learnyounode

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"> <title>Path | Node.js v12.10.0 Documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="data:text/css;base64,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"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="data:text/css;base64,/*--------------------- Layout and Typography ----------------------------*/
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.changelog > summary {
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.github_icon {
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"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="data:text/css;base64,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"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://nodejs.org/api/path.html"> </head> <body class="alt apidoc" id="api-section-path"> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <div id="column2" class="interior"> <div id="intro" class="interior"> <a href="https://nodejs.org/" title="Go back to the home page"> Node.js </a> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/api/documentation.html" class="nav-documentation">About these Docs</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/api/synopsis.html" class="nav-synopsis">Usage & Example</a></li> </ul> <div class="line"></div> <ul> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/api/assert.html" class="nav-assert">Assertion Testing</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/api/async_hooks.html" class="nav-async_hooks">Async Hooks</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/api/buffer.html" class="nav-buffer">Buffer</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/api/addons.html" class="nav-addons">C++ Addons</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/api/n-api.html" class="nav-n-api">C/C++ Addons - N-API</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/api/child_process.html" class="nav-child_process">Child Processes</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/api/cluster.html" class="nav-cluster">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/api/cli.html" class="nav-cli">Command Line Options</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/api/console.html" class="nav-console">Console</a></li> <li><a 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<li class="version-picker"> <a href="#">View another version <span>▼</span></a> <ol class="version-picker"><li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v12.x/api/path.html">12.x</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v11.x/api/path.html">11.x</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v10.x/api/path.html">10.x <b>LTS</b></a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v9.x/api/path.html">9.x</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v8.x/api/path.html">8.x <b>LTS</b></a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v7.x/api/path.html">7.x</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v6.x/api/path.html">6.x</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v5.x/api/path.html">5.x</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v4.x/api/path.html">4.x</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v0.12.x/api/path.html">0.12.x</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v0.10.x/api/path.html">0.10.x</a></li></ol> </li> <li class="edit_on_github"><a href="https://github.com/nodejs/node/edit/master/doc/api/path.md"><span class="github_icon"><svg height="16" width="16" viewBox="0 0 16.1 16.1" fill="currentColor"><path d="M8 0a8 8 0 0 0-2.5 15.6c.4 0 .5-.2.5-.4v-1.5c-2 .4-2.5-.5-2.7-1 0-.1-.5-.9-.8-1-.3-.2-.7-.6 0-.6.6 0 1 .6 1.2.8.7 1.2 1.9 1 2.4.7 0-.5.2-.9.5-1-1.8-.3-3.7-1-3.7-4 0-.9.3-1.6.8-2.2 0-.2-.3-1 .1-2 0 0 .7-.3 2.2.7a7.4 7.4 0 0 1 4 0c1.5-1 2.2-.8 2.2-.8.5 1.1.2 2 .1 2.1.5.6.8 1.3.8 2.2 0 3-1.9 3.7-3.6 4 .3.2.5.7.5 1.4v2.2c0 .2.1.5.5.4A8 8 0 0 0 16 8a8 8 0 0 0-8-8z"></path></svg></span>Edit on GitHub</a></li> </ul> </div> <hr> </header> <div id="toc"> <h2>Table of Contents</h2> <ul> <li> <p><span class="stability_2"><a href="#path_path">Path</a></span></p> <ul> <li><a href="#path_windows_vs_posix">Windows vs. POSIX</a></li> <li><a href="#path_path_basename_path_ext">path.basename(path[, ext])</a></li> <li><a href="#path_path_delimiter">path.delimiter</a></li> <li><a href="#path_path_dirname_path">path.dirname(path)</a></li> <li><a href="#path_path_extname_path">path.extname(path)</a></li> <li><a href="#path_path_format_pathobject">path.format(pathObject)</a></li> <li><a href="#path_path_isabsolute_path">path.isAbsolute(path)</a></li> <li><a href="#path_path_join_paths">path.join([...paths])</a></li> <li><a href="#path_path_normalize_path">path.normalize(path)</a></li> <li><a href="#path_path_parse_path">path.parse(path)</a></li> <li><a href="#path_path_posix">path.posix</a></li> <li><a href="#path_path_relative_from_to">path.relative(from, to)</a></li> <li><a href="#path_path_resolve_paths">path.resolve([...paths])</a></li> <li><a href="#path_path_sep">path.sep</a></li> <li><a href="#path_path_tonamespacedpath_path">path.toNamespacedPath(path)</a></li> <li><a href="#path_path_win32">path.win32</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="apicontent"> <h1>Path<span><a class="mark" href="#path_path" id="path_path">#</a></span></h1> <p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_2"><a href="https://nodejs.org/api/documentation.html#documentation_stability_index">Stability: 2</a> - Stable</div><p></p> <p>The <code>path</code> module provides utilities for working with file and directory paths. It can be accessed using:</p> <pre><code class="language-js">const path = require('path'); </code></pre> <h2>Windows vs. POSIX<span><a class="mark" href="#path_windows_vs_posix" id="path_windows_vs_posix">#</a></span></h2> <p>The default operation of the <code>path</code> module varies based on the operating system on which a Node.js application is running. Specifically, when running on a Windows operating system, the <code>path</code> module will assume that Windows-style paths are being used.</p> <p>So using <code>path.basename()</code> might yield different results on POSIX and Windows:</p> <p>On POSIX:</p> <pre><code class="language-js">path.basename('C:\\temp\\myfile.html'); // Returns: 'C:\\temp\\myfile.html' </code></pre> <p>On Windows:</p> <pre><code class="language-js">path.basename('C:\\temp\\myfile.html'); // Returns: 'myfile.html' </code></pre> <p>To achieve consistent results when working with Windows file paths on any operating system, use <a href="#path_path_win32"><code>path.win32</code></a>:</p> <p>On POSIX and Windows:</p> <pre><code class="language-js">path.win32.basename('C:\\temp\\myfile.html'); // Returns: 'myfile.html' </code></pre> <p>To achieve consistent results when working with POSIX file paths on any operating system, use <a href="#path_path_posix"><code>path.posix</code></a>:</p> <p>On POSIX and Windows:</p> <pre><code class="language-js">path.posix.basename('/tmp/myfile.html'); // Returns: 'myfile.html' </code></pre> <p>On Windows Node.js follows the concept of per-drive working directory. This behavior can be observed when using a drive path without a backslash. For example, <code>path.resolve('c:\\')</code> can potentially return a different result than <code>path.resolve('c:')</code>. For more information, see <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/FileIO/naming-a-file#fully-qualified-vs-relative-paths">this MSDN page</a>.</p> <h2>path.basename(path[, ext])<span><a class="mark" href="#path_path_basename_path_ext" id="path_path_basename_path_ext">#</a></span></h2> <div class="api_metadata"> <details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary> <table> <tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr> <tr><td>v6.0.0</td> <td><p>Passing a non-string as the <code>path</code> argument will throw now.</p></td></tr> <tr><td>v0.1.25</td> <td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.25</span></p></td></tr> </tbody></table> </details> </div> <ul> <li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> <li><code>ext</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> An optional file extension</li> <li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> </ul> <p>The <code>path.basename()</code> methods returns the last portion of a <code>path</code>, similar to the Unix <code>basename</code> command. Trailing directory separators are ignored, see <a href="#path_path_sep"><code>path.sep</code></a>.</p> <pre><code class="language-js">path.basename('/foo/bar/baz/asdf/quux.html'); // Returns: 'quux.html' path.basename('/foo/bar/baz/asdf/quux.html', '.html'); // Returns: 'quux' </code></pre> <p>A <a href="https://nodejs.org/api/errors.html#errors_class_typeerror"><code>TypeError</code></a> is thrown if <code>path</code> is not a string or if <code>ext</code> is given and is not a string.</p> <h2>path.delimiter<span><a class="mark" href="#path_path_delimiter" id="path_path_delimiter">#</a></span></h2> <div class="api_metadata"> <span>Added in: v0.9.3</span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> </ul> <p>Provides the platform-specific path delimiter:</p> <ul> <li><code>;</code> for Windows</li> <li><code>:</code> for POSIX</li> </ul> <p>For example, on POSIX:</p> <pre><code class="language-js">console.log(process.env.PATH); // Prints: '/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/local/bin' process.env.PATH.split(path.delimiter); // Returns: ['/usr/bin', '/bin', '/usr/sbin', '/sbin', '/usr/local/bin'] </code></pre> <p>On Windows:</p> <pre><code class="language-js">console.log(process.env.PATH); // Prints: 'C:\Windows\system32;C:\Windows;C:\Program Files\node\' process.env.PATH.split(path.delimiter); // Returns ['C:\\Windows\\system32', 'C:\\Windows', 'C:\\Program Files\\node\\'] </code></pre> <h2>path.dirname(path)<span><a class="mark" href="#path_path_dirname_path" id="path_path_dirname_path">#</a></span></h2> <div class="api_metadata"> <details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary> <table> <tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr> <tr><td>v6.0.0</td> <td><p>Passing a non-string as the <code>path</code> argument will throw now.</p></td></tr> <tr><td>v0.1.16</td> <td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.16</span></p></td></tr> </tbody></table> </details> </div> <ul> <li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> <li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> </ul> <p>The <code>path.dirname()</code> method returns the directory name of a <code>path</code>, similar to the Unix <code>dirname</code> command. Trailing directory separators are ignored, see <a href="#path_path_sep"><code>path.sep</code></a>.</p> <pre><code class="language-js">path.dirname('/foo/bar/baz/asdf/quux'); // Returns: '/foo/bar/baz/asdf' </code></pre> <p>A <a href="https://nodejs.org/api/errors.html#errors_class_typeerror"><code>TypeError</code></a> is thrown if <code>path</code> is not a string.</p> <h2>path.extname(path)<span><a class="mark" href="#path_path_extname_path" id="path_path_extname_path">#</a></span></h2> <div class="api_metadata"> <details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary> <table> <tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr> <tr><td>v6.0.0</td> <td><p>Passing a non-string as the <code>path</code> argument will throw now.</p></td></tr> <tr><td>v0.1.25</td> <td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.25</span></p></td></tr> </tbody></table> </details> </div> <ul> <li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> <li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> </ul> <p>The <code>path.extname()</code> method returns the extension of the <code>path</code>, from the last occurrence of the <code>.</code> (period) character to end of string in the last portion of the <code>path</code>. If there is no <code>.</code> in the last portion of the <code>path</code>, or if there are no <code>.</code> characters other than the first character of the basename of <code>path</code> (see <code>path.basename()</code>) , an empty string is returned.</p> <pre><code class="language-js">path.extname('index.html'); // Returns: '.html' path.extname('index.coffee.md'); // Returns: '.md' path.extname('index.'); // Returns: '.' path.extname('index'); // Returns: '' path.extname('.index'); // Returns: '' path.extname('.index.md'); // Returns: '.md' </code></pre> <p>A <a href="https://nodejs.org/api/errors.html#errors_class_typeerror"><code>TypeError</code></a> is thrown if <code>path</code> is not a string.</p> <h2>path.format(pathObject)<span><a class="mark" href="#path_path_format_pathobject" id="path_path_format_pathobject">#</a></span></h2> <div class="api_metadata"> <span>Added in: v0.11.15</span> </div> <ul> <li> <p><code>pathObject</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></p> <ul> <li><code>dir</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> <li><code>root</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> <li><code>base</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> <li><code>name</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> <li><code>ext</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> </ul> </li> <li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> </ul> <p>The <code>path.format()</code> method returns a path string from an object. This is the opposite of <a href="#path_path_parse_path"><code>path.parse()</code></a>.</p> <p>When providing properties to the <code>pathObject</code> remember that there are combinations where one property has priority over another:</p> <ul> <li><code>pathObject.root</code> is ignored if <code>pathObject.dir</code> is provided</li> <li><code>pathObject.ext</code> and <code>pathObject.name</code> are ignored if <code>pathObject.base</code> exists</li> </ul> <p>For example, on POSIX:</p> <pre><code class="language-js">// If `dir`, `root` and `base` are provided, // `${dir}${path.sep}${base}` // will be returned. `root` is ignored. path.format({ root: '/ignored', dir: '/home/user/dir', base: 'file.txt' }); // Returns: '/home/user/dir/file.txt' // `root` will be used if `dir` is not specified. // If only `root` is provided or `dir` is equal to `root` then the // platform separator will not be included. `ext` will be ignored. path.format({ root: '/', base: 'file.txt', ext: 'ignored' }); // Returns: '/file.txt' // `name` + `ext` will be used if `base` is not specified. path.format({ root: '/', name: 'file', ext: '.txt' }); // Returns: '/file.txt' </code></pre> <p>On Windows:</p> <pre><code class="language-js">path.format({ dir: 'C:\\path\\dir', base: 'file.txt' }); // Returns: 'C:\\path\\dir\\file.txt' </code></pre> <h2>path.isAbsolute(path)<span><a class="mark" href="#path_path_isabsolute_path" id="path_path_isabsolute_path">#</a></span></h2> <div class="api_metadata"> <span>Added in: v0.11.2</span> </div> <ul> <li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> <li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li> </ul> <p>The <code>path.isAbsolute()</code> method determines if <code>path</code> is an absolute path.</p> <p>If the given <code>path</code> is a zero-length string, <code>false</code> will be returned.</p> <p>For example, on POSIX:</p> <pre><code class="language-js">path.isAbsolute('/foo/bar'); // true path.isAbsolute('/baz/..'); // true path.isAbsolute('qux/'); // false path.isAbsolute('.'); // false </code></pre> <p>On Windows:</p> <pre><code class="language-js">path.isAbsolute('//server'); // true path.isAbsolute('\\\\server'); // true path.isAbsolute('C:/foo/..'); // true path.isAbsolute('C:\\foo\\..'); // true path.isAbsolute('bar\\baz'); // false path.isAbsolute('bar/baz'); // false path.isAbsolute('.'); // false </code></pre> <p>A <a href="https://nodejs.org/api/errors.html#errors_class_typeerror"><code>TypeError</code></a> is thrown if <code>path</code> is not a string.</p> <h2>path.join([...paths])<span><a class="mark" href="#path_path_join_paths" id="path_path_join_paths">#</a></span></h2> <div class="api_metadata"> <span>Added in: v0.1.16</span> </div> <ul> <li><code>...paths</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> A sequence of path segments</li> <li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> </ul> <p>The <code>path.join()</code> method joins all given <code>path</code> segments together using the platform-specific separator as a delimiter, then normalizes the resulting path.</p> <p>Zero-length <code>path</code> segments are ignored. If the joined path string is a zero-length string then <code>'.'</code> will be returned, representing the current working directory.</p> <pre><code class="language-js">path.join('/foo', 'bar', 'baz/asdf', 'quux', '..'); // Returns: '/foo/bar/baz/asdf' path.join('foo', {}, 'bar'); // Throws 'TypeError: Path must be a string. Received {}' </code></pre> <p>A <a href="https://nodejs.org/api/errors.html#errors_class_typeerror"><code>TypeError</code></a> is thrown if any of the path segments is not a string.</p> <h2>path.normalize(path)<span><a class="mark" href="#path_path_normalize_path" id="path_path_normalize_path">#</a></span></h2> <div class="api_metadata"> <span>Added in: v0.1.23</span> </div> <ul> <li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> <li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> </ul> <p>The <code>path.normalize()</code> method normalizes the given <code>path</code>, resolving <code>'..'</code> and <code>'.'</code> segments.</p> <p>When multiple, sequential path segment separation characters are found (e.g. <code>/</code> on POSIX and either <code>\</code> or <code>/</code> on Windows), they are replaced by a single instance of the platform-specific path segment separator (<code>/</code> on POSIX and <code>\</code> on Windows). Trailing separators are preserved.</p> <p>If the <code>path</code> is a zero-length string, <code>'.'</code> is returned, representing the current working directory.</p> <p>For example, on POSIX:</p> <pre><code class="language-js">path.normalize('/foo/bar//baz/asdf/quux/..'); // Returns: '/foo/bar/baz/asdf' </code></pre> <p>On Windows:</p> <pre><code class="language-js">path.normalize('C:\\temp\\\\foo\\bar\\..\\'); // Returns: 'C:\\temp\\foo\\' </code></pre> <p>Since Windows recognizes multiple path separators, both separators will be replaced by instances of the Windows preferred separator (<code>\</code>):</p> <pre><code class="language-js">path.win32.normalize('C:////temp\\\\/\\/\\/foo/bar'); // Returns: 'C:\\temp\\foo\\bar' </code></pre> <p>A <a href="https://nodejs.org/api/errors.html#errors_class_typeerror"><code>TypeError</code></a> is thrown if <code>path</code> is not a string.</p> <h2>path.parse(path)<span><a class="mark" href="#path_path_parse_path" id="path_path_parse_path">#</a></span></h2> <div class="api_metadata"> <span>Added in: v0.11.15</span> </div> <ul> <li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> <li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></li> </ul> <p>The <code>path.parse()</code> method returns an object whose properties represent significant elements of the <code>path</code>. Trailing directory separators are ignored, see <a href="#path_path_sep"><code>path.sep</code></a>.</p> <p>The returned object will have the following properties:</p> <ul> <li><code>dir</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> <li><code>root</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> <li><code>base</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> <li><code>name</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> <li><code>ext</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> </ul> <p>For example, on POSIX:</p> <pre><code class="language-js">path.parse('/home/user/dir/file.txt'); // Returns: // { root: '/', // dir: '/home/user/dir', // base: 'file.txt', // ext: '.txt', // name: 'file' } </code></pre> <pre><code class="language-text">┌─────────────────────┬────────────┐ │ dir │ base │ ├──────┬ ├──────┬─────┤ │ root │ │ name │ ext │ " / home/user/dir / file .txt " └──────┴──────────────┴──────┴─────┘ (all spaces in the "" line should be ignored — they are purely for formatting) </code></pre> <p>On Windows:</p> <pre><code class="language-js">path.parse('C:\\path\\dir\\file.txt'); // Returns: // { root: 'C:\\', // dir: 'C:\\path\\dir', // base: 'file.txt', // ext: '.txt', // name: 'file' } </code></pre> <pre><code class="language-text">┌─────────────────────┬────────────┐ │ dir │ base │ ├──────┬ ├──────┬─────┤ │ root │ │ name │ ext │ " C:\ path\dir \ file .txt " └──────┴──────────────┴──────┴─────┘ (all spaces in the "" line should be ignored — they are purely for formatting) </code></pre> <p>A <a href="https://nodejs.org/api/errors.html#errors_class_typeerror"><code>TypeError</code></a> is thrown if <code>path</code> is not a string.</p> <h2>path.posix<span><a class="mark" href="#path_path_posix" id="path_path_posix">#</a></span></h2> <div class="api_metadata"> <span>Added in: v0.11.15</span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></li> </ul> <p>The <code>path.posix</code> property provides access to POSIX specific implementations of the <code>path</code> methods.</p> <h2>path.relative(from, to)<span><a class="mark" href="#path_path_relative_from_to" id="path_path_relative_from_to">#</a></span></h2> <div class="api_metadata"> <details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary> <table> <tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr> <tr><td>v6.8.0</td> <td><p>On Windows, the leading slashes for UNC paths are now included in the return value.</p></td></tr> <tr><td>v0.5.0</td> <td><p><span>Added in: v0.5.0</span></p></td></tr> </tbody></table> </details> </div> <ul> <li><code>from</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> <li><code>to</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> <li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> </ul> <p>The <code>path.relative()</code> method returns the relative path from <code>from</code> to <code>to</code> based on the current working directory. If <code>from</code> and <code>to</code> each resolve to the same path (after calling <code>path.resolve()</code> on each), a zero-length string is returned.</p> <p>If a zero-length string is passed as <code>from</code> or <code>to</code>, the current working directory will be used instead of the zero-length strings.</p> <p>For example, on POSIX:</p> <pre><code class="language-js">path.relative('/data/orandea/test/aaa', '/data/orandea/impl/bbb'); // Returns: '../../impl/bbb' </code></pre> <p>On Windows:</p> <pre><code class="language-js">path.relative('C:\\orandea\\test\\aaa', 'C:\\orandea\\impl\\bbb'); // Returns: '..\\..\\impl\\bbb' </code></pre> <p>A <a href="https://nodejs.org/api/errors.html#errors_class_typeerror"><code>TypeError</code></a> is thrown if either <code>from</code> or <code>to</code> is not a string.</p> <h2>path.resolve([...paths])<span><a class="mark" href="#path_path_resolve_paths" id="path_path_resolve_paths">#</a></span></h2> <div class="api_metadata"> <span>Added in: v0.3.4</span> </div> <ul> <li><code>...paths</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> A sequence of paths or path segments</li> <li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> </ul> <p>The <code>path.resolve()</code> method resolves a sequence of paths or path segments into an absolute path.</p> <p>The given sequence of paths is processed from right to left, with each subsequent <code>path</code> prepended until an absolute path is constructed. For instance, given the sequence of path segments: <code>/foo</code>, <code>/bar</code>, <code>baz</code>, calling <code>path.resolve('/foo', '/bar', 'baz')</code> would return <code>/bar/baz</code>.</p> <p>If after processing all given <code>path</code> segments an absolute path has not yet been generated, the current working directory is used.</p> <p>The resulting path is normalized and trailing slashes are removed unless the path is resolved to the root directory.</p> <p>Zero-length <code>path</code> segments are ignored.</p> <p>If no <code>path</code> segments are passed, <code>path.resolve()</code> will return the absolute path of the current working directory.</p> <pre><code class="language-js">path.resolve('/foo/bar', './baz'); // Returns: '/foo/bar/baz' path.resolve('/foo/bar', '/tmp/file/'); // Returns: '/tmp/file' path.resolve('wwwroot', 'static_files/png/', '../gif/image.gif'); // If the current working directory is /home/myself/node, // this returns '/home/myself/node/wwwroot/static_files/gif/image.gif' </code></pre> <p>A <a href="https://nodejs.org/api/errors.html#errors_class_typeerror"><code>TypeError</code></a> is thrown if any of the arguments is not a string.</p> <h2>path.sep<span><a class="mark" href="#path_path_sep" id="path_path_sep">#</a></span></h2> <div class="api_metadata"> <span>Added in: v0.7.9</span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> </ul> <p>Provides the platform-specific path segment separator:</p> <ul> <li><code>\</code> on Windows</li> <li><code>/</code> on POSIX</li> </ul> <p>For example, on POSIX:</p> <pre><code class="language-js">'foo/bar/baz'.split(path.sep); // Returns: ['foo', 'bar', 'baz'] </code></pre> <p>On Windows:</p> <pre><code class="language-js">'foo\\bar\\baz'.split(path.sep); // Returns: ['foo', 'bar', 'baz'] </code></pre> <p>On Windows, both the forward slash (<code>/</code>) and backward slash (<code>\</code>) are accepted as path segment separators; however, the <code>path</code> methods only add backward slashes (<code>\</code>).</p> <h2>path.toNamespacedPath(path)<span><a class="mark" href="#path_path_tonamespacedpath_path" id="path_path_tonamespacedpath_path">#</a></span></h2> <div class="api_metadata"> <span>Added in: v9.0.0</span> </div> <ul> <li><code>path</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> <li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> </ul> <p>On Windows systems only, returns an equivalent <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/FileIO/naming-a-file#namespaces">namespace-prefixed path</a> for the given <code>path</code>. If <code>path</code> is not a string, <code>path</code> will be returned without modifications.</p> <p>This method is meaningful only on Windows system. On POSIX systems, the method is non-operational and always returns <code>path</code> without modifications.</p> <h2>path.win32<span><a class="mark" href="#path_path_win32" id="path_path_win32">#</a></span></h2> <div class="api_metadata"> <span>Added in: v0.11.15</span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></li> </ul> <p>The <code>path.win32</code> property provides access to Windows-specific implementations of the <code>path</code> methods.</p> </div> </div> </div> <script src="data:application/javascript;base64,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