linear/static/js/main.min.js

A simple setup micro-forum built in Node.js with Express and MongoDB.

(function e(t,n,r){function s(o,u){if(!n[o]){if(!t[o]){var a=typeof require=="function"&&require;if(!u&&a)return a(o,!0);if(i)return i(o,!0);var f=new Error("Cannot find module '"+o+"'");throw f.code="MODULE_NOT_FOUND",f}var l=n[o]={exports:{}};t[o][0].call(l.exports,function(e){var n=t[o][1][e];return s(n?n:e)},l,l.exports,e,t,n,r)}return n[o].exports}var i=typeof require=="function"&&require;for(var o=0;o<r.length;o++)s(r[o]);return s})({1:[function(require,module,exports){
(function (process,__filename){
/** vim: et:ts=4:sw=4:sts=4
 * @license amdefine 1.0.1 Copyright (c) 2011-2016, The Dojo Foundation All Rights Reserved.
 * Available via the MIT or new BSD license.
 * see: http://github.com/jrburke/amdefine for details
 */

/*jslint node: true */
/*global module, process */
'use strict';

/**
 * Creates a define for node.
 * @param {Object} module the "module" object that is defined by Node for the
 * current module.
 * @param {Function} [requireFn]. Node's require function for the current module.
 * It only needs to be passed in Node versions before 0.5, when module.require
 * did not exist.
 * @returns {Function} a define function that is usable for the current node
 * module.
 */
function amdefine(module, requireFn) {
    'use strict';
    var defineCache = {},
        loaderCache = {},
        alreadyCalled = false,
        path = require('path'),
        makeRequire, stringRequire;

    /**
     * Trims the . and .. from an array of path segments.
     * It will keep a leading path segment if a .. will become
     * the first path segment, to help with module name lookups,
     * which act like paths, but can be remapped. But the end result,
     * all paths that use this function should look normalized.
     * NOTE: this method MODIFIES the input array.
     * @param {Array} ary the array of path segments.
     */
    function trimDots(ary) {
        var i, part;
        for (i = 0; ary[i]; i+= 1) {
            part = ary[i];
            if (part === '.') {
                ary.splice(i, 1);
                i -= 1;
            } else if (part === '..') {
                if (i === 1 && (ary[2] === '..' || ary[0] === '..')) {
                    //End of the line. Keep at least one non-dot
                    //path segment at the front so it can be mapped
                    //correctly to disk. Otherwise, there is likely
                    //no path mapping for a path starting with '..'.
                    //This can still fail, but catches the most reasonable
                    //uses of ..
                    break;
                } else if (i > 0) {
                    ary.splice(i - 1, 2);
                    i -= 2;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    function normalize(name, baseName) {
        var baseParts;

        //Adjust any relative paths.
        if (name && name.charAt(0) === '.') {
            //If have a base name, try to normalize against it,
            //otherwise, assume it is a top-level require that will
            //be relative to baseUrl in the end.
            if (baseName) {
                baseParts = baseName.split('/');
                baseParts = baseParts.slice(0, baseParts.length - 1);
                baseParts = baseParts.concat(name.split('/'));
                trimDots(baseParts);
                name = baseParts.join('/');
            }
        }

        return name;
    }

    /**
     * Create the normalize() function passed to a loader plugin's
     * normalize method.
     */
    function makeNormalize(relName) {
        return function (name) {
            return normalize(name, relName);
        };
    }

    function makeLoad(id) {
        function load(value) {
            loaderCache[id] = value;
        }

        load.fromText = function (id, text) {
            //This one is difficult because the text can/probably uses
            //define, and any relative paths and requires should be relative
            //to that id was it would be found on disk. But this would require
            //bootstrapping a module/require fairly deeply from node core.
            //Not sure how best to go about that yet.
            throw new Error('amdefine does not implement load.fromText');
        };

        return load;
    }

    makeRequire = function (systemRequire, exports, module, relId) {
        function amdRequire(deps, callback) {
            if (typeof deps === 'string') {
                //Synchronous, single module require('')
                return stringRequire(systemRequire, exports, module, deps, relId);
            } else {
                //Array of dependencies with a callback.

                //Convert the dependencies to modules.
                deps = deps.map(function (depName) {
                    return stringRequire(systemRequire, exports, module, depName, relId);
                });

                //Wait for next tick to call back the require call.
                if (callback) {
                    process.nextTick(function () {
                        callback.apply(null, deps);
                    });
                }
            }
        }

        amdRequire.toUrl = function (filePath) {
            if (filePath.indexOf('.') === 0) {
                return normalize(filePath, path.dirname(module.filename));
            } else {
                return filePath;
            }
        };

        return amdRequire;
    };

    //Favor explicit value, passed in if the module wants to support Node 0.4.
    requireFn = requireFn || function req() {
        return module.require.apply(module, arguments);
    };

    function runFactory(id, deps, factory) {
        var r, e, m, result;

        if (id) {
            e = loaderCache[id] = {};
            m = {
                id: id,
                uri: __filename,
                exports: e
            };
            r = makeRequire(requireFn, e, m, id);
        } else {
            //Only support one define call per file
            if (alreadyCalled) {
                throw new Error('amdefine with no module ID cannot be called more than once per file.');
            }
            alreadyCalled = true;

            //Use the real variables from node
            //Use module.exports for exports, since
            //the exports in here is amdefine exports.
            e = module.exports;
            m = module;
            r = makeRequire(requireFn, e, m, module.id);
        }

        //If there are dependencies, they are strings, so need
        //to convert them to dependency values.
        if (deps) {
            deps = deps.map(function (depName) {
                return r(depName);
            });
        }

        //Call the factory with the right dependencies.
        if (typeof factory === 'function') {
            result = factory.apply(m.exports, deps);
        } else {
            result = factory;
        }

        if (result !== undefined) {
            m.exports = result;
            if (id) {
                loaderCache[id] = m.exports;
            }
        }
    }

    stringRequire = function (systemRequire, exports, module, id, relId) {
        //Split the ID by a ! so that
        var index = id.indexOf('!'),
            originalId = id,
            prefix, plugin;

        if (index === -1) {
            id = normalize(id, relId);

            //Straight module lookup. If it is one of the special dependencies,
            //deal with it, otherwise, delegate to node.
            if (id === 'require') {
                return makeRequire(systemRequire, exports, module, relId);
            } else if (id === 'exports') {
                return exports;
            } else if (id === 'module') {
                return module;
            } else if (loaderCache.hasOwnProperty(id)) {
                return loaderCache[id];
            } else if (defineCache[id]) {
                runFactory.apply(null, defineCache[id]);
                return loaderCache[id];
            } else {
                if(systemRequire) {
                    return systemRequire(originalId);
                } else {
                    throw new Error('No module with ID: ' + id);
                }
            }
        } else {
            //There is a plugin in play.
            prefix = id.substring(0, index);
            id = id.substring(index + 1, id.length);

            plugin = stringRequire(systemRequire, exports, module, prefix, relId);

            if (plugin.normalize) {
                id = plugin.normalize(id, makeNormalize(relId));
            } else {
                //Normalize the ID normally.
                id = normalize(id, relId);
            }

            if (loaderCache[id]) {
                return loaderCache[id];
            } else {
                plugin.load(id, makeRequire(systemRequire, exports, module, relId), makeLoad(id), {});

                return loaderCache[id];
            }
        }
    };

    //Create a define function specific to the module asking for amdefine.
    function define(id, deps, factory) {
        if (Array.isArray(id)) {
            factory = deps;
            deps = id;
            id = undefined;
        } else if (typeof id !== 'string') {
            factory = id;
            id = deps = undefined;
        }

        if (deps && !Array.isArray(deps)) {
            factory = deps;
            deps = undefined;
        }

        if (!deps) {
            deps = ['require', 'exports', 'module'];
        }

        //Set up properties for this module. If an ID, then use
        //internal cache. If no ID, then use the external variables
        //for this node module.
        if (id) {
            //Put the module in deep freeze until there is a
            //require call for it.
            defineCache[id] = [id, deps, factory];
        } else {
            runFactory(id, deps, factory);
        }
    }

    //define.require, which has access to all the values in the
    //cache. Useful for AMD modules that all have IDs in the file,
    //but need to finally export a value to node based on one of those
    //IDs.
    define.require = function (id) {
        if (loaderCache[id]) {
            return loaderCache[id];
        }

        if (defineCache[id]) {
            runFactory.apply(null, defineCache[id]);
            return loaderCache[id];
        }
    };

    define.amd = {};

    return define;
}

module.exports = amdefine;

}).call(this,require('_process'),"/node_modules/amdefine/amdefine.js")
},{"_process":106,"path":105}],2:[function(require,module,exports){
// MarionetteJS (Backbone.Marionette)
// ----------------------------------
// v3.1.0
//
// Copyright (c)2016 Derick Bailey, Muted Solutions, LLC.
// Distributed under MIT license
//
// http://marionettejs.com


(function (global, factory) {
	typeof exports === 'object' && typeof module !== 'undefined' ? module.exports = factory(require('backbone'), require('underscore'), require('backbone.radio')) :
	typeof define === 'function' && define.amd ? define(['backbone', 'underscore', 'backbone.radio'], factory) :
	(global.Marionette = global['Mn'] = factory(global.Backbone,global._,global.Backbone.Radio));
}(this, function (Backbone,_,Radio) { 'use strict';

	Backbone = 'default' in Backbone ? Backbone['default'] : Backbone;
	_ = 'default' in _ ? _['default'] : _;
	Radio = 'default' in Radio ? Radio['default'] : Radio;

	var version = "3.1.0";

	//Internal utility for creating context style global utils
	var proxy = function proxy(method) {
	  return function (context) {
	    for (var _len = arguments.length, args = Array(_len > 1 ? _len - 1 : 0), _key = 1; _key < _len; _key++) {
	      args[_key - 1] = arguments[_key];
	    }

	    return method.apply(context, args);
	  };
	};

	// Borrow the Backbone `extend` method so we can use it as needed
	var extend = Backbone.Model.extend;

	var deprecate = function deprecate(message, test) {
	  if (_.isObject(message)) {
	    message = message.prev + ' is going to be removed in the future. ' + 'Please use ' + message.next + ' instead.' + (message.url ? ' See: ' + message.url : '');
	  }

	  if (!Marionette.DEV_MODE) {
	    return;
	  }

	  if ((test === undefined || !test) && !deprecate._cache[message]) {
	    deprecate._warn('Deprecation warning: ' + message);
	    deprecate._cache[message] = true;
	  }
	};

	deprecate._console = typeof console !== 'undefined' ? console : {};
	deprecate._warn = function () {
	  var warn = deprecate._console.warn || deprecate._console.log || _.noop;
	  return warn.apply(deprecate._console, arguments);
	};
	deprecate._cache = {};

	// Determine if `el` is a child of the document
	var isNodeAttached = function isNodeAttached(el) {
	  return Backbone.$.contains(document.documentElement, el);
	};

	// Merge `keys` from `options` onto `this`
	var mergeOptions = function mergeOptions(options, keys) {
	  var _this = this;

	  if (!options) {
	    return;
	  }

	  _.each(keys, function (key) {
	    var option = options[key];
	    if (option !== undefined) {
	      _this[key] = option;
	    }
	  });
	};

	// Marionette.getOption
	// --------------------

	// Retrieve an object, function or other value from the
	// object or its `options`, with `options` taking precedence.
	var getOption = function getOption(optionName) {
	  if (!optionName) {
	    return;
	  }
	  if (this.options && this.options[optionName] !== undefined) {
	    return this.options[optionName];
	  } else {
	    return this[optionName];
	  }
	};

	// Marionette.normalizeMethods
	// ----------------------

	// Pass in a mapping of events => functions or function names
	// and return a mapping of events => functions
	var normalizeMethods = function normalizeMethods(hash) {
	  var _this = this;

	  return _.reduce(hash, function (normalizedHash, method, name) {
	    if (!_.isFunction(method)) {
	      method = _this[method];
	    }
	    if (method) {
	      normalizedHash[name] = method;
	    }
	    return normalizedHash;
	  }, {});
	};

	// split the event name on the ":"
	var splitter = /(^|:)(\w)/gi;

	// take the event section ("section1:section2:section3")
	// and turn it in to uppercase name onSection1Section2Section3
	function getEventName(match, prefix, eventName) {
	  return eventName.toUpperCase();
	}

	var getOnMethodName = _.memoize(function (event) {
	  return 'on' + event.replace(splitter, getEventName);
	});

	// Trigger an event and/or a corresponding method name. Examples:
	//
	// `this.triggerMethod("foo")` will trigger the "foo" event and
	// call the "onFoo" method.
	//
	// `this.triggerMethod("foo:bar")` will trigger the "foo:bar" event and
	// call the "onFooBar" method.
	function triggerMethod(event) {
	  for (var _len = arguments.length, args = Array(_len > 1 ? _len - 1 : 0), _key = 1; _key < _len; _key++) {
	    args[_key - 1] = arguments[_key];
	  }

	  // get the method name from the event name
	  var methodName = getOnMethodName(event);
	  var method = getOption.call(this, methodName);
	  var result = void 0;

	  // call the onMethodName if it exists
	  if (_.isFunction(method)) {
	    // pass all args, except the event name
	    result = method.apply(this, args);
	  }

	  // trigger the event
	  this.trigger.apply(this, arguments);

	  return result;
	}

	// triggerMethodOn invokes triggerMethod on a specific context
	//
	// e.g. `Marionette.triggerMethodOn(view, 'show')`
	// will trigger a "show" event or invoke onShow the view.
	function triggerMethodOn(context) {
	  for (var _len2 = arguments.length, args = Array(_len2 > 1 ? _len2 - 1 : 0), _key2 = 1; _key2 < _len2; _key2++) {
	    args[_key2 - 1] = arguments[_key2];
	  }

	  if (_.isFunction(context.triggerMethod)) {
	    return context.triggerMethod.apply(context, args);
	  }

	  return triggerMethod.apply(context, args);
	}

	// Trigger method on children unless a pure Backbone.View
	function triggerMethodChildren(view, event, shouldTrigger) {
	  if (!view._getImmediateChildren) {
	    return;
	  }
	  _.each(view._getImmediateChildren(), function (child) {
	    if (!shouldTrigger(child)) {
	      return;
	    }
	    triggerMethodOn(child, event, child);
	  });
	}

	function shouldTriggerAttach(view) {
	  return !view._isAttached;
	}

	function shouldAttach(view) {
	  if (!shouldTriggerAttach(view)) {
	    return false;
	  }
	  view._isAttached = true;
	  return true;
	}

	function shouldTriggerDetach(view) {
	  return view._isAttached;
	}

	function shouldDetach(view) {
	  if (!shouldTriggerDetach(view)) {
	    return false;
	  }
	  view._isAttached = false;
	  return true;
	}

	function triggerDOMRefresh(view) {
	  if (view._isAttached && view._isRendered) {
	    triggerMethodOn(view, 'dom:refresh', view);
	  }
	}

	function handleBeforeAttach() {
	  triggerMethodChildren(this, 'before:attach', shouldTriggerAttach);
	}

	function handleAttach() {
	  triggerMethodChildren(this, 'attach', shouldAttach);
	  triggerDOMRefresh(this);
	}

	function handleBeforeDetach() {
	  triggerMethodChildren(this, 'before:detach', shouldTriggerDetach);
	}

	function handleDetach() {
	  triggerMethodChildren(this, 'detach', shouldDetach);
	}

	function handleRender() {
	  triggerDOMRefresh(this);
	}

	// Monitor a view's state, propagating attach/detach events to children and firing dom:refresh
	// whenever a rendered view is attached or an attached view is rendered.
	function monitorViewEvents(view) {
	  if (view._areViewEventsMonitored) {
	    return;
	  }

	  view._areViewEventsMonitored = true;

	  view.on({
	    'before:attach': handleBeforeAttach,
	    'attach': handleAttach,
	    'before:detach': handleBeforeDetach,
	    'detach': handleDetach,
	    'render': handleRender
	  });
	}

	var errorProps = ['description', 'fileName', 'lineNumber', 'name', 'message', 'number'];

	var MarionetteError = extend.call(Error, {
	  urlRoot: 'http://marionettejs.com/docs/v' + version + '/',

	  constructor: function constructor(message, options) {
	    if (_.isObject(message)) {
	      options = message;
	      message = options.message;
	    } else if (!options) {
	      options = {};
	    }

	    var error = Error.call(this, message);
	    _.extend(this, _.pick(error, errorProps), _.pick(options, errorProps));

	    this.captureStackTrace();

	    if (options.url) {
	      this.url = this.urlRoot + options.url;
	    }
	  },
	  captureStackTrace: function captureStackTrace() {
	    if (Error.captureStackTrace) {
	      Error.captureStackTrace(this, MarionetteError);
	    }
	  },
	  toString: function toString() {
	    return this.name + ': ' + this.message + (this.url ? ' See: ' + this.url : '');
	  }
	});

	MarionetteError.extend = extend;

	// Bind/unbind the event to handlers specified as a string of
	// handler names on the target object
	function bindFromStrings(target, entity, evt, methods, actionName) {
	  var methodNames = methods.split(/\s+/);

	  _.each(methodNames, function (methodName) {
	    var method = target[methodName];
	    if (!method) {
	      throw new MarionetteError('Method "' + methodName + '" was configured as an event handler, but does not exist.');
	    }

	    target[actionName](entity, evt, method);
	  });
	}

	// generic looping function
	function iterateEvents(target, entity, bindings, actionName) {
	  if (!entity || !bindings) {
	    return;
	  }

	  // type-check bindings
	  if (!_.isObject(bindings)) {
	    throw new MarionetteError({
	      message: 'Bindings must be an object.',
	      url: 'marionette.functions.html#marionettebindevents'
	    });
	  }

	  // iterate the bindings and bind/unbind them
	  _.each(bindings, function (method, evt) {

	    // allow for a list of method names as a string
	    if (_.isString(method)) {
	      bindFromStrings(target, entity, evt, method, actionName);
	      return;
	    }

	    target[actionName](entity, evt, method);
	  });
	}

	function bindEvents(entity, bindings) {
	  iterateEvents(this, entity, bindings, 'listenTo');
	  return this;
	}

	function unbindEvents(entity, bindings) {
	  iterateEvents(this, entity, bindings, 'stopListening');
	  return this;
	}

	function iterateReplies(target, channel, bindings, actionName) {
	  if (!channel || !bindings) {
	    return;
	  }

	  // type-check bindings
	  if (!_.isObject(bindings)) {
	    throw new MarionetteError({
	      message: 'Bindings must be an object.',
	      url: 'marionette.functions.html#marionettebindrequests'
	    });
	  }

	  var normalizedRadioRequests = normalizeMethods.call(target, bindings);

	  channel[actionName](normalizedRadioRequests, target);
	}

	function bindRequests(channel, bindings) {
	  iterateReplies(this, channel, bindings, 'reply');
	  return this;
	}

	function unbindRequests(channel, bindings) {
	  iterateReplies(this, channel, bindings, 'stopReplying');
	  return this;
	}

	// Internal utility for setting options consistently across Mn
	var setOptions = function setOptions() {
	  for (var _len = arguments.length, args = Array(_len), _key = 0; _key < _len; _key++) {
	    args[_key] = arguments[_key];
	  }

	  this.options = _.extend.apply(_, [{}, _.result(this, 'options')].concat(args));
	};

	var CommonMixin = {

	  // Imports the "normalizeMethods" to transform hashes of
	  // events=>function references/names to a hash of events=>function references
	  normalizeMethods: normalizeMethods,

	  _setOptions: setOptions,

	  // A handy way to merge passed-in options onto the instance
	  mergeOptions: mergeOptions,

	  // Enable getting options from this or this.options by name.
	  getOption: getOption,

	  // Enable binding view's events from another entity.
	  bindEvents: bindEvents,

	  // Enable unbinding view's events from another entity.
	  unbindEvents: unbindEvents
	};

	// MixinOptions
	// - channelName
	// - radioEvents
	// - radioRequests

	var RadioMixin = {
	  _initRadio: function _initRadio() {
	    var channelName = _.result(this, 'channelName');

	    if (!channelName) {
	      return;
	    }

	    /* istanbul ignore next */
	    if (!Radio) {
	      throw new MarionetteError({
	        name: 'BackboneRadioMissing',
	        message: 'The dependency "backbone.radio" is missing.'
	      });
	    }

	    var channel = this._channel = Radio.channel(channelName);

	    var radioEvents = _.result(this, 'radioEvents');
	    this.bindEvents(channel, radioEvents);

	    var radioRequests = _.result(this, 'radioRequests');
	    this.bindRequests(channel, radioRequests);

	    this.on('destroy', this._destroyRadio);
	  },
	  _destroyRadio: function _destroyRadio() {
	    this._channel.stopReplying(null, null, this);
	  },
	  getChannel: function getChannel() {
	    return this._channel;
	  },


	  // Proxy `bindEvents`
	  bindEvents: bindEvents,

	  // Proxy `unbindEvents`
	  unbindEvents: unbindEvents,

	  // Proxy `bindRequests`
	  bindRequests: bindRequests,

	  // Proxy `unbindRequests`
	  unbindRequests: unbindRequests

	};

	var ClassOptions = ['channelName', 'radioEvents', 'radioRequests'];

	// A Base Class that other Classes should descend from.
	// Object borrows many conventions and utilities from Backbone.
	var MarionetteObject = function MarionetteObject(options) {
	  this._setOptions(options);
	  this.mergeOptions(options, ClassOptions);
	  this.cid = _.uniqueId(this.cidPrefix);
	  this._initRadio();
	  this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
	};

	MarionetteObject.extend = extend;

	// Object Methods
	// --------------

	// Ensure it can trigger events with Backbone.Events
	_.extend(MarionetteObject.prototype, Backbone.Events, CommonMixin, RadioMixin, {
	  cidPrefix: 'mno',

	  // for parity with Marionette.AbstractView lifecyle
	  _isDestroyed: false,

	  isDestroyed: function isDestroyed() {
	    return this._isDestroyed;
	  },


	  //this is a noop method intended to be overridden by classes that extend from this base
	  initialize: function initialize() {},
	  destroy: function destroy() {
	    if (this._isDestroyed) {
	      return this;
	    }

	    for (var _len = arguments.length, args = Array(_len), _key = 0; _key < _len; _key++) {
	      args[_key] = arguments[_key];
	    }

	    this.triggerMethod.apply(this, ['before:destroy', this].concat(args));

	    this._isDestroyed = true;
	    this.triggerMethod.apply(this, ['destroy', this].concat(args));
	    this.stopListening();

	    return this;
	  },


	  triggerMethod: triggerMethod
	});

	// Manage templates stored in `<script>` blocks,
	// caching them for faster access.
	var TemplateCache = function TemplateCache(templateId) {
	  this.templateId = templateId;
	};

	// TemplateCache object-level methods. Manage the template
	// caches from these method calls instead of creating
	// your own TemplateCache instances
	_.extend(TemplateCache, {
	  templateCaches: {},

	  // Get the specified template by id. Either
	  // retrieves the cached version, or loads it
	  // from the DOM.
	  get: function get(templateId, options) {
	    var cachedTemplate = this.templateCaches[templateId];

	    if (!cachedTemplate) {
	      cachedTemplate = new TemplateCache(templateId);
	      this.templateCaches[templateId] = cachedTemplate;
	    }

	    return cachedTemplate.load(options);
	  },


	  // Clear templates from the cache. If no arguments
	  // are specified, clears all templates:
	  // `clear()`
	  //
	  // If arguments are specified, clears each of the
	  // specified templates from the cache:
	  // `clear("#t1", "#t2", "...")`
	  clear: function clear() {
	    var i = void 0;

	    for (var _len = arguments.length, args = Array(_len), _key = 0; _key < _len; _key++) {
	      args[_key] = arguments[_key];
	    }

	    var length = args.length;

	    if (length > 0) {
	      for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
	        delete this.templateCaches[args[i]];
	      }
	    } else {
	      this.templateCaches = {};
	    }
	  }
	});

	// TemplateCache instance methods, allowing each
	// template cache object to manage its own state
	// and know whether or not it has been loaded
	_.extend(TemplateCache.prototype, {

	  // Internal method to load the template
	  load: function load(options) {
	    // Guard clause to prevent loading this template more than once
	    if (this.compiledTemplate) {
	      return this.compiledTemplate;
	    }

	    // Load the template and compile it
	    var template = this.loadTemplate(this.templateId, options);
	    this.compiledTemplate = this.compileTemplate(template, options);

	    return this.compiledTemplate;
	  },


	  // Load a template from the DOM, by default. Override
	  // this method to provide your own template retrieval
	  // For asynchronous loading with AMD/RequireJS, consider
	  // using a template-loader plugin as described here:
	  // https://github.com/marionettejs/backbone.marionette/wiki/Using-marionette-with-requirejs
	  loadTemplate: function loadTemplate(templateId, options) {
	    var $template = Backbone.$(templateId);

	    if (!$template.length) {
	      throw new MarionetteError({
	        name: 'NoTemplateError',
	        message: 'Could not find template: "' + templateId + '"'
	      });
	    }
	    return $template.html();
	  },


	  // Pre-compile the template before caching it. Override
	  // this method if you do not need to pre-compile a template
	  // (JST / RequireJS for example) or if you want to change
	  // the template engine used (Handebars, etc).
	  compileTemplate: function compileTemplate(rawTemplate, options) {
	    return _.template(rawTemplate, options);
	  }
	});

	var _invoke = _.invokeMap || _.invoke;

	function _toConsumableArray(arr) { if (Array.isArray(arr)) { for (var i = 0, arr2 = Array(arr.length); i < arr.length; i++) { arr2[i] = arr[i]; } return arr2; } else { return Array.from(arr); } }

	// MixinOptions
	// - behaviors

	// Takes care of getting the behavior class
	// given options and a key.
	// If a user passes in options.behaviorClass
	// default to using that.
	// If a user passes in a Behavior Class directly, use that
	// Otherwise delegate the lookup to the users `behaviorsLookup` implementation.
	function getBehaviorClass(options, key) {
	  if (options.behaviorClass) {
	    return options.behaviorClass;
	    //treat functions as a Behavior constructor
	  } else if (_.isFunction(options)) {
	    return options;
	  }

	  // behaviorsLookup can be either a flat object or a method
	  if (_.isFunction(Marionette.Behaviors.behaviorsLookup)) {
	    return Marionette.Behaviors.behaviorsLookup(options, key)[key];
	  }

	  return Marionette.Behaviors.behaviorsLookup[key];
	}

	// Iterate over the behaviors object, for each behavior
	// instantiate it and get its grouped behaviors.
	// This accepts a list of behaviors in either an object or array form
	function parseBehaviors(view, behaviors) {
	  return _.chain(behaviors).map(function (options, key) {
	    var BehaviorClass = getBehaviorClass(options, key);
	    //if we're passed a class directly instead of an object
	    var _options = options === BehaviorClass ? {} : options;
	    var behavior = new BehaviorClass(_options, view);
	    var nestedBehaviors = parseBehaviors(view, _.result(behavior, 'behaviors'));

	    return [behavior].concat(nestedBehaviors);
	  }).flatten().value();
	}

	var BehaviorsMixin = {
	  _initBehaviors: function _initBehaviors() {
	    var behaviors = _.result(this, 'behaviors');

	    // Behaviors defined on a view can be a flat object literal
	    // or it can be a function that returns an object.
	    this._behaviors = _.isObject(behaviors) ? parseBehaviors(this, behaviors) : {};
	  },
	  _getBehaviorTriggers: function _getBehaviorTriggers() {
	    var triggers = _invoke(this._behaviors, 'getTriggers');
	    return _.extend.apply(_, [{}].concat(_toConsumableArray(triggers)));
	  },
	  _getBehaviorEvents: function _getBehaviorEvents() {
	    var events = _invoke(this._behaviors, 'getEvents');
	    return _.extend.apply(_, [{}].concat(_toConsumableArray(events)));
	  },


	  // proxy behavior $el to the view's $el.
	  _proxyBehaviorViewProperties: function _proxyBehaviorViewProperties() {
	    _invoke(this._behaviors, 'proxyViewProperties');
	  },


	  // delegate modelEvents and collectionEvents
	  _delegateBehaviorEntityEvents: function _delegateBehaviorEntityEvents() {
	    _invoke(this._behaviors, 'delegateEntityEvents');
	  },


	  // undelegate modelEvents and collectionEvents
	  _undelegateBehaviorEntityEvents: function _undelegateBehaviorEntityEvents() {
	    _invoke(this._behaviors, 'undelegateEntityEvents');
	  },
	  _destroyBehaviors: function _destroyBehaviors(args) {
	    // Call destroy on each behavior after
	    // destroying the view.
	    // This unbinds event listeners
	    // that behaviors have registered for.
	    _invoke.apply(undefined, [this._behaviors, 'destroy'].concat(_toConsumableArray(args)));
	  },
	  _bindBehaviorUIElements: function _bindBehaviorUIElements() {
	    _invoke(this._behaviors, 'bindUIElements');
	  },
	  _unbindBehaviorUIElements: function _unbindBehaviorUIElements() {
	    _invoke(this._behaviors, 'unbindUIElements');
	  },
	  _triggerEventOnBehaviors: function _triggerEventOnBehaviors() {
	    var behaviors = this._behaviors;
	    // Use good ol' for as this is a very hot function
	    for (var i = 0, length = behaviors && behaviors.length; i < length; i++) {
	      triggerMethod.apply(behaviors[i], arguments);
	    }
	  }
	};

	// MixinOptions
	// - collectionEvents
	// - modelEvents

	var DelegateEntityEventsMixin = {
	  // Handle `modelEvents`, and `collectionEvents` configuration
	  _delegateEntityEvents: function _delegateEntityEvents(model, collection) {
	    this._undelegateEntityEvents(model, collection);

	    var modelEvents = _.result(this, 'modelEvents');
	    bindEvents.call(this, model, modelEvents);

	    var collectionEvents = _.result(this, 'collectionEvents');
	    bindEvents.call(this, collection, collectionEvents);
	  },
	  _undelegateEntityEvents: function _undelegateEntityEvents(model, collection) {
	    var modelEvents = _.result(this, 'modelEvents');
	    unbindEvents.call(this, model, modelEvents);

	    var collectionEvents = _.result(this, 'collectionEvents');
	    unbindEvents.call(this, collection, collectionEvents);
	  }
	};

	// Borrow event splitter from Backbone
	var delegateEventSplitter = /^(\S+)\s*(.*)$/;

	function uniqueName(eventName, selector) {
	  return [eventName + _.uniqueId('.evt'), selector].join(' ');
	}

	// Set event name to be namespaced using a unique index
	// to generate a non colliding event namespace
	// http://api.jquery.com/event.namespace/
	var getUniqueEventName = function getUniqueEventName(eventName) {
	  var match = eventName.match(delegateEventSplitter);
	  return uniqueName(match[1], match[2]);
	};

	// Internal method to create an event handler for a given `triggerDef` like
	// 'click:foo'
	function buildViewTrigger(view, triggerDef) {
	  if (_.isString(triggerDef)) {
	    triggerDef = { event: triggerDef };
	  }

	  var eventName = triggerDef.event;
	  var shouldPreventDefault = triggerDef.preventDefault !== false;
	  var shouldStopPropagation = triggerDef.stopPropagation !== false;

	  return function (e) {
	    if (shouldPreventDefault) {
	      e.preventDefault();
	    }

	    if (shouldStopPropagation) {
	      e.stopPropagation();
	    }

	    view.triggerMethod(eventName, view);
	  };
	}

	var TriggersMixin = {

	  // Configure `triggers` to forward DOM events to view
	  // events. `triggers: {"click .foo": "do:foo"}`
	  _getViewTriggers: function _getViewTriggers(view, triggers) {
	    // Configure the triggers, prevent default
	    // action and stop propagation of DOM events
	    return _.reduce(triggers, function (events, value, key) {
	      key = getUniqueEventName(key);
	      events[key] = buildViewTrigger(view, value);
	      return events;
	    }, {});
	  }
	};

	// allows for the use of the @ui. syntax within
	// a given key for triggers and events
	// swaps the @ui with the associated selector.
	// Returns a new, non-mutated, parsed events hash.
	var _normalizeUIKeys = function _normalizeUIKeys(hash, ui) {
	  return _.reduce(hash, function (memo, val, key) {
	    var normalizedKey = _normalizeUIString(key, ui);
	    memo[normalizedKey] = val;
	    return memo;
	  }, {});
	};

	// utility method for parsing @ui. syntax strings
	// into associated selector
	var _normalizeUIString = function _normalizeUIString(uiString, ui) {
	  return uiString.replace(/@ui\.[a-zA-Z-_$0-9]*/g, function (r) {
	    return ui[r.slice(4)];
	  });
	};

	// allows for the use of the @ui. syntax within
	// a given value for regions
	// swaps the @ui with the associated selector
	var _normalizeUIValues = function _normalizeUIValues(hash, ui, properties) {
	  _.each(hash, function (val, key) {
	    if (_.isString(val)) {
	      hash[key] = _normalizeUIString(val, ui);
	    } else if (_.isObject(val) && _.isArray(properties)) {
	      _.extend(val, _normalizeUIValues(_.pick(val, properties), ui));
	      /* Value is an object, and we got an array of embedded property names to normalize. */
	      _.each(properties, function (property) {
	        var propertyVal = val[property];
	        if (_.isString(propertyVal)) {
	          val[property] = _normalizeUIString(propertyVal, ui);
	        }
	      });
	    }
	  });
	  return hash;
	};

	var UIMixin = {

	  // normalize the keys of passed hash with the views `ui` selectors.
	  // `{"@ui.foo": "bar"}`
	  normalizeUIKeys: function normalizeUIKeys(hash) {
	    var uiBindings = this._getUIBindings();
	    return _normalizeUIKeys(hash, uiBindings);
	  },


	  // normalize the passed string with the views `ui` selectors.
	  // `"@ui.bar"`
	  normalizeUIString: function normalizeUIString(uiString) {
	    var uiBindings = this._getUIBindings();
	    return _normalizeUIString(uiString, uiBindings);
	  },


	  // normalize the values of passed hash with the views `ui` selectors.
	  // `{foo: "@ui.bar"}`
	  normalizeUIValues: function normalizeUIValues(hash, properties) {
	    var uiBindings = this._getUIBindings();
	    return _normalizeUIValues(hash, uiBindings, properties);
	  },
	  _getUIBindings: function _getUIBindings() {
	    var uiBindings = _.result(this, '_uiBindings');
	    var ui = _.result(this, 'ui');
	    return uiBindings || ui;
	  },


	  // This method binds the elements specified in the "ui" hash inside the view's code with
	  // the associated jQuery selectors.
	  _bindUIElements: function _bindUIElements() {
	    var _this = this;

	    if (!this.ui) {
	      return;
	    }

	    // store the ui hash in _uiBindings so they can be reset later
	    // and so re-rendering the view will be able to find the bindings
	    if (!this._uiBindings) {
	      this._uiBindings = this.ui;
	    }

	    // get the bindings result, as a function or otherwise
	    var bindings = _.result(this, '_uiBindings');

	    // empty the ui so we don't have anything to start with
	    this._ui = {};

	    // bind each of the selectors
	    _.each(bindings, function (selector, key) {
	      _this._ui[key] = _this.$(selector);
	    });

	    this.ui = this._ui;
	  },
	  _unbindUIElements: function _unbindUIElements() {
	    var _this2 = this;

	    if (!this.ui || !this._uiBindings) {
	      return;
	    }

	    // delete all of the existing ui bindings
	    _.each(this.ui, function ($el, name) {
	      delete _this2.ui[name];
	    });

	    // reset the ui element to the original bindings configuration
	    this.ui = this._uiBindings;
	    delete this._uiBindings;
	    delete this._ui;
	  },
	  _getUI: function _getUI(name) {
	    return this._ui[name];
	  }
	};

	// MixinOptions
	// - behaviors
	// - childViewEventPrefix
	// - childViewEvents
	// - childViewTriggers
	// - collectionEvents
	// - modelEvents
	// - triggers
	// - ui


	var ViewMixin = {
	  supportsRenderLifecycle: true,
	  supportsDestroyLifecycle: true,

	  _isDestroyed: false,

	  isDestroyed: function isDestroyed() {
	    return !!this._isDestroyed;
	  },


	  _isRendered: false,

	  isRendered: function isRendered() {
	    return !!this._isRendered;
	  },


	  _isAttached: false,

	  isAttached: function isAttached() {
	    return !!this._isAttached;
	  },


	  // Overriding Backbone.View's `delegateEvents` to handle
	  // `events` and `triggers`
	  delegateEvents: function delegateEvents(eventsArg) {

	    this._proxyBehaviorViewProperties();
	    this._buildEventProxies();

	    var viewEvents = this._getEvents(eventsArg);

	    if (typeof eventsArg === 'undefined') {
	      this.events = viewEvents;
	    }

	    var combinedEvents = _.extend({}, this._getBehaviorEvents(), viewEvents, this._getBehaviorTriggers(), this.getTriggers());

	    Backbone.View.prototype.delegateEvents.call(this, combinedEvents);

	    return this;
	  },
	  _getEvents: function _getEvents(eventsArg) {
	    var events = eventsArg || this.events;

	    if (_.isFunction(events)) {
	      return this.normalizeUIKeys(events.call(this));
	    }

	    return this.normalizeUIKeys(events);
	  },


	  // Configure `triggers` to forward DOM events to view
	  // events. `triggers: {"click .foo": "do:foo"}`
	  getTriggers: function getTriggers() {
	    if (!this.triggers) {
	      return;
	    }

	    // Allow `triggers` to be configured as a function
	    var triggers = this.normalizeUIKeys(_.result(this, 'triggers'));

	    // Configure the triggers, prevent default
	    // action and stop propagation of DOM events
	    return this._getViewTriggers(this, triggers);
	  },


	  // Handle `modelEvents`, and `collectionEvents` configuration
	  delegateEntityEvents: function delegateEntityEvents() {
	    this._delegateEntityEvents(this.model, this.collection);

	    // bind each behaviors model and collection events
	    this._delegateBehaviorEntityEvents();

	    return this;
	  },


	  // Handle unbinding `modelEvents`, and `collectionEvents` configuration
	  undelegateEntityEvents: function undelegateEntityEvents() {
	    this._undelegateEntityEvents(this.model, this.collection);

	    // unbind each behaviors model and collection events
	    this._undelegateBehaviorEntityEvents();

	    return this;
	  },


	  // Internal helper method to verify whether the view hasn't been destroyed
	  _ensureViewIsIntact: function _ensureViewIsIntact() {
	    if (this._isDestroyed) {
	      throw new MarionetteError({
	        name: 'ViewDestroyedError',
	        message: 'View (cid: "' + this.cid + '") has already been destroyed and cannot be used.'
	      });
	    }
	  },


	  // Handle destroying the view and its children.
	  destroy: function destroy() {
	    if (this._isDestroyed) {
	      return this;
	    }
	    var shouldTriggerDetach = !!this._isAttached;

	    for (var _len = arguments.length, args = Array(_len), _key = 0; _key < _len; _key++) {
	      args[_key] = arguments[_key];
	    }

	    this.triggerMethod.apply(this, ['before:destroy', this].concat(args));
	    if (shouldTriggerDetach) {
	      this.triggerMethod('before:detach', this);
	    }

	    // unbind UI elements
	    this.unbindUIElements();

	    // remove the view from the DOM
	    // https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/blob/1.2.3/backbone.js#L1235
	    this._removeElement();

	    if (shouldTriggerDetach) {
	      this._isAttached = false;
	      this.triggerMethod('detach', this);
	    }

	    // remove children after the remove to prevent extra paints
	    this._removeChildren();

	    this._destroyBehaviors(args);

	    this._isDestroyed = true;
	    this._isRendered = false;
	    this.triggerMethod.apply(this, ['destroy', this].concat(args));

	    this.stopListening();

	    return this;
	  },
	  bindUIElements: function bindUIElements() {
	    this._bindUIElements();
	    this._bindBehaviorUIElements();

	    return this;
	  },


	  // This method unbinds the elements specified in the "ui" hash
	  unbindUIElements: function unbindUIElements() {
	    this._unbindUIElements();
	    this._unbindBehaviorUIElements();

	    return this;
	  },
	  getUI: function getUI(name) {
	    this._ensureViewIsIntact();
	    return this._getUI(name);
	  },


	  // used as the prefix for child view events
	  // that are forwarded through the layoutview
	  childViewEventPrefix: 'childview',

	  // import the `triggerMethod` to trigger events with corresponding
	  // methods if the method exists
	  triggerMethod: function triggerMethod$$() {
	    var ret = triggerMethod.apply(this, arguments);

	    this._triggerEventOnBehaviors.apply(this, arguments);
	    this._triggerEventOnParentLayout.apply(this, arguments);

	    return ret;
	  },


	  // Cache `childViewEvents` and `childViewTriggers`
	  _buildEventProxies: function _buildEventProxies() {
	    this._childViewEvents = _.result(this, 'childViewEvents');
	    this._childViewTriggers = _.result(this, 'childViewTriggers');
	  },
	  _triggerEventOnParentLayout: function _triggerEventOnParentLayout() {
	    var layoutView = this._parentView();
	    if (!layoutView) {
	      return;
	    }

	    layoutView._childViewEventHandler.apply(layoutView, arguments);
	  },


	  // Walk the _parent tree until we find a view (if one exists).
	  // Returns the parent view hierarchically closest to this view.
	  _parentView: function _parentView() {
	    var parent = this._parent;

	    while (parent) {
	      if (parent instanceof View) {
	        return parent;
	      }
	      parent = parent._parent;
	    }
	  },
	  _childViewEventHandler: function _childViewEventHandler(eventName) {
	    var childViewEvents = this.normalizeMethods(this._childViewEvents);

	    // call collectionView childViewEvent if defined

	    for (var _len2 = arguments.length, args = Array(_len2 > 1 ? _len2 - 1 : 0), _key2 = 1; _key2 < _len2; _key2++) {
	      args[_key2 - 1] = arguments[_key2];
	    }

	    if (typeof childViewEvents !== 'undefined' && _.isFunction(childViewEvents[eventName])) {
	      childViewEvents[eventName].apply(this, args);
	    }

	    // use the parent view's proxyEvent handlers
	    var childViewTriggers = this._childViewTriggers;

	    // Call the event with the proxy name on the parent layout
	    if (childViewTriggers && _.isString(childViewTriggers[eventName])) {
	      this.triggerMethod.apply(this, [childViewTriggers[eventName]].concat(args));
	    }

	    var prefix = _.result(this, 'childViewEventPrefix');

	    if (prefix !== false) {
	      var childEventName = prefix + ':' + eventName;

	      this.triggerMethod.apply(this, [childEventName].concat(args));
	    }
	  }
	};

	_.extend(ViewMixin, BehaviorsMixin, CommonMixin, DelegateEntityEventsMixin, TriggersMixin, UIMixin);

	function destroyBackboneView(view) {
	  if (!view.supportsDestroyLifecycle) {
	    triggerMethodOn(view, 'before:destroy', view);
	  }

	  var shouldTriggerDetach = !!view._isAttached;

	  if (shouldTriggerDetach) {
	    triggerMethodOn(view, 'before:detach', view);
	  }

	  view.remove();

	  if (shouldTriggerDetach) {
	    view._isAttached = false;
	    triggerMethodOn(view, 'detach', view);
	  }

	  view._isDestroyed = true;

	  if (!view.supportsDestroyLifecycle) {
	    triggerMethodOn(view, 'destroy', view);
	  }
	}

	var ClassOptions$2 = ['allowMissingEl', 'parentEl', 'replaceElement'];

	var Region = MarionetteObject.extend({
	  cidPrefix: 'mnr',
	  replaceElement: false,
	  _isReplaced: false,

	  constructor: function constructor(options) {
	    this._setOptions(options);

	    this.mergeOptions(options, ClassOptions$2);

	    // getOption necessary because options.el may be passed as undefined
	    this._initEl = this.el = this.getOption('el');

	    // Handle when this.el is passed in as a $ wrapped element.
	    this.el = this.el instanceof Backbone.$ ? this.el[0] : this.el;

	    if (!this.el) {
	      throw new MarionetteError({
	        name: 'NoElError',
	        message: 'An "el" must be specified for a region.'
	      });
	    }

	    this.$el = this.getEl(this.el);
	    MarionetteObject.call(this, options);
	  },


	  // Displays a backbone view instance inside of the region. Handles calling the `render`
	  // method for you. Reads content directly from the `el` attribute. The `preventDestroy`
	  // option can be used to prevent a view from the old view being destroyed on show.
	  show: function show(view, options) {
	    if (!this._ensureElement(options)) {
	      return;
	    }
	    this._ensureView(view);
	    if (view === this.currentView) {
	      return this;
	    }

	    this.triggerMethod('before:show', this, view, options);

	    monitorViewEvents(view);

	    this.empty(options);

	    // We need to listen for if a view is destroyed in a way other than through the region.
	    // If this happens we need to remove the reference to the currentView since once a view
	    // has been destroyed we can not reuse it.
	    view.on('destroy', this._empty, this);

	    // Make this region the view's parent.
	    // It's important that this parent binding happens before rendering so that any events
	    // the child may trigger during render can also be triggered on the child's ancestor views.
	    view._parent = this;

	    this._renderView(view);

	    this._attachView(view, options);

	    this.triggerMethod('show', this, view, options);
	    return this;
	  },
	  _renderView: function _renderView(view) {
	    if (view._isRendered) {
	      return;
	    }

	    if (!view.supportsRenderLifecycle) {
	      triggerMethodOn(view, 'before:render', view);
	    }

	    view.render();

	    if (!view.supportsRenderLifecycle) {
	      view._isRendered = true;
	      triggerMethodOn(view, 'render', view);
	    }
	  },
	  _attachView: function _attachView(view) {
	    var options = arguments.length > 1 && arguments[1] !== undefined ? arguments[1] : {};

	    var shouldTriggerAttach = !view._isAttached && isNodeAttached(this.el);
	    var shouldReplaceEl = typeof options.replaceElement === 'undefined' ? !!_.result(this, 'replaceElement') : !!options.replaceElement;

	    if (shouldTriggerAttach) {
	      triggerMethodOn(view, 'before:attach', view);
	    }

	    if (shouldReplaceEl) {
	      this._replaceEl(view);
	    } else {
	      this.attachHtml(view);
	    }

	    if (shouldTriggerAttach) {
	      view._isAttached = true;
	      triggerMethodOn(view, 'attach', view);
	    }

	    this.currentView = view;
	  },
	  _ensureElement: function _ensureElement() {
	    var options = arguments.length > 0 && arguments[0] !== undefined ? arguments[0] : {};

	    if (!_.isObject(this.el)) {
	      this.$el = this.getEl(this.el);
	      this.el = this.$el[0];
	    }

	    if (!this.$el || this.$el.length === 0) {
	      var allowMissingEl = typeof options.allowMissingEl === 'undefined' ? !!_.result(this, 'allowMissingEl') : !!options.allowMissingEl;

	      if (allowMissingEl) {
	        return false;
	      } else {
	        throw new MarionetteError('An "el" must exist in DOM for this region ' + this.cid);
	      }
	    }
	    return true;
	  },
	  _ensureView: function _ensureView(view) {
	    if (!view) {
	      throw new MarionetteError({
	        name: 'ViewNotValid',
	        message: 'The view passed is undefined and therefore invalid. You must pass a view instance to show.'
	      });
	    }

	    if (view._isDestroyed) {
	      throw new MarionetteError({
	        name: 'ViewDestroyedError',
	        message: 'View (cid: "' + view.cid + '") has already been destroyed and cannot be used.'
	      });
	    }
	  },


	  // Override this method to change how the region finds the DOM element that it manages. Return
	  // a jQuery selector object scoped to a provided parent el or the document if none exists.
	  getEl: function getEl(el) {
	    return Backbone.$(el, _.result(this, 'parentEl'));
	  },
	  _replaceEl: function _replaceEl(view) {
	    // always restore the el to ensure the regions el is present before replacing
	    this._restoreEl();

	    var parent = this.el.parentNode;

	    parent.replaceChild(view.el, this.el);
	    this._isReplaced = true;
	  },


	  // Restore the region's element in the DOM.
	  _restoreEl: function _restoreEl() {