pathgl

title,location,year,month,day,event Miletus,37.530233 27.278369,-499,0,0,"After a failed attack on the rebellious island of Naxos in 502 BC (on behalf of the Persians), Aristagoras, to save himself from the wrath of Persia, plans a revolt with the Milesians and the other Ionians. With the encouragement of Histiaeus (his father-in-law and former tyrant of Miletus), Aristagoras, governor of Miletus, induces the Ionian cities of Asia Minor to revolt against Persia, thus instigating the Ionian Revolt and beginning the Greco-Persian Wars between Greece and Persia. The pro-Persian tyrant of Mytilene is stoned to death." Sparta,37.07583303 22.42083165,-499,0,0,"Aristagoras seeks help with the revolt against the Persians from Cleomenes I, the King of Sparta, but the Spartans are unwilling to respond." Imbros,40.156499374 25.83999664,-499,0,0,"Miltiades the Younger, the ruler of the Thracian Chersonese, which has been under Persian suzerainty since approximately 514 BC, joins the Ionian revolt. He seizes the islands of Lemnos and Imbros from the Persians." Miletus,37.530233 27.278369,-498,0,0,"Athens and Eretria respond to the Ionian plea for help against Persia and send troops. An Athenian and Eretrian fleet transports Athenian troops to Ephesus. There they are joined by a force of Ionians and march upon Sardis, the capital of Artaphernes (the satrap of Lydia and brother to Darius I of Persia). Artaphernes, who has sent most of his troops to besiege Miletus, is taken by surprise. However, Artaphernes is able to retreat to the citadel and hold it. Although the Greeks are unable to take the citadel, they pillage the town and set fires that burn Sardis to the ground." Salamis Cyprus,35.1833326 33.8999964,-498,0,0,"Kaunos and Caria, followed by Byzantium and towns in the Hellespont also revolt against the Persians. Cyprus also joins the rebellion, as Onesilus removes his pro-Persian brother, Gorgos, from the throne of Salamis." Naxos (Sicily),37.825 15.269,-498,0,0,"After the assassination of Cleander, tyrant of Gela, power is transferred to his brother, Hippocrates, who subdues the Sicels and conquers the Chalcidian cities of Callipoli, Leontini, Naxos and Zancle (now known as Messina). He also captures the Syracusan city of Camarina, but is prevented from capturing Syracuse itself when Corinth and Corcyra interferes in the war." Tianjin,39.1249995 117.19499922,-497,0,0,The city of Tianjin is founded. Carthage,36.851829926 10.320498718,-496,0,0,Carthage and Rome make a treaty whereby Roman ships undertake not to trade to the west of Carthage while the Carthaginians undertake not to interfere in Latin politics. China,35.0 105.0,-496,0,0,"King Goujian of Yue defeats and banishes King Fuchai of Wu, gaining a temporary hegemony in ancient China during the Spring and Autumn Period." Circus Maximus,41.8859 12.4857,-495,0,0,"A temple is built on the Circus Maximus, between the Aventine and Palatine hills, in Rome, in honour of the god Mercury." Lesbos,39.166666 26.333332,-494,0,0,"Having successfully captured several of the revolting Greek city-states, the Persians under Artaphernes lay siege to Miletus. The decisive Battle of Lade is fought at the island of Lade, near Miletus' port. Although out-numbered, the Greek fleet appears to be winning the battle until the ships from Samos and Lesbos retreat. The sudden defection turns the tide of battle, and the remaining Greek fleet is completely destroyed. Miletus surrenders shortly thereafter, and the Ionian Revolt comes to an end." Didyma,37.384962 27.25643,-494,0,0,The Persians burn down the Temple of Apollo at Didyma. Chersonesos Taurica,44.61166422 33.49333136,-494,0,0,"The Thracians and Scythians drive Miltiades the Younger from the Chersonesos. Miltiades loads five boats with his treasures and makes for Athens. One of the boats, captained by Miltiades' eldest son, Metiochos is captured. Metiochos is taken as a lifelong prisoner to Persia." Tiryns,37.592997628 22.793163494,-494,0,0,"The Spartan king, Cleomenes I inflicts a severe defeat on Argos at Sepeia near Tiryns." Sardis,38.486331388 28.03749985,-494,0,0,"The former tyrant of Miletus, Histiaeus is captured by the Persians and executed at Sardis by Artaphernes." Miletus,37.530233 27.278369,-493,0,0,The Athenian poet Phrynicus produces a tragedy on the ''Fall of Miletus''. The Athenian authorities ban the play from further production on the grounds of impiety. Mount Athos,40.154332716 24.32249871,-492,0,0,"Mardonius loses some 300 ships in a storm off Mount Athos, which forces him to abandon his plans to attack Athens and Eretria." Sparta,37.07583303 22.42083165,-491,0,0,"Darius I sends envoys to all Greek cities, demanding earth and water for vassalage which Athens and Sparta refuse however." Sparta,37.07583303 22.42083165,-491,0,0,"The Greek city of Aegina, fearing the loss of trade, submits to Persia. The Spartan king, Cleomenes I tries to punish Aegina for its submission to the Persians, but the other Spartan king, Demaratus, thwarts him." University of Chicago,41.787163518 -87.593164294,-491,0,0,"The construction of a relief begins in the Apadana, a ceremonial complex at Persepolis. The relief pictures Darius I and Xerxes I receiving tribute and is now displayed in the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago." Aegean Sea,36.4666648 22.9499962,-490,0,0,"Darius I sends an expedition, under Artaphernes and Datis the Mede across the Aegean to attack the Athenians and the Eretrians. Hippias, the aged ex-tyrant of Athens, is on one of the Persian ships in the hope of being restored to power in Athens." Anatolia,39 32,-490,0,0,"When the Ionian Greeks in Asia Minor rebelled against Persia in 499 BC, Eretria joined Athens in sending aid to the rebels. As a result, Darius makes a point of punishing Eretria during his invasion of Greece. The city is sacked and burned and Darius enslaves its inhabitants. He intends the same fate for Athens." Sparta,37.07583303 22.42083165,-490,0,0,"Before the Battle of Marathon, the Athenians send a runner, Pheidippides, to seek help from Sparta. However, the Spartans delay sending troops to Marathon because religious requirements (the Carnea) mean they must wait for the full moon." Sparta,37.07583303 22.42083165,-490,0,0,"The Greek historian Herodotus, the main source for the Greco-Persian Wars, mentions Pheidippides as the messenger who runs from Athens to Sparta asking for help, and then runs back, a distance of over 240 kilometres each way. After the battle, he runs back to Athens to spread the news and raise the spirits. It is claimed that his last words before collapsing and dying in Athens are Chariete nikomen (Rejoice, we are victorious)." Sardis,38.486331388 28.03749985,-490,0,0,Hippias dies at Lemnos on the journey back to Sardis after the Persian defeat. Sparta,37.07583303 22.42083165,-490,0,0,"Cleomenes I is forced to flee Sparta when his plot against Demaratus is discovered, but the Spartans allow him to return when he begins gathering an army in the surrounding territories. However, by this time he has become insane, and the Spartans put him in prison. Shortly after, he commits suicide. He is succeeded as King of Sparta by a member of the Agiad house, his half-brother, Leonidas." Plataea,38.209332496 23.266832266,-490,9,12,"September 12 – The Battle of Marathon takes place as a Persian army of more than 20,000 men is advised by Hippias to land in the Bay of Marathon, where they meet the Athenians supported by the Plataeans. The Persians are repulsed by 11,000 Greeks under the leadership of Callimachus and Miltiades. Some 6,400 Persians are killed at a cost of 192 Athenian dead. Callimachus, the war-archon of Athens, is killed in the battle. After the battle, the Persians return home." Paros,37.083333 25.1499994,-489,0,0,"After his great victory in the Battle of Marathon, Miltiades leads a naval expedition to Paros to pay off a private score. However, the expedition is unsuccessful and, on his return, he is fined in a prosecution led by Xanthippus and put in prison where he dies of wounds received at Paros." Aegina,37.749997 23.4333316,-487,0,0,"The island of Aegina and the city of Athens go to war. The island has earned the enmity of Athens by earlier submitting to the Persians. The Spartan King, Leotychidas, tries unsuccessfully to arrange a truce in the war." Huai River,32.4103 115.404,-486,0,0,"The first part of the Grand Canal of China is built during the reign of King Fuchai of Wu. It links the Yangtze River with the Huai River, and is a measure to ship amble amount of supplies north for intended wars with the northern states of Song and Lu." Tehran,35.690997236 51.420498318,-486,0,0,"The construction of a relief in the Apadana, a ceremonial complex at Persepolis, is finished. It shows Darius and Xerxes receiving tribute and is now kept in the Iranbustan Museum in Tehran." Persian Gulf,26.902829722 51.541831166,-485,0,0,"Darius I, one of the greatest rulers of the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia, dies and is succeeded by his son, Xerxes I. During this time the Persian empire extends as far west as Macedonia and Libya and as far east as the Hyphasis (Beas) River; it stretches to the Caucasus Mountains and the Aral Sea in the north and to the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Desert in the south." Babylon,32.535164526 44.41916499,-484,0,0,"Despite an attempt at rebellion, the land and city of Babylon remains solidly under Persian rule." Mount Athos,40.154332716 24.32249871,-483,0,0,"Xerxes I of Persia is encouraged by his cousin and brother-in-law, Mardonius, supported by a strong party of exiled Greeks, to take revenge for the defeat that Darius I suffered at the hands of the Greeks at Marathon in 490 BC. In response, Xerxes prepares for a major expedition to crush the Greeks. To avoid a repeat of the significant losses to the Persian fleet that occurred in 492 BC, Xerxes has a canal cut through the promontory of Mount Athos." Megara Hyblaea,37.2039 15.1819,-483,0,0,"Gelo, the tyrant of Syracuse conquers the nearby Sicilian cities of Euboea and Megara Hyblaea, selling their common people into slavery and bringing their oligarchs to Syracuse." Sardis,38.486331388 28.03749985,-481,0,0,The Persian King Xerxes I arrives at Sardis and begins to build up his great army and navy for the invasion of Greece. Egypt contributes 481 ships. Crete,35 25,-481,0,0,"The Congress at the Isthmus of Corinth, under the presidency of Sparta, brings together a number of the Greek city states, who agree to the end of the war between Athens and Aegina. They also discuss the threat from the Persians. Athens is unwilling to place her forces under Sparta and its king Leonidas. Gelo, tyrant of Syracuse, wants high command, but Sparta and Athens refuse. However, during the Congress, Gelo has to withdraw due to Carthage's plans to invade Sicily. Finally, Themistocles agrees that Athens' navy serve under a Spartan admiral to achieve the unity of the Greek states. Nevertheless, Thebes and Thessaly are unwilling to support Athens against the Persians and Crete decides to remain neutral." Sardis,38.486331388 28.03749985,-480,0,0,May – King Xerxes I of Persia marches from Sardis and onto Thrace and Macedonia. Vale of Tempe,39.870329852 22.541331168,-480,0,0,"The Greek congress decides to send a force of 10,000 Greeks, including hoplites and cavalry, to the Vale of Tempe, through which they believe the Persian army will pass. The force includes Lacedaemonians led by Euanetos and Athenians under Themistocles. Warned by Alexander I of Macedon that the vale can be bypassed elsewhere and that the army of Xerxes is overwhelming, the Greeks decide not to try to hold there and vacate the vale." Thermopylae,38.803163454 22.557664436,-480,0,0,"A member of the Agiad royal family, and the son of King Cleombrotus and nephew of King Leonidas, Pausanias becomes regent for Leonidas' son, Pleistarchus, after Leonidas I is killed at Thermopylae." Boeotia,38.8999964 22.5333312,-480,0,0,Phocis and the coasts of Euboea are devastated by the Persians. Thebes and most of Boeotia join Xerxes. Aegina,37.749997 23.4333316,-480,0,0,"The Athenian soldier and statesman, Aristides, as well as the former Athenian archon Xanthippus, return from banishment in Aegina to serve under Themistocles against the Persians." Thermopylae,38.803163454 22.557664436,-480,0,0,"August – The Persians achieve a naval victory over the Greeks in an engagement fought near Artemisium, a promontory on the north coast of Euboea. The Greek fleet holds its own against the Persians in three days of fighting but withdraws southward when news comes of the defeat at Thermopylae." Thermopylae,38.803163454 22.557664436,-480,0,0,"Breaking through the pass at Thermopylae from Macedonia into Greece, the Persians occupy Attica." Salamis Island,37.9333296 23.499998,-480,0,0,"An eclipse of the sun discourages the Greek army from following up the victory of Salamis. Xerxes returns to Persia leaving behind an army under Mardonius, which winters in Thessaly." Veii,42.020999916 12.40083173,-480,0,0,Roman troops march against the Veintes. Carthage,36.851829926 10.320498718,-480,0,0,"Xerxes encourages the Carthaginians to attack the Greeks in Sicily. Under the Carthaginian military leader, Hamilcar, Carthage sends across a large army." Himera,37.9666628 13.8166634,-480,0,0,"The Greek city of Himera in Sicily, in its quarrel with Acragas, enlists Carthaginian support. With the help of Gelo, the tyrant of Syracuse, and Theron of Acragas, the Carthaginians are defeated in the Battle of Himera. After the defeat, Hamilcar kills himself." Persepolis,29.933996264 52.888163114,-480,0,0,The Imperial treasury at the Persepolis Palace is completed after a building time of thirty years. Aegina,37.749997 23.4333316,-480,0,0,"A sculpture of a ''Dying warrior'' is made in the left corner of the east pediment of the Temple of Aphaea in Aegina (approximate date). Today, it is preserved at the ''Staatliche Antikensammlungen und Glyptothek'' in Munich, Germany." Acropolis Museum,37.9677153958 23.723754105,-480,0,0,"The sculpture of a ''Kritios Boy'' is made on Acropolis, Athens (approximate date). It is now preserved in the Acropolis Museum in Athens." Thermopylae,38.803163454 22.557664436,-480,8,11,"August 11 – The Battle of Thermopylae ends in victory for the Persians under Xerxes. His army engulfs a force of 300 Spartans and 700 Thespiae under the Spartan King, Leonidas I. The Greeks under Leonidas resist the advance through Thermopylae of Xerxes' vast army. For two days Leonidas and his troops withstand the Persian attacks; he then orders most of his troops to retreat, and he and his 300-member royal guard fight to the last man." Peloponnese,37.343165294 22.351331928,-480,9,21,"September 21 – The Persians sack Athens, whose citizens flee to Salamis and then Peloponnesus." Salamis Island,37.9333296 23.499998,-480,9,28,"September 28 – The Battle of Salamis brings victory to the Greeks, whose Athenian general Themistocles lures the Persians into the Bay of Salamis, between the Athenian port-city of Piraeus and the island of Salamis. The Greek triremes then attack furiously, ramming or sinking many Persian vessels and boarding others. The Greeks sink about 200 Persian vessels while losing only about 40 of their own. The rest of the Persian fleet is scattered, and as a result Xerxes has to postpone his planned land offensives for a year, a delay that gives the Greek city-states time to unite against him." Arcadia,37.583331 22.249999,-479,0,0,"The Persian commander Mardonius, now based in Thessaly, wins support from Argus and western Arcadia. He tries to win over Athens but fails." Boeotia,38.8999964 22.5333312,-479,0,0,"27 August – The Battle of Plataea in Boeotia ends the Persian invasions of Greece as the Persian general Mardonius is routed by the Greeks under Pausanias, nephew of the former Spartan King, Leonidas I. The Athenian contingent is led by the repatriated Aristides. Mardonius is killed in the battle and the Greeks capture enormous amounts of loot. Thebes is captured shortly thereafter and the Theban collaborators executed by Pausanias." Anatolia,39 32,-479,0,0,"27 August – Meanwhile at sea, the Persians are defeated by a Greek fleet headed by Leotychidas of Sparta and Xanthippus of Athens in the Battle of Mycale, off the coast of Lydia in Asia Minor." Potidaea,40.1999992 23.333332,-479,0,0,Potidaea is struck by a tsunami. Sparta,37.07583303 22.42083165,-478,0,0,"Despite Spartan opposition, Athens is refortified as well as rebuilt after the Persian destruction of the city." Sparta,37.07583303 22.42083165,-478,0,0,"While Pausanias is occupying Byzantium, his arrogance and his adoption of Persian clothing and manners offends the allies and raises suspicions of disloyalty. Pausanias is recalled to Sparta, where he is tried and acquitted of the charge of treason, but he is not restored to his command." Qufu,35.5999976 116.9833294,-478,0,0,A Temple of Confucius is established in (modern-day) Qufu. Sparta,37.07583303 22.42083165,-477,0,0,The Spartan co-ruler Leotychides and the Athenian leader Themistocles lead a fleet and army to reoccupy northern Greece and to punish the aristocratic family of the Aleuads for having aided the Persians. Leotychides is caught accepting a bribe during the operations in Thessaly. Delos,37.389331776 25.269332256,-477,0,0,"Greek maritime cities around the Aegean Sea no longer wish to be under Spartan control and at Delos offer their allegiance, through Aristides, to Athens. They form the Delian League (also known as the Confederacy of Delos) with Cimon as their principal commander." Veii,42.020999916 12.40083173,-477,0,0,Roman forces in a stronghold on the Cremera River are defeated by an army of Veientes from the Etruscan city of Veii in the Battle of the Cremera. Arcadia,37.583331 22.249999,-476,0,0,"Convicted in Sparta on the charge of accepting a bribe from the Aleudae family whilst leading an expedition to Thessaly against the family for their collaboration with the Persians, the Spartan King Leotychidas flees to the temple of Athena Alea in Tegea, Arcadia. A sentence of exile is passed upon him; his house is razed, and his grandson, Archidamus II, ascends the Spartan throne in his place." Skyros,38.8999964 24.5499978,-475,0,0,Cimon leads an Athenian attack on the island of Skyros and expels the indigenous inhabitants who are regarded as pirates. Thasos,40.68749725 24.653164054,-475,0,0,The painter Polygnotus of Thasos begins his work (approximate date). Italy,41.8999964 12.4833314,-474,0,0,"Hiero I, tyrant of Sicily, allied with Aristodemus, the tyrant of Cumae, defeat the Etruscan navy in the Battle of Cumae as the Etruscans try to capture the Greek city of Cumae in Italy. This victory marks the end of the Etruscan aggression against the Greeks in southern Italy and saves the Greeks of Campania from Etruscan domination." Ischia,40.7313 13.8957,-474,0,0,Hiero builds Castello Aragonese on the island of Ischia. India,21 78,-474,0,0,"King Xerxes I of Persia issues a decree, as dictated by Mordecai upon the king's secretaries, giving the Jews in every city the authority to unite to defend their lives against their opponents in all of the 127 provinces of the Persian Empire, stretching from India to Ethiopia." Euboea,38.499998 24.0,-472,0,0,Carystus in Euboea is forced to join the Delian League after the Athenians attack the city (approximate date). Policastro Bussentino,40.0666664 15.5166646,-471,0,0,The colony of Pixunte (''Pixous'') is founded in Magna Graecia. Sparta,37.07583303 22.42083165,-470,0,0,"Suspected of plotting to seize power in Sparta by instigating a helot uprising, Pausanias takes refuge in the Temple of Athena of the Brazen House to escape arrest. The sanctuary is respected, but the Spartans wall in the sanctuary and starve Pausanias to death." Archaeological Museum of Olympia,37.6393807758 21.6242975028,-470,0,0,"The construction of the Temple of Zeus, begins at Olympia, Greece. This includes the relief sculpture (of which fragments now remain at the Archaeological Museum of Olympia) of ''Apollo with battling Lapiths and centaurs'' (approximate date)." Delphi Archaeological Museum,38.4801 22.4997,-470,0,0,"The ''Charioteer'', in the Sanctuary of Apollo, Delphi, is created in commemoration of a victory in the Pythian Games of 478 or 474 BC (approximate date). It is now preserved at the Delphi Archaeological Museum." Museum of Fine Arts Boston,42.336831986 -71.089832974,-470,0,0,Pan Painter makes a bell krater (an earthenware piece that is used to mix water and wine) which has a red-figure decoration of ''Artemis slaying Actaeon''. It is now preserved at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston (approximate date). Aegean Sea,36.4666648 22.9499962,-469,0,0,"Themistocles, after being exiled from Athens, makes his way across the Aegean to Magnesia, an inland Ionian city under Persian rule." Tiryns,37.592997628 22.793163494,-468,0,0,"Sparta faces trouble near home, chiefly from Arcadia with the support of Argos. Argos regains control of Tiryns." China,35.0 105.0,-468,0,0,Zhou Zhen Ding Wang becomes the twenty-eighth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty. Phaselis,36.52083125 30.551331128,-466,0,0,"Kimon carries the war against Persia into Asia Minor and wins the Battle of the Eurymedon in Pamphylia. This is a decisive defeat of the Persians as Kimon's land and sea forces capture the Persian camp and destroy or capture the entire Persian fleet of 200 triremes (manned by Phoenicians). Many new allies of Athens are now recruited, such as the trading city of Phaselis on the Lycian-Pamphylian border." Apulia,41.005166646 16.507664636,-466,0,0,"The Greek colony of Taras, in Magna Graecia, is defeated by the native population of Apulia. As a result, the Tarentine monarchy falls, with the installation of a democracy." Thasos,40.68749725 24.653164054,-465,0,0,"Thasos revolts from the Delian League. The revolt arises from rivalry over trade with the Thracian hinterland and, in particular, over the ownership of a gold mine. Athens under Kimon lays siege to Thasos after the Athenian fleet defeats the Thasos fleet." Ancient Agora of Athens,37.97166278 23.720163786,-465,0,0,"Tholos, west side of Ancient Agora of Athens, is built (approximate date)." 464 BC Sparta earthquake,37.08 22.43,-464,0,0,Sparta suffers the effects of a severe earthquake leading to a large loss of life. Ithome,37.18499926 21.92166298,-464,0,0,"When the Messenian helots (serfs) revolt against their Spartan masters following the severe earthquake, King Archidamus II organises the defence of Sparta. The helots fortify themselves at Mount Ithome." Libya,27.4 17.6,-464,0,0,"Egypt seizes the opportunity created by the murder of Xerxes I to revolt against Persia. The revolt is led by Inaros, a Libyan." Macedonia (Greece),40.749997 22.8999964,-463,0,0,"In Athens, the democratic statesman Ephialtes and the young Pericles attempt to get the oligarchic Kimon ostracized for allegedly receiving bribes. Kimon is charged by Pericles and other democratic politicians with having been bribed not to attack the King of Macedonia (who may have been suspected of covertly helping the Thasian rebels). Though Kimon is acquitted, his influence on the Athenian people is waning." Magnesia Prefecture,39.3499986 22.9833294,-463,0,0,"Themistocles, who is in exile, approaches the Persian King Artaxerxes I seeking Persian help in regaining power in Athens. Artaxerxes is unwilling to help him, but instead gives him the satrapy of Magnesia." Thasos,40.68749725 24.653164054,-463,0,0,"After a two year siege, Thasos falls to the Athenians under Kimon who compels the Thasians to destroy their walls, surrender their ships, pay an indemnity and an annual contribution to Athens." Messenia,37.249999 21.83333,-462,0,0,"The Spartans try to conquer the mountain stronghold of Mt Ithome in Messenia, where a large force of rebellious helots have taken refuge. They ask their allies from the Persian Wars, including the Athenians, to help." Sparta,37.07583303 22.42083165,-462,0,0,"Kimon seeks the support of Athens' citizens to providing help to Sparta. Although Ephialtes maintains that Sparta is Athens' rival for power and should be left to fend for itself, Kimon's view prevails. Kimon then leads 4,000 hoplites to Mount Ithome." Areopagus,37.96999612 23.72083045,-462,0,0,"Ephialtes passes a law in the Athenian ecclesia, which reforms the Areopagus, limiting its power to judging cases of homicide and religious crimes. He considers the Areopagus to be the centre of conservatism and Ephialtes' victory is seen as a defeat for the conservatives and the members of the oligarchy." Macedonia (Greece),40.749997 22.8999964,-462,0,0,"Argos, taking advantage of Spartan preoccupation with the revolt of its helots, finally conquers Mycenae. The inhabitants of the town are dispersed, with some finding their way into Macedonia." Sparta,37.07583303 22.42083165,-461,0,0,"In Athens, Ephialtes and Pericles finally get agreement to the ostracism of Kimon, who had become unpopular for his unsuccessful pro-Spartan policy." Areopagus,37.96999612 23.72083045,-461,0,0,"Ephialtes, with the support of Pericles, reduces the power of the Athenian Council of Areopagus (filled with ex-archons and so a stronghold of oligarchy) and transfers them to the people, i.e. the Council of Five Hundred, the Assembly and the popular law courts. The office of Judge is made a paid position and is recruited by lot from a list to which every citizen can have his name added." Boeotia,38.8999964 22.5333312,-461,0,0,"Ephialtes is murdered by Aristodicus of Tanagra in Boeotia, who is said to have acted on behalf of members of the Athenian oligarchy." Persepolis,29.933996264 52.888163114,-460,0,0,The construction of the ceremonial complex of Apadana (the audience hall of Darius I and Xerxes I) in Persepolis is completed. Sparta,37.07583303 22.42083165,-460,0,0,"The First Peloponnesian War breaks out between the Delian League (led by Athens) and a Peloponnesian alliance (led by Sparta), caused in part by Athens' alliance with Megara and Argos and the subsequent reaction of Sparta. The Athenians have built long walls for the Megarans to their port at Nisaea, thereby earning the enmity of Megara's old rival Corinth." Sparta,37.07583303 22.42083165,-460,0,0,Argos rises against Sparta. Athens supports Argos and Thessaly. The small force that is sent by Sparta to quell the uprising in Argos is defeated by a joint Athenian and Argos force at Oenoe. Tusculum,41.798246 12.710716,-460,0,0,"Conflicts arise between the Roman patricians and plebians. There is also a revolt by Rome's slaves. During the revolt, the Campidoglio is held by the slaves for a lengthy period, along with the most important temples of Rome. It is during this revolt that consul Publius Valerius Publicola dies. The revolt only ends with the arrival of an army from Tusculum, led by Tusculan dictator Lucius Mamilius. Meanwhile, Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus is appointed as consul to replace Publicola." Ancient Agora of Athens,37.97166278 23.720163786,-460,0,0,"Polygnotos of Thasos decorates the Painted Stoa, on the north side of Ancient Agora of Athens (approximate date)." Italy,41.8999964 12.4833314,-460,0,0,"The construction of a sculpture of a ''Young Warrior'' (subsequently found in the sea off Riace, Italy) is begun and completed approximately ten years later. It is now preserved at the Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Reggio Calabria, Italy." Olympia Greece,37.636164122 21.6249975,-460,0,0,The sculpture ''Apollo with battling Lapiths and centaurs'' is built on the west pediment of the Temple of Zeus in Olympia (approximate date). Only fragments remain and are today preserved at the Archaeological museum in Olympia. Babylon,32.535164526 44.41916499,-459,0,0,"The Jewish priest Ezra assembles and leads a band of approximately 5,000 Jews from Babylon to Jerusalem." Tusculum,41.798246 12.710716,-459,0,0,"The Aequi occupy Tusculum. In response to the threat, the Roman Senate decide to send an army to help the allied city, under the command of consul Lucius Cornelius Maluginensis. In addition, the consul Fabius Vibulanus, who was at that point besieging Antium, moves his forces to attack Tusculum. The Tusculans are able to recapture their city. A truce is then arranged with the Aequi." Morgantina,37.4333316 14.4916647,-459,0,0,"The Sicilian town of Morgantina is destroyed by Ducetius, hellenised leader of the Siculi (according to Diodorus Siculus)." Sparta,37.07583303 22.42083165,-458,0,0,Pleistoanax succeeds his father Pleistarchus as king of Sparta. Aegina,37.749997 23.4333316,-458,0,0,"Aegina joins the Peloponnesian alliance, but their combined fleet is defeated by the Athenians in the Battle of Aegina. The Athenians, under the command of Leosthenes, land on the island of Aegina and besiege and defeat the city. Aegina is forced to pay tribute to Athens." Phocis,38.499998 22.249999,-457,0,0,"Athens, the leader of the Delian League, comes into conflict with Corinth and its ally Sparta (leader of the Peloponnesian League) over Megara. Nicodemes of Sparta, regent for King Pleistoanax, leads an army of 11,500 hoplites into Boeotia to help Thebes put down a rebellion by Phocis." Peloponnese,37.343165294 22.351331928,-457,0,0,"Athenian forces block the routes back to the Peloponnese, so the Spartans decide to remain in Boeotia and await the Athenian attack. The Athenians and their allies, with 14,000 men under the command of Myronides, meet the Spartans at Battle of Tanagra. The Spartans win the battle, but they lose many men and so are unable to follow up on their victory." Phocis,38.499998 22.249999,-457,0,0,"The Athenians regroup after the battle and march into Boeotia. Led by Myronides, the Athenians defeat the Boeotians in the Battle of Oenophyta, and then destroy the walls of Tanagra and ravage Locris and Phocis." Aegina,37.749997 23.4333316,-457,0,0,"Athens goes on to defeat Aegina later in the year, and to finish the construction of the Long Walls to the Athenian port of Piraeus (an action opposed by Sparta)." Thasos,40.68749725 24.653164054,-457,0,0,"Boeotia, Phocis and Opuntian Locris become members of the Delian League. Athens now has enrolled in the Delian League all the Boeotian cities except Thebes. Aegina is forced to become a member of the League. It is assessed, with Thasos, for a yearly contribution to the League of 30 talents." Olympia Greece,37.636164122 21.6249975,-457,0,0,The Zeus Temple at Olympia is completed. The forty-foot statue of Zeus inside it becomes one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Olympia Greece,37.636164122 21.6249975,-456,0,0,The temple of Zeus in Olympia is finished. Sparta,37.07583303 22.42083165,-455,0,0,"Athens, under Athenian general Tolmides, sends 100 ships around the Peloponnesus and they set fire to the Spartan naval base at Gythion. As a result, Athens gains the agreement of the Achaean cities to join the Delian League. Athenian forces then go on to attack the Spartan allies on the Corinthian Gulf. Athens is now able to confine Sparta to the southern Peloponnesus." Nile Delta,30.8999964 31.1166662,-455,0,0,"The Athenians suffer a severe defeat in Egypt at the hands of the Persians. After being cut off in the Nile Delta, the Athenian fleet is defeated, and the Athenian army retreats across the Sinai Desert to Byblos before its remnants are rescued. The Egyptian rebel Inaros is crucified by the Persians. The Athenians decide against any further military activity in Egypt." Sicyon,37.984104 22.711145,-454,0,0,"Pericles leads a naval expedition in the Corinthian Gulf, in which Athens defeats Achaea. He then attacks Sicyon and Acarnania, after which he unsuccessfully tries to take Oeniadea on the Corinthian Gulf, before returning to Athens." Delos,37.389331776 25.269332256,-454,0,0,"Pericles declares that the Delian League's considerable treasury at Delos is not safe from the Persian navy and has the treasury transferred to Athens, thus strengthening Athens' power over the League." Delos,37.389331776 25.269332256,-454,0,0,The treasury of the Delian League is moved from Delos to Athens. Tyrrhenian Sea,44.0166666 9.8499966,-454,0,0,"Hostilities between Segesta and Selinunte, two Greek cities on Sicily, take place over access to the Tyrrhenian Sea." Achaea,38.0854196583 21.8558999097,-453,0,0,"Achaea, on the southern shore of the Corinthian Gulf, becomes part of what is effectively now the Athenian Empire. The Delian League had changed from an alliance into an empire clearly under the control of Athens." China,35.0 105.0,-453,0,0,"The Chinese city of Jinyang is severely flooded in the Battle of Jinyang, where the elite families of Jin, Zhao, Zhi, Wei, and Han, fight. The Wei and the Han swap allegiances to side with Zhao and eliminate the Zhi house." Sparta,37.07583303 22.42083165,-451,0,0,"Hostilities among the Greek states come to a formal end with the agreement to the Five Years' Truce. Kimon negotiates the five years' truce with Sparta, in which Athens agrees to abandon its alliance with Argos, while Sparta promises to give up its alliance with Thebes. During the same year Argos signs the first Thirty-Years Peace with Sparta." Greece,39 22,-450,0,0,"Athenian general Cimon sails to Cyprus with two hundred triremes of the Delian League. From there, he sends sixty ships to Egypt to help the Egyptians under Amyrtaeus, who is fighting the Persians in the Nile Delta. Cimon uses the remaining ships to aid an uprising of the Cypriot Greek city-states against Persian control of the island. Cimon lays siege to the Persians stronghold of Citium on the south west coast of Cyprus. However, the siege fails and Cyprus remains under Phoenician (and Persian) control." Thasos,40.68749725 24.653164054,-450,0,0,Polygnotos of Thasos ceases his work (approximate date). Ancient Agora of Athens,37.97166278 23.720163786,-450,0,0,"The old bouleuterion, the west side of the agora in Athens, is built (approximate date)." Italy,41.8999964 12.4833314,-450,0,0,"Polykleitos starts making the bronze statue ''Achilles'' (also known as ''The Spear Bearer'' or ''Doryphoros''), which he finishes about ten years later. A Roman copy of the original bronze is now kept in the Museo Archeologico Nazionale in Naples, Italy (approximate date)." New York,43 -75,-450,0,0,"The grave stela from Paros, ''Little girl with a bird'', is made. It is now kept at The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York (approximate date)." Museum of Fine Arts Boston,42.336831986 -71.089832974,-450,0,0,"The statue ''Woman and maid'' in the style of Achilles Painter, white-ground and black-figure decoration on a lekythos, with additional painting in tempera, starts being made (finished about ten years later). It is now kept at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston (approximate date)." Aegean Sea,36.4666648 22.9499962,-449,0,0,"The Greek city-states make peace with the Persian Empire through the Peace of Callias, named after the chief Greek ambassador to the Persian Court, an Athenian who is a brother-in-law of Cimon. Athens agrees to end its support for the Egyptians rebels still holding out in parts of the Nile Delta, while the Persians agree not to send ships of war into the Aegean Sea. Athens now effectively controls all the Greek city states in Ionia." Sparta,37.07583303 22.42083165,-449,0,0,"Pericles proposes a Congress Decree allowing the use of 9,000 talents to finance the massive rebuilding program of Athenian temples. This leads to a meeting (Congress) of all Greek states in order to consider the question of rebuilding the temples destroyed by the Persians. The Congress fails because of Sparta's opposition." Temple of Hephaestus,37.9720327785 23.7194987887,-449,0,0,"Pericles places the Athenian sculptor Phidias in charge of all the artistic aspects of his reconstruction program. Construction begins on the Temple of Hephaestus in Athens, while the Athenian Senate commissions Callicrates to construct a temple to Athena Nike on the Acropolis." Phocis,38.499998 22.249999,-449,0,0,"The Second Sacred War erupts between Athens and Sparta, when Sparta forcefully detaches Delphi from Phocis and renders it independent." Phocis,38.499998 22.249999,-448,0,0,Pericles leads the Athenian army against Delphi to restore the sanctuary of the oracle of Delphi to Phocis. Parthenon,37.97025 23.72247,-448,0,0,Work begins on rebuilding the great temple of Athena (the Parthenon) on the Acropolis at Athens. Gallipoli,40.366998532 26.452998188,-447,0,0,"Pericles leads Athenian forces in the expulsion of barbarians from the Thracian peninsula of Gallipoli, in order to establish Athenian colonists in the region. Thus Pericles starts a policy of kleruchos or out-settlements. This is a form of colonisation where poor and unemployed people are assisted to emigrate to new regions." Phocis,38.499998 22.249999,-447,0,0,"A revolt breaks out in Boeotia as the oligarchs of Thebes conspire against the democratic faction in the city. The Athenians, under their general Tolmides, with 1000 hoplites plus other troops from their allies, march into Boeotia to take back the towns revolting against Athenian control. They capture Chaeronea, but are attacked and defeated by the Boeotians at Coronea. As a result, the Athenians are forced to give up control of Boeotia as well as Phocis and Locris, which all fall under the control of hostile oligarchs who quit the Delian League." Euboea,38.499998 24.0,-446,0,0,"Achaea achieves its independence from Athens, while Euboea, crucial to Athenian control of the sea and food supplies, revolts against Athens. Pericles crosses over to Euboea with his troops." Sparta,37.07583303 22.42083165,-446,0,0,"Megara joins the revolt against Athens. The strategic importance of Megara is immediately demonstrated by the appearance, for the first time in 12 years, of a Spartan army under King Pleistoanax in Attica. The threat from the Spartan army leads Pericles to arrange, by bribery and by negotiation, that Athens will give up its mainland possessions and confine itself to a largely maritime empire." Arcadia,37.583331 22.249999,-446,0,0,"After hearing that the Spartan army had accepted bribes from Pericles, Pleistoanax, the King of Sparta, is impeached by the citizens of Sparta, but flees to exile in Arcadia. His military adviser, Cleandridas also flees and is condemned to death in his absence." Aegina,37.749997 23.4333316,-445,0,0,"Pericles, concerned over the draining effect of years of war on Athenian manpower, looks for peace with the support of the Assembly. Athenian diplomat, Callias, goes to Sparta and after much bargaining arranges a peace treaty with Sparta and her Peloponnesian allies, thus extending the 5 years truce of 451 BC for another 30 years. According to this treaty, Megara is to be returned to the Peloponnesian League, Troezen and Achaea become independent, Aegina is to become a tributary to Athens but autonomous, and disputes are to be settled by arbitration. Each party agrees to respect the alliances of the other." Judea,31.692663896 35.303832118,-445,0,0,"Nehemiah, the Jewish cup-bearer to Artaxerxes I at Susa, is given permission by Artaxerxes to return to Jerusalem as governor of Judea, in order to rebuild parts of it (Nehemiah 2:5–8)." Sybaris,39.749997 16.4666648,-443,0,0,"Pericles founds the colony of Thurii near the site of the former city of Sybaris, in southern Italy. Its colonists include Herodotus and Lysias." China,35.0 105.0,-441,0,0,"Zhou ai wang becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China but dies before the year's end, to be succeeded by Zhou si wang." Sparta,37.07583303 22.42083165,-440,0,0,"Samos, an autonomous member of the Delian League and one of Athens' principal allies with a substantial fleet of its own, quarrels with Miletus and appeals to Athens for assistance. Pericles decides in favour of Miletus, so Samos revolts. Pericles then sails to Samos with a fleet to overthrow its oligarchic government and install a democratic one. Sparta threatens to interfere. However, at a congress of the Peloponnesian League, its members vote not to intervene on behalf of Samos against Athens." China,35.0 105.0,-440,0,0,Zhou kao wang becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. Parthenon,37.97025 23.72247,-438,0,0,The Parthenon on the Acropolis at Athens is completed by Ictinus and Callicrates and is consecrated after 9 years of construction. It is dedicated at the Panathenaea (a festival held in honour of Athena every four years on the Acropolis). London,51.504331316 -0.123166174,-438,0,0,"Three seated Goddesses (possibly Hestia, Dione and Aphrodite), from the east pediment of the Parthenon, are made (finished in 432 BC). They are now kept at The British Museum in London." London,51.504331316 -0.123166174,-438,0,0,"The Ionic frieze on the north side of the Parthenon, is created (finished in 432 BC). Parts of this frieze are now preserved in museums in Europe, including the ''Horsemen'' (at the British Museum, London), and the ''Marshals and Young Women'' (now at Musee du Louvre, Paris), which once formed part of the ''Procession'' on the frieze." Black Sea,44 35,-437,0,0,"Pericles, concerned for Athenian trade with Greek settlements to the East, and in order to counteract a new and possibly threatening Thracian–Scythian alliance, leads Athens' fleet to Pontus on the Black Sea and establishes friendly relations with the Greek cities of the region." Potidaea,40.1999992 23.333332,-436,0,0,"Following Pericles' visit to the Black Sea, a large Athenian colony is founded at Amphipolis. This is disconcertingly close to an outpost of Corinthian influence at Potidaea in the Chalcidice. Corinth feels it is being indirectly pressured by Athens." Corfu,39.666664 19.749997,-435,0,0,"A dispute arises between Epidamnus' oligarchs and democratic forces in the Greek colony. Most of the colony's inhabitants originate from Corinth or Corcyra (Corfu). Epidamnus' oligarchs are exiled and then appeal to Corcyra for help, while the democrats enlist the support of Corinth. Corcyra is then attacked by Corinth as the dispute heats up." Olympia Greece,37.636164122 21.6249975,-435,0,0,"A gold and ivory statue of Zeus, king of the gods, is completed at Elis by the Athenian sculptor Phidias for the Temple of Zeus at Olympia. The statue becomes one of the ''Seven Wonders of the World''. The Olympian Zeus is about seven times life size (or 13 metres) and occupies the full height of the temple." Sparta,37.07583303 22.42083165,-434,0,0,"Under the leadership of Pericles, Athens introduces a series of measures (the Megarian decree) imposing an economic embargo on Megara for violations of land sacred to Demeter. According to the provisions of the decree, Megarian merchants are to be excluded from the market of Athens and the ports in its empire. This ban strangles the Megarian economy and strains the fragile peace between Athens and Sparta, which is allied with Megara." Potidaea,40.1999992 23.333332,-434,0,0,"Philip, brother of Perdiccas II of Macedon challenges Perdiccas for the throne, and enlists the support of Athens and King Derdas of Elimea. Perdiccas responds by stirring up rebellion in a number of Athenian tribute cities, including Potidaea." Potidaea,40.1999992 23.333332,-433,0,0,"Pericles concludes a defensive alliance with Corcyra (Corfu), the strong naval power in the Ionian Sea, which is the bitter enemy of Corinth. As a result, Athens intervenes in the dispute between Corinth and Corcyra, and, at the Battle of Sybota, a small contingent of Athenian ships play a critical role in preventing a Corinthian fleet from capturing Corcyra. Following this, Athens places Potidaea, a tributary ally of Athens but a colony of Corinth, under siege." Aegina,37.749997 23.4333316,-433,0,0,"The Corinthians, upset by Athens’ actions, lobbies Sparta to take action against Athens. This appeal is backed by Megara (which is being severely affected by Pericles' economic sanctions) and by Aegina (which is being heavily taxed by Pericles and which has been refused home rule)." Italy,41.8999964 12.4833314,-433,0,0,"Pericles renews alliances with the Rhegium on the south west corner of Italy and Leontini in south-east Sicily, threatening Sparta's food supply route from Sicily." Wuhan,30.570164386 114.27416557,-433,0,0,"A set of sixty-five bells, from the Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng (Zhou dynasty) in Suixian, Hubei, is made. It is now preserved at the Hubei Provincial Museum in Wuhan." Gulf of Corinth,38.20916583 22.539331176,-432,0,0,"The Athenian admiral, Phormio, continues the siege of Potidaea by blocking the entrance to the Gulf of Corinth. Meanwhile an Athenian fleet, led by Archestratus, sails for Potidaea. However, instead of attacking Potidaea, they attack the Macedonians under Perdiccas II, who have allied with the Potidaeans. The Athenians capture Therma (modern Thessalonica) and then go on to besiege Pydna. However, as the Athenians are besieging Pydna, they receive news that Corinth has sent a force under the command of Aristeus to support Potidaea. In response, Athens sends more troops and ships under the command of Hipponicus. The combined Athenian force sails to Potidaea and lands there. In the ensuing Battle of Potidaea, the Athenians are victorious against Corinth and its allies." Parthenon,37.97025 23.72247,-432,0,0,Pheidias completes the sculptures that form the decoration of the Parthenon in Athens. Italy,41.8999964 12.4833314,-431,0,0,"A Theban raid on Plataea, the only pro-Athenian city in Boeotia, is a failure and the Plataeans take 180 prisoners and put them to death. Athens supports Plataea while Sparta aligns itself with Thebes. Sparta enlists the help of the Greek cities in Italy and Sicily. Both Sparta and Athens appeal to Persia, but without result." Aegina,37.749997 23.4333316,-431,0,0,"The Spartans, led by King Archidamus II, invade Attica effectively starting the Second Peloponnesian War between the Athenian Empire and the Peloponnesian League. The Spartans lay waste to the countryside around Athens. Athenian leader, Pericles, does not seriously oppose them, rather withdrawing the rural population of the country districts within Athens' city walls. Instead, he pursues active naval warfare and reduces any danger from the island of Aegina by replacing its native population with Athenians." Sparta,37.07583303 22.42083165,-430,0,0,"The army of Sparta loots Attica for a second time, but Pericles is not daunted and refuses to revise his initial strategy. Unwilling to engage the Spartan army in battle, he again leads a naval expedition to plunder the coasts of the Peloponnesus, this time taking 100 Athenian ships with him." Potidaea,40.1999992 23.333332,-430,0,0,Potidaea finally capitulates to the siege by Athenian forces in the winter. Olynthus,40.275665564 23.335665324,-429,0,0,"The Athenians under Xenophon march into Thrace to attack Chalcis. They destroy crops outside Spartolus and begin negotiating with pro-Athenian factions in Chalcis, but the anti-Athenian factions ask for help from Olynthus. An army from Chalcis, Spartolus, and Olynthus meet the Athenians in battle, but their hoplites are defeated. Reinforcements soon arrive from Olynthus, and they launch a second attack on the Athenians. The Athenians are routed, with all of their generals and 430 other men killed." Sparta,37.07583303 22.42083165,-429,0,0,"The Athenian admiral Phormio has two naval victories, the Naupactus and the Battle of Chalcis at the mouth of the Corinthian Gulf. In the first battle, his 20 ships defeat 47 Corinthian ships commanded by Machaon, Isocrates, and Agatharchidas that were advancing to reinforce the Spartan general, Cnemus' campaign in Acarnania. In the second battle, Phormio routs Cnemus' 77-vessel fleet." Crete,35 25,-429,0,0,"The Athenians, in alliance with Polychna, destroy the Cretan city of Kydonia." Sparta,37.07583303 22.42083165,-428,0,0,"The chief city of Lesbos, Mytilene, revolts against Athenian rule. The Spartan admiral, Alcidas, leads 40 Peloponnesian alliance ships with the aim of assisting the inhabitants of Mytilene. However, the rebellion by Mytilene is crushed before his forces can arrive." Italy,41.8999964 12.4833314,-428,0,0,"The Greek colony of Cumae in Italy falls to the Samnites, who begin to take control of the Campanian plain." Sparta,37.07583303 22.42083165,-427,0,0,Sparta's King Archidamus II is succeeded by his son Agis II. Plataea,38.209332496 23.266832266,-427,0,0,Plataea surrenders to the Spartans and Thebans after its garrison comes close to death from starvation. Over 200 prisoners are put to death and Plataea is destroyed. Gulf of Corinth,38.20916583 22.539331176,-426,0,0,"Demosthenes unsuccessfully besieges the Corinthian colony of Leukas. As a result, he does not return to Athens, fearing for his life. However when, later in the year, Ambracia invades Acarnania, and the Acarnanians seek help from Demosthenes, who is patrolling the Ionian Sea coast with twenty Athenian ships, he reaches the Athenian naval base in the Gulf of Corinth at Naupactus and secures it just in time to defend it against a large Spartan army from Delphi under Eurylochus which has come to assist the Ambraciots. Demosthenes defeats the Spartan army and Eurylochus is killed during the Battle of Olpae. The Acarnanians and Ambraciots then sign a peace treaty." Sphacteria,36.9247446343 21.6594323623,-425,0,0,"Demosthenes captures and fortifies the port of Pylos in the Peloponnesus, giving Athens a strong base close to Sparta. Meanwhile, a Spartan army, commanded by Brasidas, lands on the nearby island of Sphacteria, but is repulsed by the Athenians. An Athenian fleet summoned by Demosthenes bottles up the Spartan navy in Navarino Bay." China,35.0 105.0,-425,0,0,Zhou wei lie wang becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. Babylon,32.535164526 44.41916499,-424,0,0,"Xerxes I