started.html"><a href="manual/installation/getting-started.html#application-wide-model-options" data-ice="link">Application wide model options</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/installation/getting-started.html"><a href="manual/installation/getting-started.html#promises" data-ice="link">Promises</a></li> </ul> </div> <div data-ice="manual" data-toc-name="tutorial"> <ul class="manual-toc"> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h1 manual-color manual-color-tutorial" data-section-count="■■■■" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html" data-ice="link">Model definition</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html#data-types" data-ice="link">Data types</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html#range-types" data-ice="link">Range types</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h4" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html#special-cases" data-ice="link">Special Cases</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html#deferrable" data-ice="link">Deferrable</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html#getters-setters" data-ice="link">Getters & setters</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html#defining-as-part-of-a-property" data-ice="link">Defining as part of a property</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html#defining-as-part-of-the-model-options" data-ice="link">Defining as part of the model options</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html#helper-functions-for-use-inside-getter-and-setter-definitions" data-ice="link">Helper functions for use inside getter and setter definitions</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html#validations" data-ice="link">Validations</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html#validators-and-allownull-" data-ice="link">Validators and allowNull</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html#model-validations" data-ice="link">Model validations</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html#configuration" data-ice="link">Configuration</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html#import" data-ice="link">Import</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html#optimistic-locking" data-ice="link">Optimistic Locking</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html#database-synchronization" data-ice="link">Database synchronization</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html#expansion-of-models" data-ice="link">Expansion of models</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-definition.html#indexes" data-ice="link">Indexes</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h1 manual-color manual-color-tutorial" data-section-count="■■■■" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html" data-ice="link">Model usage</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html#data-retrieval-finders" data-ice="link">Data retrieval / Finders</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html#find-search-for-one-specific-element-in-the-database" data-ice="link">find - Search for one specific element in the database</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html#findorcreate-search-for-a-specific-element-or-create-it-if-not-available" data-ice="link">findOrCreate - Search for a specific element or create it if not available</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html#findandcountall-search-for-multiple-elements-in-the-database-returns-both-data-and-total-count" data-ice="link">findAndCountAll - Search for multiple elements in the database, returns both data and total count</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html#findall-search-for-multiple-elements-in-the-database" data-ice="link">findAll - Search for multiple elements in the database</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html#complex-filtering-or-not-queries" data-ice="link">Complex filtering / OR / NOT queries</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html#manipulating-the-dataset-with-limit-offset-order-and-group" data-ice="link">Manipulating the dataset with limit, offset, order and group</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html#raw-queries" data-ice="link">Raw queries</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html#count-count-the-occurrences-of-elements-in-the-database" data-ice="link">count - Count the occurrences of elements in the database</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html#max-get-the-greatest-value-of-a-specific-attribute-within-a-specific-table" data-ice="link">max - Get the greatest value of a specific attribute within a specific table</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html#min-get-the-least-value-of-a-specific-attribute-within-a-specific-table" data-ice="link">min - Get the least value of a specific attribute within a specific table</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html#sum-sum-the-value-of-specific-attributes" data-ice="link">sum - Sum the value of specific attributes</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html#eager-loading" data-ice="link">Eager loading</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html#including-everything" data-ice="link">Including everything</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html#including-soft-deleted-records" data-ice="link">Including soft deleted records</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html#ordering-eager-loaded-associations" data-ice="link">Ordering Eager Loaded Associations</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/models-usage.html#nested-eager-loading" data-ice="link">Nested eager loading</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h1 manual-color manual-color-tutorial" data-section-count="■■■" data-link="manual/tutorial/querying.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/querying.html" data-ice="link">Querying</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/querying.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/querying.html#attributes" data-ice="link">Attributes</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/querying.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/querying.html#where" data-ice="link">Where</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/querying.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/querying.html#basics" data-ice="link">Basics</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/querying.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/querying.html#operators" data-ice="link">Operators</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/querying.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/querying.html#range-operators" data-ice="link">Range Operators</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/querying.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/querying.html#combinations" data-ice="link">Combinations</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/querying.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/querying.html#jsonb" data-ice="link">JSONB</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h4" data-link="manual/tutorial/querying.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/querying.html#nested-object" data-ice="link">Nested object</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h4" data-link="manual/tutorial/querying.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/querying.html#nested-key" data-ice="link">Nested key</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h4" data-link="manual/tutorial/querying.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/querying.html#containment" data-ice="link">Containment</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/querying.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/querying.html#relations-associations" data-ice="link">Relations / Associations</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/querying.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/querying.html#pagination-limiting" data-ice="link">Pagination / Limiting</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/querying.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/querying.html#ordering" data-ice="link">Ordering</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h1 manual-color manual-color-tutorial" data-section-count="■■■" data-link="manual/tutorial/instances.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/instances.html" data-ice="link">Instances</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/instances.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/instances.html#building-a-non-persistent-instance" data-ice="link">Building a non-persistent instance</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/instances.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/instances.html#creating-persistent-instances" data-ice="link">Creating persistent instances</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/instances.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/instances.html#updating-saving-persisting-an-instance" data-ice="link">Updating / Saving / Persisting an instance</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/instances.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/instances.html#destroying-deleting-persistent-instances" data-ice="link">Destroying / Deleting persistent instances</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/instances.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/instances.html#working-in-bulk-creating-updating-and-destroying-multiple-rows-at-once-" data-ice="link">Working in bulk (creating, updating and destroying multiple rows at once)</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/instances.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/instances.html#values-of-an-instance" data-ice="link">Values of an instance</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/instances.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/instances.html#reloading-instances" data-ice="link">Reloading instances</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/instances.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/instances.html#incrementing-certain-values-of-an-instance" data-ice="link">Incrementing certain values of an instance</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/instances.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/instances.html#decrementing-certain-values-of-an-instance" data-ice="link">Decrementing certain values of an instance</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h1 manual-color manual-color-tutorial" data-section-count="■■■■■" data-link="manual/tutorial/associations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/associations.html" data-ice="link">Associations</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/associations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/associations.html#one-to-one-associations" data-ice="link">One-To-One associations</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/associations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/associations.html#belongsto" data-ice="link">BelongsTo</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h4" data-link="manual/tutorial/associations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/associations.html#foreign-keys" data-ice="link">Foreign keys</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h4" data-link="manual/tutorial/associations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/associations.html#target-keys" data-ice="link">Target keys</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/associations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/associations.html#hasone" data-ice="link">HasOne</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/associations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/associations.html#difference-between-hasone-and-belongsto" data-ice="link">Difference between HasOne and BelongsTo</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/associations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/associations.html#one-to-many-associations" data-ice="link">One-To-Many associations</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/associations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/associations.html#belongs-to-many-associations" data-ice="link">Belongs-To-Many associations</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/associations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/associations.html#scopes" data-ice="link">Scopes</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h4" data-link="manual/tutorial/associations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/associations.html#1-m" data-ice="link">1:m</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h4" data-link="manual/tutorial/associations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/associations.html#n-m" data-ice="link">n:m</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/associations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/associations.html#naming-strategy" data-ice="link">Naming strategy</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/associations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/associations.html#associating-objects" data-ice="link">Associating objects</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/associations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/associations.html#check-associations" data-ice="link">Check associations</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/associations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/associations.html#foreign-keys" data-ice="link">Foreign Keys</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/associations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/associations.html#enforcing-a-foreign-key-reference-without-constraints" data-ice="link">Enforcing a foreign key reference without constraints</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/associations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/associations.html#creating-with-associations" data-ice="link">Creating with associations</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/associations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/associations.html#creating-elements-of-a-belongsto-has-many-or-hasone-association" data-ice="link">Creating elements of a "BelongsTo", "Has Many" or "HasOne" association</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/associations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/associations.html#creating-elements-of-a-belongsto-association-with-an-alias" data-ice="link">Creating elements of a "BelongsTo" association with an alias</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/associations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/associations.html#creating-elements-of-a-hasmany-or-belongstomany-association" data-ice="link">Creating elements of a "HasMany" or "BelongsToMany" association</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h1 manual-color manual-color-tutorial" data-section-count="■■■" data-link="manual/tutorial/transactions.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/transactions.html" data-ice="link">Transactions</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/transactions.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/transactions.html#managed-transaction-auto-callback-" data-ice="link">Managed transaction (auto-callback)</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/transactions.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/transactions.html#throw-errors-to-rollback" data-ice="link">Throw errors to rollback</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/transactions.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/transactions.html#automatically-pass-transactions-to-all-queries" data-ice="link">Automatically pass transactions to all queries</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/transactions.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/transactions.html#concurrent-partial-transactions" data-ice="link">Concurrent/Partial transactions</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/transactions.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/transactions.html#without-cls-enabled" data-ice="link">Without CLS enabled</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/transactions.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/transactions.html#isolation-levels" data-ice="link">Isolation levels</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/transactions.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/transactions.html#unmanaged-transaction-then-callback-" data-ice="link">Unmanaged transaction (then-callback)</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/transactions.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/transactions.html#options" data-ice="link">Options</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/transactions.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/transactions.html#usage-with-other-sequelize-methods" data-ice="link">Usage with other sequelize methods</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h1 manual-color manual-color-tutorial" data-section-count="■■" data-link="manual/tutorial/scopes.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/scopes.html" data-ice="link">Scopes</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/scopes.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/scopes.html#definition" data-ice="link">Definition</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/scopes.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/scopes.html#usage" data-ice="link">Usage</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/scopes.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/scopes.html#merging" data-ice="link">Merging</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/scopes.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/scopes.html#associations" data-ice="link">Associations</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h1 manual-color manual-color-tutorial" data-section-count="■■■" data-link="manual/tutorial/hooks.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/hooks.html" data-ice="link">Hooks</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/hooks.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/hooks.html#order-of-operations" data-ice="link">Order of Operations</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/hooks.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/hooks.html#declaring-hooks" data-ice="link">Declaring Hooks</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/hooks.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/hooks.html#removing-hooks" data-ice="link">Removing hooks</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/hooks.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/hooks.html#global-universal-hooks" data-ice="link">Global / universal hooks</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" 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data-link="manual/tutorial/migrations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/migrations.html#droptable-tablename-options-" data-ice="link">dropTable(tableName, options)</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/migrations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/migrations.html#dropalltables-options-" data-ice="link">dropAllTables(options)</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/migrations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/migrations.html#renametable-before-after-options-" data-ice="link">renameTable(before, after, options)</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/migrations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/migrations.html#showalltables-options-" data-ice="link">showAllTables(options)</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/migrations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/migrations.html#describetable-tablename-options-" data-ice="link">describeTable(tableName, options)</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/migrations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/migrations.html#addcolumn-tablenameoroptions-attributename-datatypeoroptions-options-" data-ice="link">addColumn(tableNameOrOptions, attributeName, dataTypeOrOptions, options)</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/migrations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/migrations.html#removecolumn-tablenameoroptions-attributename-options-" data-ice="link">removeColumn(tableNameOrOptions, attributeName, options)</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/migrations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/migrations.html#changecolumn-tablename-attributename-datatypeoroptions-options-" data-ice="link">changeColumn(tableName, attributeName, dataTypeOrOptions, options)</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/migrations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/migrations.html#renamecolumn-tablename-attrnamebefore-attrnameafter-options-" data-ice="link">renameColumn(tableName, attrNameBefore, attrNameAfter, options)</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/migrations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/migrations.html#addindex-tablename-attributes-options-" data-ice="link">addIndex(tableName, attributes, options)</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h3" data-link="manual/tutorial/migrations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/migrations.html#removeindex-tablename-indexnameorattributes-options-" data-ice="link">removeIndex(tableName, indexNameOrAttributes, options)</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/tutorial/migrations.html"><a href="manual/tutorial/migrations.html#programmatic-use" data-ice="link">Programmatic use</a></li> </ul> </div> <div data-ice="manual" data-toc-name="advanced"> <ul class="manual-toc"> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h1 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data-link="manual/faq/imprint.html"><a href="manual/faq/imprint.html#author-s-" data-ice="link">AUTHOR(S)</a></li> <li data-ice="manualNav" class="indent-h2" data-link="manual/faq/imprint.html"><a href="manual/faq/imprint.html#inhaltliche-verantwortung" data-ice="link">INHALTLICHE VERANTWORTUNG</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="content" data-ice="content"><div class="github-markdown"> <div class="manual-breadcrumb-list"> <a href="./manual/./index.html">Manual</a> <span>»</span> <span data-ice="title">Tutorial</span> </div> <div data-ice="content"><h1 id="raw-queries">Raw queries</h1> <p>As there are often use cases in which it is just easier to execute raw / already prepared SQL queries, you can utilize the function <code>sequelize.query</code>.</p> <p>By default the function will return two arguments - a results array, and an object containing metadata (affected rows etc.). Note that since this is a raw query, the metadata (property names etc.) is dialect specific. Some dialects return the metadata "within" the results object (as properties on an array). However, two arguments will always be returned, but for MSSQL and MySQL it will be two references to the same object.</p> <pre><code class="lang-js"><code class="source-code prettyprint">sequelize.query("UPDATE users SET y = 42 WHERE x = 12").spread(function(results, metadata) { // Results will be an empty array and metadata will contain the number of affected rows. })</code> </code></pre> <p>In cases where you don't need to access the metadata you can pass in a query type to tell sequelize how to format the results. For example, for a simple select query you could do:</p> <pre><code class="lang-js"><code class="source-code prettyprint">sequelize.query("SELECT * FROM `users`", { type: sequelize.QueryTypes.SELECT}) .then(function(users) { // We don't need spread here, since only the results will be returned for select queries })</code> </code></pre> <p>Several other query types are available. <a href="https://github.com/sequelize/sequelize/blob/master/lib/query-types.js">Peek into the source for details</a></p> <p>A second option is the model. If you pass a model the returned data will be instances of that model.</p> <pre><code class="lang-js"><code class="source-code prettyprint">// Callee is the model definition. This allows you to easily map a query to a predefined model sequelize.query('SELECT * FROM projects', { model: Projects }).then(function(projects){ // Each record will now be a instance of Project })</code> </code></pre> <h2 id="replacements">Replacements</h2> <p>Replacements in a query can be done in two different ways, either using named parameters (starting with <code>:</code>), or unnamed, represented by a <code>?</code>. Replacements are passed in the options object.</p> <ul> <li>If an array is passed, <code>?</code> will be replaced in the order that they appear in the array</li> <li>If an object is passed, <code>:key</code> will be replaced with the keys from that object. If the object contains keys not found in the query or vice versa, an exception will be thrown.</li> </ul> <pre><code class="lang-js"><code class="source-code prettyprint">sequelize.query('SELECT * FROM projects WHERE status = ?', { replacements: ['active'], type: sequelize.QueryTypes.SELECT } ).then(function(projects) { console.log(projects) }) sequelize.query('SELECT * FROM projects WHERE status = :status ', { replacements: { status: 'active' }, type: sequelize.QueryTypes.SELECT } ).then(function(projects) { console.log(projects) })</code> </code></pre> <p>Array replacements will automatically be handled, the following query searches for projects where the status matches an array of values.</p> <pre><code class="lang-js"><code class="source-code prettyprint">sequelize.query('SELECT * FROM projects WHERE status IN(:status) ', { replacements: { status: ['active', 'inactive'] }, type: sequelize.QueryTypes.SELECT } ).then(function(projects) { console.log(projects) })</code> </code></pre> <p>To use the wildcard operator %, append it to your replacement. The following query matches users with names that start with 'ben'.</p> <pre><code class="lang-js"><code class="source-code prettyprint">sequelize.query('SELECT * FROM users WHERE name LIKE :search_name ', { replacements: { search_name: 'ben%' }, type: sequelize.QueryTypes.SELECT } ).then(function(projects) { console.log(projects) })</code> </code></pre> <h2 id="bind-parameter">Bind Parameter</h2> <p>Bind parameters are like replacements. Except replacements are escaped and inserted into the query by sequelize before the query is sent to the database, while bind parameters are sent to the database outside the SQL query text. A query can have either bind parameters or replacements.</p> <p>Only SQLite and PostgreSQL support bind parameters. Other dialects will insert them into the SQL query in the same way it is done for replacements. Bind parameters are referred to by either $1, $2, ... (numeric) or $key (alpha-numeric). This is independent of the dialect.</p> <ul> <li>If an array is passed, <code>$1</code> is bound to the 1st element in the array (<code>bind[0]</code>)</li> <li>If an object is passed, <code>$key</code> is bound to <code>object['key']</code>. Each key must begin with a non-numeric char. <code>$1</code> is not a valid key, even if <code>object['1']</code> exists.</li> <li>In either case <code>$$</code> can be used to escape a literal <code>$</code> sign.</li> </ul> <p>The array or object must contain all bound values or Sequelize will throw an exception. This applies even to cases in which the database may ignore the bound parameter.</p> <p>The database may add further restrictions to this. Bind parameters cannot be SQL keywords, nor table or column names. They are also ignored in quoted text or data. In PostgreSQL it may also be needed to typecast them, if the type cannot be inferred from the context <code>$1::varchar</code>.</p> <pre><code class="lang-js"><code class="source-code prettyprint">sequelize.query('SELECT *, "text with literal $$1 and literal $$status" as t FROM projects WHERE status = $1', { bind: ['active'], type: sequelize.QueryTypes.SELECT } ).then(function(projects) { console.log(projects) }) sequelize.query('SELECT *, "text with literal $$1 and literal $$status" as t FROM projects WHERE status = $status', { bind: { status: 'active' }, type: sequelize.QueryTypes.SELECT } ).then(function(projects) { console.log(projects) })</code> </code></pre> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="footer"> Generated by <a href="https://esdoc.org">ESDoc<span data-ice="esdocVersion">(0.5.2)</span><img src="./image/esdoc-logo-mini-black.png"></a> </footer> <script src="script/search_index.js"></script> <script src="script/search.js"></script> <script src="script/pretty-print.js"></script> <script src="script/inherited-summary.js"></script> <script src="script/test-summary.js"></script> <script src="script/inner-link.js"></script> <script src="script/patch-for-local.js"></script> </body> </html>