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Performance evaluation of a GaInP/GaAs solar cell structure with the integration of AlGaAs tunnel junction Yunus Özen a,b, n , Nihan Akın a,b , Barış Kınacı c , Süleyman Özçelik a,b a Photonics Application and Research Center, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Turkey b Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Turkey c Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134 Vezneciler Istanbul, Turkey a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 12 December 2014 Received in revised form 28 December 2014 Accepted 13 January 2015 Keywords: GaInP/GaAs solar cell AlGaAs tunnel junction The energy conversion efficiency a b s t r a c t A GaInP/GaAs solar cell structure with AlGaAs tunnel junction was grown on p-type (1 0 0)-oriented GaAs substrate by a solid-source molecular beam epitaxy technique. The structural and morphological properties of the GaInP/GaAs solar cell structure have been evaluated by means of secondary ion mass spectrometry and atomic force microscopy measurements. In addition, the GaInP/GaAs solar cell device was fabricated to obtain electrical output parameters of the cells. For this purpose, the current–voltage measurements of solar cell devices were carried out at room temperature under both dark and air mass 1.5 global radiation (AM1.5) using solar simulator. In addition, the electrical output parameters of the GaInP/GaAs solar cell structure with the AlGaAs tunnel junction are compared with the GaInP/GaAs solar cell structure without the AlGaAs tunnel junction, and it is found that the integration of the tunnel junction into a solar cell structure improves the device performance by 48%. & 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction According to literature, solar cells (SCs) can be divided into four groups: (1) silicon-based SCs such as mono-crystalline silicon, and poly-crystalline silicon SCs [1–7], (2) thin film SCs such as amorphous silicon, cadmium–telluride, and copper–indium–gal- lium–de selenide SCs [8–15], and (3) III–V group SCs such as quantum well, and multi-junction SCs [16–29], (4) other SCs such as organic, dye sensitized and perovskite SCs [30–33]. There has been an increasing interest on the research and development of multi-junction III–V group SCs due to a higher efficiency compared to other groups SCs. Currently, the studies on these SCs are mainly focused on the performance evaluation [34–38]. Multi-junction SCs are sensitive to radiation of different wavelengths. A top cell is responsive to shorter wavelengths, whereas a bottom cell is responsive to longer wavelengths. In configuration, wider bandgap materials are used for the top cells since they absorb short wavelengths. Thus, it allows the longer wavelength radiation to penetrate deeper into the device where it can be converted into electrical energy. The commonly used highest-performing multi- junction cells use III–V compound semiconductors with direct bandgaps [39]. III–V Group ternary alloy materials, such as AlGaAs, InGaAs, InGaN and GaInP, were widely used as the top cell of SCs [18,20,22,25,27,29,34–38]. Among these materials, GaInP ternary alloy is an essential material for high efficiency SCs as it absorbs the visible part of the solar spectrum [40]. In addition, GaAs binary compound (bandgap: 1.42 eV) absorbs near-infrared part of the solar spectrum. When the Ga composition ratio is approximately 51% of the GaInP/GaAs structure, GaInP ternary alloy grows on a GaAs substrate with lattice-match, and this structure has great technological importance [40–42]. The GaInP/GaAs SC structure will continue to be the focus of attention in the photovoltaic works as it absorbs the large part of the solar spectrum. Tunnel junctions (TJs) are highly doped p–n diodes which allow for quantum mechanical tunneling through their narrow depletion regions. TJs are very crucial for multi-junction SCs, and they have properties such as a relatively optically transparent and low resistance [43]. According to the tunneling effect, the electron does not need extra energy for tunneling from the bottom of the conduction band to the top of the valence band. In addition, heavily doped AlGas, InGaP, GaAs, etc. are selected as TJs in III–V group SCs [27]. Several researches have studied the SCs structure with an integration of TJ [27,28,34]. Siyu et al. [27] examined the characteristics of the TJ, the material used in the TJ, the compen- sation of the TJ to the overall cell’s characteristics, the TJs’ influence on the current density of sub-cells and the efficiency increase. Wheelden et al. [28] investigated four different TJ designs Contents lists available at ScienceDirect journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/solmat Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2015.01.021 0927-0248/& 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. n Corresponding author at: Photonics Application and Research Center, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Turkey. Tel.: þ90 312 202 12 79; fax: þ90 312 212 22 79. E-mail addresses: ynszn.gazi@gmail.com, sozcelik@gazi.edu.tr (Y. Özen). Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 137 (2015) 1–5 (AlGaAs/AlGaAs, GaAs/GaAs, AlGaAs/InGaP, AlGaAs/GaAs) for multi-junction SCs under high concentration to determine the peak tunneling current and resistance change as a function of the doping concentration. They clearly demonstrated that the advan- tages of the AlGaAs/GaAs and the AlGaAs/AlGaAs TJ design more than the GaAs/GaAs and the AlGaAs/InGaP TJ design. Samberg et al. [34] investigated the effect of the heterojunction interface on the performance of high bandgap InGaP:Te/AlGaAs:C TJs and the compared experimental results with the modeling results are reasonable. They showed that the high tunneling current achieved in these TJs with a voltage drop of only a few mV across the junction can allow multi-junction SCs to operate at higher con- centrations. As a result, TJ plays a crucial role in the multi-junction cell design, and they have an essential impact on the performance and reliability of the devices. In our previous study [37], the GaInP/GaAs SC structure was grown using the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) technique. We investigated the structural, optical and morphological properties of GaInP/GaAs solar cell (SC) structure, and we also obtained the energy conversion efficiency value as 9.13%. In the light of our previous study, the purpose of this research is to examine the effect of AlGaAs TJ on the cell’s electrical output parameters of the GaInP/GaAs SC structure. Thus, this paper is organized as follows: the GaInP/GaAs SC structure was grown on p-type (1 0 0)-oriented GaAs substrate by MBE. The secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) measurement was preferred to analyze the depth profile of the GaInP/GaAs SC structure. Thus, not only main elements (Ga, In, Al, As and P) were detected, but also dopant elements (Si and Be) in the epi-layer. The morphology and the surface roughness were determined using atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements. In addition, device parameters such as open-circuit voltage (V oc ), short-circuit current (I sc ), fill factor (FF) and energy conversion efficiency ( η) of GaInP/GaAs SC structure with AlGaAs TJ were extracted from the current–voltage (I–V) characteristics. 2. Experimental method The GaInP/GaAs SC structure was grown on a p-type (1 0 0)- oriented GaAs substrate using a V80H solid source MBE system. Prior to the growth process, the GaAs substrate was chemically cleaned. After the cleaning process, first a 1.2 mm thick p-GaAs layer was grown on the substrate at about substrate temperature of T s ¼650 1C and then 150 nm thick n-GaAs (bottom cell) was grown at T s ¼640 1C. After then 50 nm thick nþ þAlGaAs and 50 nm thick pþ þAlGaAs were grown at the same temperature from the AlGaAs tunnel junction. Then 320 nm thick p-GaInP and 80 nm thick n-GaInP (top cell) were grown using a GaP decom- position source at T s ¼530 1C, respectively. The solar cell structure was completed by a growth of a 50 nm thick n-AlGaAs window layer and a 60 nm thick n-GaAs layer. Si and Be were incorporated as an n-type and p-type dopant, respectively. The schematic diagram of the solar cell structure is represented in Fig. 1. The reconstruction of the epi-surfaces and growth rate were deter- mined using reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) oscillations. Atomic distributions and interface characteristics of the GaInP/ GaAs SC structure were performed by SIMS (Hiden Analytical Ltd., Warrington, UK) depth profile measurements. The SIMS measure- ments were carried out with an O 2 (oxygen) gun set at an ion energy of 5 keV and with a detector sensitivity of 400 nA/V. During the SIMS experiments, base pressure of the chamber was kept at 10 10 mbar. Fig. 1. The shematic diagram of the solar cell structure. Fig. 2. (a) The back metal pad pattering, (b) the front metal pad pattering. Y. Özen et al. / Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 137 (2015) 1–52 Morphological properties of the GaInP/GaAs SC structure were characterized at room temperature (RT) using high performance AFM (Nano Magnetics Instruments Ltd., Oxford, UK) using dynamic mode scanning. The scan area was set as 5 5 μm 2 , and the scan rate was 2 Hz (using a resolution of 256 lines per scan). For the electrical characterization of the GaInP/GaAs SC struc- ture, first the back contact was formed. For the back metal pad pattering, photolithograpy process was done using square (0.64 cm 2 ) mask and the schematic diagram is represented in Fig. 2a. The metallization was then completed by deposition of high purity Au (99.999%) using thermal evaporation system with 10 8 mbar base pressure. For the front metal pad pattering, photolithograpy process was done using mask, and the schematic diagram is represented in Fig. 2b, and the metalization was completed by deposition of high purity Au (99.999%). As a last step of the fabrication process, the GaInP/GaAs SC was annealed via rapid thermal annealing during 60 s at 400 1C to form ohmic metallization. The photolithography process was performed using Kalr-Suss MJB4 mask aligner system, and the current–voltage characteristics were performed using Keithley 4200 source- meter and Oriel Sol1A class AAA solar simulator. 3. Results and discussion In this work, we have investigated the performance evaluation of the GaInP/GaAs solar cell structure with the integration of AlGaAs tunnel junction. The performance of the solar cell struc- tures significantly depends on the atomic homogenity in the grown layers and interface characteristics. Thus, SIMS is an important and widely used analytical technique in semiconductor device structures such as SCs to examine dopant profiling within a patterned junction or contact. Therefore, SIMS analysis was per- formed to investigate layer-by-layer growth mode of the GaInP/ GaAs SC structure. Although the reference sample was not used to calculate concentrations of the dopant elements (Si and Be), their dispersions in the layers were successfully determined from the SIMS depth profile, as seen in Fig. 3. In addition, achievement of desired 100 nm thick AlGaAs TJ between top n-GaInP and bottom n-GaAs cells can be clearly seen from Fig. 4. Fig. 5a and b shows that two-dimensional (2D) and three- dimensional (3D) AFM images with a 5 5 μm 2 scan area of the GaInP/GaAs SC structure, respectively. The SC structure has a very uniform surface morphology with root mean square (RMS) rough- ness of 1.75 nm (given in Table 1) without any surface cracks or Fig. 3. Dispersions of the dopant elements (Si and Be) in the layer. Fig. 4. SIMS depth profile of the GaInP/GaAs SC structure. Fig. 5. (a) Two- and (b) three-dimensional AFM images (3 μm 2 ) showing the surface morphology of a GaInP/GaAs SC structure. Y. Özen et al. / Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 137 (2015) 1–5 3 defects. It is well known that RMS roughness is effective on efficiency of the SC structure, and the device efficiency increases with increasing the RMS value as emphasized in our previous study [37]. After the completion of the structural and morphological cha- racterizations, the electrical characterization was done at room temperature, and I–V characteristic was shown in Fig. 6. The overall solar energy to electricity conversion efficiency of a solar cell is defined as the ratio of the maximum output of the cell divided by the power of incident light. It can be determined by the V oc , I sc , FF, and the intensity of the incident light (P in ) as shown in Eq. (1). Since it is dependent on all the three first factors under standard conditions, it is of great importance to optimize each one of them for high overall efficiency [44]. η ¼ P out P in ¼ I sc V oc FF P in ð1Þ where V oc , I sc , FF and η values of the GaInP/GaAs SC structure with the AlGaAs TJ are given in Table 1 compared with Ref. [37]. When we compare these results with our previous study, both the integration of the TJ into the SC structure and increasing the RMS value improves the device performance by 48%. 4. Conclusion In this work, we report the growth, characterizations and fabrication of the GaInP/GaAs SC structure with the AlGaAs TJ. Lattice-match GaInP/GaAs SC structure was successfully grown by solid source MBE with a GaP decomposition source. The structural characterization was done using SIMS, and it was found that AlGaAs TJ between top n-GaInP and bottom n-GaAs cells with the desired thickness of 100 nm was achieved. The morphological characterization was done using AFM, and it was found defetcts on surface, and crack-free uniform surface morphology could be achieved. At last, the SC device was fabricated using photolitho- graphy, and electrical characterization was performed under both and air mass 1.5 global radiation (AM1.5G) using a solar simulator, and it was found that the integration of AlGaAs TJ increases the efficiency of the SC structure by 48%. According to experimental results, the integration of TJ is very effective on device perfor- mance, and the SC structure having AlGaAs TJ can be a promising candidate to be used as a photovoltaic device. Acknowledgements This work is supported by the Ministry of Development of Turkey (2011K120290), the Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology of Turkey (SANTEZ-00587.STZ.2010-1), the Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology of Turkey (0254.TGSD.2014) and TUBITAK under Project No. 118T333. References [1] C.S. Solanki, L Cornel, K.V. 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