pict-application

[ { "date": "-300", "description": "Pilgrims travel to the healing temples of Asclepieion to be cured of their ills. After a ritual purification the followers bring offerings or sacrifices.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-300", "description": "Pyrrhus, the King of Epirus, is taken as a hostage to Egypt after the Battle of Ipsus and makes a diplomatic marriage with the princess Antigone, daughter of Ptolemy and Berenice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-300", "description": "Ptolemy concludes an alliance with King Lysimachus of Thrace and gives him his daughter Arsinoe II in marriage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-300", "description": "Seleucus founds the city of Antioch, some 20 miles up the Orontes River, naming it after his father.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-300", "description": "After the death of his wife Apama, Seleucus marries Stratonice, daughter of Demetrius Poliorcetes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-300", "description": "The central texts of Jainism, the Jain scriptures, are recorded (approximate date).{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-300", "description": "In Pella (in Macedonia), the artist Gnosis makes a mosaic floor decoration called ''Stag Hunt'' and even signs it with ampquotGnosis made itampquot. It is today preserved at the Archaeological museum in Pella.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-299", "description": "The Samnites, seizing their chance when Rome is engaged on the Lombard plain, start the third Samnite War with a collection of mercenaries from Gaul, Sabine, and Etruscan allies to help them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-299", "description": "The state of Qin attacks eight cities of the state of Chu. Chu then sends an envoy to ask the King of Huai to go to Qin to negotiate peace. Qu Yuan risks his life to go up to the court to persuade the King of Huai not to go to the negotiation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-299", "description": "King Wuling of Zhao abdicates the throne of Zhao to his son.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-298", "description": "The Samnites defeat the Romans under Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus in the Battle of Camerinum, first battle of the Third Samnite War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-298", "description": "The Roman armies penetrate into the heart of the Samnite territory and then capture the Samnite cities of Taurasia, Bovianum Vetus and Aufidena.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-298", "description": "Agathocles, king of Syracuse, assists the Italian Greeks against the Bruttians and supported the Greeks against the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-298", "description": "Ptolemy gives his stepdaughter Theoxena in marriage to Agathocles, the tyrant of Syracuse (in south-eastern Sicily).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-298", "description": "Ptolemy finally brings the rebellious region of Cyrene under his control. He places the region under the rule of his stepson Magas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-298", "description": "Bindusara succeeds his father Chandragupta Maurya as emperor of the Mauryan Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-297", "description": "Fabius Maximus Rullianus becomes consul for the fourth time. He defeats the Samnites in a battle near Tifernum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-297", "description": "Following Cassander's death from illness, Philip IV, Cassander's eldest son, succeeds his father as King of Macedon, but soon after coming to the throne suffers from a wasting disease and dies. Antipater, the next son, rules jointly with his brother Alexander V.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-297", "description": "Demetrius Poliorcetes returns to Greece with the aim of becoming master of Macedonia. While Demetrius is in Greece, Lysimachus seizes his possessions in Asia Minor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-297", "description": "Ptolemy decides to support Pyrrhus of Epirus and restores him to his kingdom. At first Pyrrhus reigns with a kinsman, Neoptolemus II of Epirus (who is a son of Cleopatra of Macedonia and a nephew of Alexander the Great), but soon he has him assassinated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-297", "description": "Chandragupta Maurya goes to Sravana Belagola near Mysore to live in the way of Jains.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-297", "description": "Bindusara his son ascends to the Pataliputra throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-296", "description": "Ptolemy makes peace with Demetrius Poliorcetes, to whom he betrothes his daughter Ptolemais.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-296", "description": "The temple to Bellona is erected at the south end of the prata Flaminia, later the Circus Flaminius, in Rome.ampampPlatner and Ashby, ''A Topographical Dictionary of Rome''. Oxford University Press, 1926. p. 82.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-295", "description": "The Battle of Sentinum west of Anconum ends in defeat for a formidable coalition of Samnites, Etruscans, Umbrians, and their Gallic allies at the hands of the Roman legions commanded by consuls Publius Decius Mus (who is killed in the battle) and Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus. The Romans lose nearly 8,000 men but kill some 25,000 of the enemy and force peace on the Etruscans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-295", "description": "Athens falls to Demetrius Poliorcetes after a bitter siege, and its tyrant Lachares is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-295", "description": "The King of Macedon, Antipater II, murders his mother Thessalonica, accusing her of being too fond of his brother and co-ruler Alexander V.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-294", "description": "Archidamus IV, king of Sparta, son of Eudamidas I and grandson of Archidamus III, is defeated by Demetrius Poliorcetes of Macedonia in a battle at Mantinea. Sparta is saved only because Demetrius is called away by the threatening activities of his rivals Lysimachus and Ptolemy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-294", "description": "Alexander V of Macedon is ousted by his brother, Antipater II. Therefore Alexander V turns to Demetrius Poliorcetes for help in recovering his throne. However, Demetrius Poliorcetes establishes himself on the throne of Macedonia and then murders Alexander V. Antipater II loses the throne of Macedonia but is able to survive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-294", "description": "Pyrrhus of Epirus exploits the dynastic quarrel in Macedonia involving Alexander V of Macedon, his brother, Antipater II and Demetrius Poliorcetes to take over the frontier areas of Parauaea and Tymphaea, along with Acarnania, Ampholochia, and Ambracia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-294", "description": "Lysimachus concludes a peace with Demetrius Poliorcetes whereby Demetrius Poliorcetes is recognized as ruler of Macedonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-294", "description": "Ptolemy gains control over Cyprus and the Phoenician coastal towns of Tyre and Sidon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-294", "description": "Stratonice, daughter of Demetrius Poliorcetes and wife of Seleucus marries her stepson Antiochus. Seleucus has reportedly instigated the marriage after discovering that his son by his late wife Apama was in danger of dying of lovesickness as he has fallen in love with his beautiful stepmother.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-293", "description": "The Battle of Aquilonia is fought between the Roman Republic and the Samnites, near the current city of Aquilonia in Campania (in southern Italy). The Romans, led by the consuls Lucius Papirius Cursor and Spurius Carvilius Maximus, are victorious. After the battle, the Samnites flee into the city of Aquilonia and into their camp. The camp is captured and looted by the Romans, while the city is eventually taken, with many of the Samnite survivors being slaughtered in the fighting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-293", "description": "Rome suffers from the plague. The worship of Aesculapius is introduced from Epidaurus to Rome in the hope of averting the plague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-293", "description": "When an invasion of nomads threatens the eastern possessions of his realm (i.e. between the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea and the Indian Ocean), Seleucus hands over the government of these lands west of the Euphrates to his son Antiochus. Antiochus is appointed co-regent and commander-in-chief of these territories.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-293", "description": "The State of Qin, led by commander Bai Qi, wins a decisive victory over the States of Wei and Han in the Battle of Yique. As part of the terms of defeat, Han and Wei are forced to concede land to Qin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-292", "description": "Lysimachus tries to extend his influence beyond the Danube River, but he is defeated and taken prisoner by the Getae (Dacian) king Dromichaetes (Dromihete). Eventually, Lysimachus is set free and a peace is agreed between the Getae and Lysimachus. This peace agreement is strengthened further by the marriage of Dromichaetes with Lysimachus' daughter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-292", "description": "While Demetrius Poliorcetes is campaigning in Boeotia, he receives news that Lysimachus, the ruler of Thrace, has been taken prisoner by Dromichaetes. Hoping to seize Lysimachus's territories in Thrace, Demetrius, delegates command of his forces in Boeotia to his son, Antigonus and immediately marches north. However, while he is away, the Boeotians rise in rebellion, but are defeated by Antigonus, who bottles them up in the city of Thebes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-291", "description": "Demetrius Poliorcetes joins his son, Antigonus, in the siege of Thebes. As the Thebans defend their city stubbornly, Demetrius forces his men to attack the city at great cost. Demetrius finally takes the city after using siege engines to demolish its walls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-291", "description": "The Romans storm and take the Samnite city of Venusia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-290", "description": "Roman general and consul, Manius Curius Dentatus, gains a decisive victory over the Samnites, thereby ending a war that has lasted 50 years. He also reduces the Sabine insurgents to submission, their territory is annexed and they are granted civitas sine suffragio (ampquotcitizenship without the right to voteampquot). The Samnites are recognised by the Romans as autonomous allies. The Samnites are forced to give up some of their land to the Romans as compensation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-290", "description": "Berenice, wife of Ptolemy, is proclaimed queen of Egypt. Ptolemy has the city of Berenice built on the Red Sea in her honour. It becomes a great emporium for Egyptian trade with the East.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-289", "description": "The tyrant of Syracuse, Agathocles, dies after restoring the Syracusan democracy on his death bed, by stating that he does not want his sons to succeed him as king. However, the resulting dissension among his family about the succession leads to a renewal of Carthaginian power in Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-288", "description": "The Macedonian King, Demetrius Poliorcetes, faces a combined attack from Lysimachus and Phyrrhus, king of Epirus, after Seleucus, Ptolemy and Lysimachus form a coalition to block plans by Demetrius to invade Asia Minor. Ptolemy's fleet appears off Greece, inciting the cities to revolt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-288", "description": "Athens revolts and Demetrius besieges the city. Pyrrhus takes Thessaly and the western half of Macedonia and, with the assistance of Ptolemy's fleet, relieves Athens from Demetrius' siege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-288", "description": "After the Egyptian fleet participates decisively in the liberation of Athens from Macedonian occupation, Ptolemy obtains the protectorate over the League of Islanders, which includes most of the Greek islands in the Aegean Sea. Egypt's maritime supremacy in the Mediterranean in the ensuing decades is based on this alliance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-288", "description": "Following the death of Agathocles, some of his disbanded mercenaries seize Messana in northeast Sicily and set up a society, calling themselves Mamertines (Sons of Mars). The city becomes a base from which they will ravage the Sicilian countryside.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-288", "description": "The Sri Maha Bodhi Sacred Fig tree is planted at Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. This is the earliest known planting date for any planted tree still surviving.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sri Lanka", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-287", "description": "A new law, Lex Hortensia, gives much greater power to the plebeian Assembly compared to the Senate. This law is passed following a threat from plebeian soldiers to secede. In the face of this threat, the Senate yields to plebeian concerns over their lack of political power and over their level of debt to the aristocracy. The law is named after Quintus Hortensius, a plebeian, who is made dictator to settle the controversy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-287", "description": "With the Lex Hortensia in place, in theory the political distinctions in Rome between the patricians and the plebeians disappear. However, in practice, the coalition of leading plebeian families keep control which means that the patricians are able to largely nullify the power of the assemblies. So Roman government continues to be oligarchic in character.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-287", "description": "The Macedonians resent the extravagance and arrogance of Demetrius Poliorcetes and are not prepared to fight a difficult campaign for him. When Pyrrhus of Epirus takes the Macedonian city of Verroia, Demetrius' army promptly deserts and goes over to Pyrrhus' side as he is much admired by the Macedonians for his bravery. At this change of fortune, Phila, the mother of Antigonus, kills herself with poison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-287", "description": "Demetrius decides to leave Antigonus in charge of the war in Greece, assembles all his ships and embarks with his troops to attack Caria and Lydia, provinces in Asia Minor controlled by Lysimachus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-287", "description": "Agathocles is sent by his father Lysimachus against Demetrius. Agathocles defeats Demetrius and drives him out of his father's provinces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-287", "description": "Pyrrhus is proclaimed King of Macedonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-286", "description": "As Demetrius Poliorcetes and his army are chased across Asia Minor to the Taurus Mountains by the armies of Lysimachus and Seleucus, in Greece his son Antigonus meets with success. Ptolemy's fleet is driven off and Athens surrenders to Antigonus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-286", "description": "After allowing Pyrrhus of Epirus to remain in possession of Macedonia with the title of king, he is expelled by Lysimachus who declares himself its king in the place of Pyrrhus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-286", "description": "The new law, Lex Aquilia, is enacted. This is a Roman law which provides compensation to the owners of property injured as a result of someone's fault.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-285/06/26", "description": "Egypt's Ptolemy I Soter abdicates. He is succeeded by his youngest son by his wife Berenice, Ptolemy II Philadelphus, who has been co-regent for three years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-285/06/26", "description": "A 110 metre tall lighthouse on the island of Pharos in Alexandria's harbour is completed and serves as a landmark for ships in the eastern Mediterranean. Built by Sostratus of Cnidus for Ptolemy II of Egypt, it is one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. It is a technological triumph and is the archetype of all lighthouses since. A broad spiral ramp leads to the top, where a fire burns at night.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-285/06/26", "description": "Demetrius Poliorcetes is deserted by his troops and surrenders to Seleucus at Cilicia, where Seleucus keeps him a prisoner.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-284", "description": "The Gallic tribe called the Senones, who has settled on the Adriatic coast north of Picenum, attacks Arretium in Etruria. While attempting to relieve this allied city, the Romans under the command of Lucius Caecilius Metellus Denter suffer a costly defeat in the Battle of Arretium. Aroused by this disaster, a Roman army under Manius Curius Dentatus invades the Senones' territory, defeating them and driving them out of the Italian peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-284", "description": "Pyrrhus of Epirus is driven out of Macedonia and back into Epirus by Lysimachus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-284", "description": "Ptolemy I's eldest (legitimate) son, Ptolemy Keraunos, whose mother, Eurydice, the daughter of Antipater, had been repudiated by the new King Ptolemy II, flees Egypt to the court of Lysimachus, the king of Thrace, Macedon and Asia Minor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-284", "description": "Lysimachus' wife, Arsinoe, being keen to gain the succession to the kingdom of Thrace for her sons in preference to Agathocles (the eldest son of Lysimachus), intrigues against him with the help of her brother Ptolemy Keraunos. They accuse him of conspiring with Seleucus to seize the throne, and Agathocles is put to death. This atrocious deed by Lysimachus and his family arouses great indignation. Many of the cities in Asia Minor revolt and some of his most trusted friends desert him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-284", "description": "Agathocles' widow Lysandra flees with their children and with Alexander, Agathocles' brother, to the court of Seleucus, who at once invades Lysimachus' territory in Asia Minor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-283", "description": "Following Demetrius Poliorcetes' death in captivity as a prisoner of Seleucus, his son Antigonus assumes the title of King of Macedonia, though in name only, as King Lysimachus of Thrace is in control of Macedonia. Demetrius' remains are given to Antigonus and he is honoured with a grand funeral in Corinth. After this, Demetrius is interred in the town of Demetrias which he had founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-283", "description": "Consuls: Publius Cornelius Dolabella and Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus Maximus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-283", "description": "At the Battle of Lake Vadimo, Roman forces finally quell the allied Etruscans and Gauls. The Roman army is led by consul Publius Cornelius Dolabella. Rome is at last undisputed master of northern and central Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-283", "description": "The canal from the Nile River to the Red Sea, initially started but not completed by the Egyptian pharaoh Necho II and repaired by the Persian king Darius I, is again repaired and made operational by Ptolemy II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-283", "description": "Ptolemy II enlarges the library at Alexandria and appoints the grammarian Zenodotus to collect and edit all the Greek poets.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-282", "description": "The city of Pergamum in Asia Minor ends its allegiance to Lysimachus. Its ruler, Philetaerus, transfers his allegiance, as well as the important fortress of Pergamon and his treasury, to Seleucus, who allows him a far larger measure of independence than he had hitherto enjoyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-282", "description": "The Battle of Populonia is fought between Rome and the Etruscans. The Romans are victorious and, as a result, the Etruscan threat to Rome is sharply diminished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-282", "description": "The Magna Graecia city of Thurii appeals to Rome for help against the native Italian tribes. Though the Roman Senate hesitates, the plebeian Assembly decides to respond. Thurii is saved, but Tarentum, jealous of Rome's interference, attacks and sinks some Roman ships entering its harbour. Roman envoys, sent to protest, are mistreated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-282", "description": "Rome declares war on Tarentum. King Pyrrhus of Epirus declares his willingness to come to the aid of Tarentum. Tarentum also looks for support from the Samnites and other Italian tribes in southern Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-282", "description": "Arsinoe, daughter of Lysimachus, king of Thrace, marries Ptolemy II of Egypt as part of the alliance between Thrace and Egypt against Seleucus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-281", "description": "The Battle of Corupedium in Lydia is the last battle of the Diadochi, the rival successors to Alexander the Great. It is fought between the armies of Lysimachus, King of Thrace and Macedonia, and Seleucus, ruler of Eastern Anatolia, Syria, Phoenicia, Judea, Babylonia and Iran. Seleucus kills Lysimachus during the battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-281", "description": "Following the Battle of Corupedium, Lysimachus' widow, Arsinoe, flees to Cassandrea, a city in northern Greece, where she marries her half-brother Ptolemy Keraunos. This proves to be a serious misjudgement, as Ptolemy Keraunus promptly kills two of her sons, though the third is able to escape. Arsinoe flees again, this time to Alexandria in Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-281", "description": "Seleucus takes over Thrace and then tries to seize Macedonia. However, he falls into a trap near Lysimachia, Thrace, set by Ptolemy Keraunos, one of the sons of Ptolemy I and Arsinoe II's half brother, who murders Seleucus and takes Macedonia for himself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-281", "description": "Cineas, a Thessalian serving as chief adviser to King Pyrrhus of Epirus, after visiting Rome attempts, without success, to dissuade Pyrrhus from invading southern Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-281", "description": "Seleucus is succeeded as ruler of the Seleucid empire by Antiochus. He is immediately beset by revolts in Syria (probably instigated by Ptolemy II of Egypt) and by independence movements in northern Anatolia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-281", "description": "Although he has only a few bases in Greece, Antigonus II Gonatas lays claim to Macedonia. His claim is disputed by Antiochus I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-280", "description": "Antiochus makes his eldest son, Seleucus, king in the east, but he proves to be incompetent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-280", "description": "Antiochus is compelled to make peace with his father's murderer and King of Macedon, Ptolemy Keraunos, abandoning, for the time being, his plans to control Macedonia and Thrace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-280", "description": "Nicomedes, King of Bithynia, is threatened with an invasion from Antiochus who has already made war upon his father, Zipoites. Antiochus actually invades Bithynia but withdraws again without risking a battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-280", "description": "Antiochus is unable to bring under his control the Persian dynasties that rule in Cappadocia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-280", "description": "Antiochus is defeated by Egypt's Ptolemy II in the Damascene War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-280", "description": "Pyrrhus makes an alliance with Ptolemy Keraunos, King of Macedon. This allows him to go to southern Italy with his army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-280", "description": "The Achaean League is reformed by twelve towns in the northern Peloponnesus and will later grow to include non-Achaean cities. It has two generals, a federal council with proportional representation of members and an annual assembly of all free citizens. The League achieves a common coinage and foreign policy and the member cities pool their armed forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-280", "description": "Rhodes, rising in prosperity, becomes head of an Island League and helps to keep the peace and freedom of the Greek islands in the Aegean Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-280", "description": "The Colossus of Rhodes is completed by the sculptor Chares of Lindos after twelve years' work. It becomes one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. The Colossus of Rhodes is a giant statue of the Greek god Helios. It stands 70 cubits tall, over 30 metres (100ampampnbspfeet), making it the tallest statue of the ancient world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-280", "description": "Responding to an appeal from Tarentum, King Pyrrhus of Epirus uses his army of over 20,000 men against the Romans. In the Battle of Heraclea he defeats a Roman army led by consul Publius Valerius Laevinus. Pyrrhus's judicious use of his elephants plays a large part in his victory. Several tribes including the Lucani, Bruttii and the Messapians as well as the Greek cities of Crotone and Locri join Pyrrhus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-280", "description": "Roman commander and statesman, Gaius Fabricius Luscinus, is sent to negotiate the ransom and exchange of prisoners. Pyrrhus is so impressed by Fabricius refusing to accept a bribe, that Pyrrhus releases the prisoners without the requirement for a ransom. Following his victory, Pyrrhus advances as far north as Latium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-280", "description": "Aristarchus of Samos uses the size of the Earth's shadow on the Moon to estimate that the Moon's radius is one-third that of the Earth. He proposes for the first time a heliocentric view of the Solar System, but is ignored due to the lack of evidence of the Earth's motion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-279", "description": "An army of Gauls under Brennus invade Greece. A section of the army, commanded by Bolgios, crushes a Macedonian army led by Ptolemy Keraunos, who is killed in the battle. At the narrow pass of Thermopylae, on the east coast of central Greece, Brennus' forces suffer heavy losses while trying to break through the Greek defence comprising the Phocians and the Aetolians. Eventually Brennus finds a way around the pass but the Greeks escape by sea. Brennus pushes on to Delphi where he is defeated and forced to retreat, after which he dies of wounds sustained in the battle. His army falls back to the river Spercheios where it is routed by Thessalians and Malians. Some of the survivors settle in a part of Asia Minor that will eventually be called Galatia, while some settle in Thrace, founding a short-lived city-state named Tylis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-279", "description": "With the death of Ptolemy Keraunos, the previous King of Macedonia, Antipater II becomes king again. However, his new reign lasts only few months before he is killed by his cousin Sosthenes who becomes the new King of Macedonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-279", "description": "The Phocians are readmitted into the Amphictyonic League after they have joined in the defence of Delphi against the Gauls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-279", "description": "The Carthaginians and the Romans agree to support each other against a common foe. The Carthaginians give Rome money and ships in their fight against Pyrrhus, the king of Epirus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-279", "description": "Pyrrhus realizes that he cannot capture Rome and suggests peace terms to the Romans. Pyrrhus sends his chief advisor, Cineas, to Rome to negotiate a peace. Cineas demands that the Romans halt their aggression against the Greeks of southern Italy and restore the lands the Romans have taken from the Bruttii, the Apulians, and the Samnites. The Romans reject his demands, largely at the instigation of the former Roman censor, Appius Claudius Caecus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-279", "description": "In renewed fighting, Pyrrhus of Epirus, leading the combined Tarantine, Oscan, Samnite, and Greek forces, wins a 'Pyrrhic victory' against the Romans led by consul Publius Decius Mus at the Battle of Asculum, called such because his victory comes at a great cost to his own forces. Pyrrhus is reported to have said afterwards, ampquotOne more victory against the Romans and we shall be utterly ruined!ampquot Disheartened, Pyrrhus retires to Tarentum and sends Cineas to make renewed peace overtures to Rome. These talks are inconclusive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-279", "description": "The aggression of Ptolemy II of Egypt continues to cause friction with Antiochus, who loses Miletus, in south-western Asia Minor, to Ptolemy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-279", "description": "Scordisci Celts found a city called Singidon (Roman Singidunum) which is today the Serbian city of Belgrade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "The Balkans", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-278", "description": "After their defeats in Greece, the Gauls move into Asia Minor. The Seleucid king Antiochus wins a major battle over the Gauls leading to his being given the title of Soter (Greek for ampquotsaviourampquot). The Gauls settle down to become the ampquotGalatiansampquot and are paid 2,000 talents annually by the Seleucid kings to keep the peace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-278", "description": "Antigonus concludes a peace with Antiochus who surrenders his claim to Macedonia. Thereafter Antigonus II's foreign policy is marked by friendship with the Seleucids.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-278", "description": "Nicomedes I becomes the first ruler of Bithynia to assume the title of king. He founds the city of Nicomedia, which soon rises to great prosperity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-278", "description": "The Carthaginians seize an opportunity to interfere in a quarrel between Syracuse and Agrigentum and besiege Syracuse. The Syracusans ask for help from Pyrrhus and Pyrrhus transfers his army there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-278", "description": "On his arrival in Sicily, Pyrrhus' forces win battles against the Carthaginians across Sicily. Pyrrhus conquers almost all of Sicily except for Lilybaeum (Marsala).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-278", "description": "Pyrrhus is proclaimed king of Sicily. He plans for his son Helenus to inherit the kingdom of Sicily and his other son Alexander to inherit Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-278", "description": "Chu's heartland in the modern Hubei province is overrun by the powerful state of Qin from the west under Bai Qi's leadership. The Chu government moves to the east in various temporary capitals until settling in Shouchun in 241 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-278", "description": "Qu Yuan writes the poem ampquotLament for Yingampquot after the fall of the capital of Chu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-277", "description": "Antigonus crosses the Hellespont and defeats the Celts under the command of Cerethrius near Lysimachia at the neck of the Thracian Chersonese. After this success, he is acknowledged by the Macedonians as their king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-277", "description": "Pyrrhus captures Eryx, the strongest Carthaginian fortress in Sicily. This prompts the rest of the Carthaginian-controlled cities in Sicily to defect to Pyrrhus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-276", "description": "The Egyptian King Ptolemy II's first wife, Arsinoe I (daughter of the late King Lysimachus of Thrace) is accused, probably at instigation of Ptolemy II's sister (who also has the name Arsinoe), of plotting his murder and is exiled by the King. Arsinoe then marries her own brother, a customary practice in Egypt, but scandalous to the Greeks. The suffix ampquotPhiladelphoiampquot (ampquotBrother-Lovingampquot) consequently is added to the names of King Ptolemy II and Queen Arsinoe II. The former queen, Arsinoe I, is banished to Coptos, a city of Upper Egypt near the Wadi Hammamat, while her rival adopts her children.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-276", "description": "The first of the Syrian Wars starts between Egypt's Ptolemy II and Seleucid emperor Antiochus I Soter. The Egyptians invade northern Syria, but Antiochus defeats and repels his opponent's army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-276", "description": "Pyrrhus negotiates with the Carthaginians to end the fighting between them in Sicily. The Carthaginians are inclined to come to terms with Pyrrhus, but he demands that Carthage abandon all of Sicily and make the Libyan Sea the boundary between Carthage and the Greeks. Meanwhile, he begins to display despotic behaviour towards the Sicilian Greeks and soon Sicilian opinion moves against him. Therefore, fearing that his successes in Sicily may lead him to become the despot of their country, the Syracusans ask Pyrrhus to leave Sicily. He does so, and returns to the Italian mainland, noting that he expects Sicily to be a ampquotfair wrestling ringampquot for Carthage and Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-275", "description": "The Museum of Alexandria is founded by the Egyptian King Ptolemy II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-275", "description": "When Pyrrhus returns from Sicily, he finds himself vastly outnumbered by a superior Roman army under the command of consul Manius Curius Dentatus. After the inconclusive Battle of Beneventum, Roman commander and statesman, Gaius Fabricius Luscinus, negotiates a peace with Pyrrhus, after which Pyrrhus decides to end his campaign in Italy and return to Epirus, which results in the loss of all his Italian holdings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-275", "description": "Following the departure of Pyrrhus from Sicily, the Syracusan army and the city's citizens appoint Hiero II as the commander of their troops. He strengthens his position by marrying the daughter of Leptines, the city's leading citizen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-275", "description": "Antiochus's alliance with Antigonus II, now fully in possession of Macedonia, is cemented by Antigonus' marriage to Phila, Antiochus' half sister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-274", "description": "Pyrrhus returns from Italy and Sicily and invades Macedonia driving Antigonus II Gonatas out of Upper Macedonia and Thessaly while Antigonus holds onto the coastal Macedonian towns. Antigonus' troops desert him and Pyrrhus is declared King of Macedonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-274", "description": "The Romans under Manius Curius Dentatus conquer the Lucanians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year" }, { "date": "-274", "description": "Magas of Cyrene marries Apama, the daughter of Antiochus and uses his marital alliance to foment a pact to invade Egypt. He opens hostilities against his half brother Ptolemy II, by declaring his province of Cyrenaica to be independent and then attacks Egypt from the west as Antiochus I takes the Egyptian controlled areas in coastal Syria and southern Anatolia, after which he attacks Palestine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granul