larvitgeodata

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?> <!DOCTYPE supplementalData SYSTEM "../../common/dtd/ldmlSupplemental.dtd">  <supplementalData> <version number="$Revision: 11914 $" /> <transforms> <transform source="am" target="am_FONIPA" direction="forward" draft="contributed"> <comment># Transforms Amharic (am) to Amharic in phonemic IPA transcription (am_FONIPA).</comment> <comment>#</comment> <comment># Labialization:</comment> <comment># Amharic speakers will usually say ሟ as [mʷa] instead of [mwa];</comment> <comment># labializing [m] instead of saying [m] followed by a separate [w].</comment> <comment># Most Amharic consonants can get labialized. To keep the phonemic</comment> <comment># transcription simple, we emit /m/ + /w/; otherwise, our phoneme</comment> <comment># set would almost double, and it would include very unusual phonemes</comment> <comment># such as /ɲʷ/ or /t͡ʃʼʷ/.</comment> <comment>#</comment> <comment># References:</comment> <comment># [1] The Ge’ez Frontier Foundation: “Principles and Specification</comment> <comment># for Mnemonic Ethiopic Keyboards.” Version of January 17, 2009;</comment> <comment># retrieved on November 4, 2014.</comment> <comment># http://keyboards.ethiopic.org/specification/GFF-MnemonicEthiopicKeyboardSpecification.pdf</comment> <comment># Other than most online sources, this report uses correct IPA notation</comment> <comment># with the exception of /j/, which it consistently (but wrongly)</comment> <comment># writes as */y/.</comment> <tRule></tRule> <comment># TODO(sascha): Implement these, instead of stripping them away.</comment> <tRule>\u135D → ''; # U+135D ETHIOPIC COMBINING GEMINATION AND VOWEL LENGTH MARK</tRule> <tRule>\u135E → ''; # U+135E ETHIOPIC COMBINING VOWEL LENGTH MARK</tRule> <tRule>\u135F → ''; # U+135F ETHIOPIC COMBINING GEMINATION MARK</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <comment># Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሀ as /hə/. However, according to</comment> <comment># an Amharic-speaking person, there is no /hə/ sequence</comment> <comment># in Amharic; instead, it gets pronounced as /ha/.</comment> <tRule>ሀ → ha;</tRule> <tRule>ሁ → hu;</tRule> <tRule>ሂ → hi;</tRule> <tRule>ሃ → ha;</tRule> <tRule>ሄ → he;</tRule> <tRule>ህ → hɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ሆ → ho;</tRule> <tRule>ሇ → ho; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /hɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <tRule>ለ → lə;</tRule> <tRule>ሉ → lu;</tRule> <tRule>ሊ → li;</tRule> <tRule>ላ → la;</tRule> <tRule>ሌ → le;</tRule> <tRule>ል → lɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ሎ → lo;</tRule> <tRule>ⶀ → lo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /lɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule>ሏ → lwa;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <comment># Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሐ as Voiceless pharyngeal fricative</comment> <comment># /ħə/. However, according to an Amharic-speaking person, Amharic</comment> <comment># makes no difference in pronunciation between ሐ...ሓ and ሀ...ሃ; both</comment> <comment># are pronounced as Voiceless glottal fricative /h/. Also, according</comment> <comment># to the speaker there is no /hə/ sequence in Amharic; instead, it</comment> <comment># gets pronounced as /ha/.</comment> <tRule>ሐ → ha;</tRule> <tRule>ሑ → hu;</tRule> <tRule>ሒ → hi;</tRule> <tRule>ሓ → ha;</tRule> <tRule>ሔ → he;</tRule> <tRule>ሕ → hɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ሖ → ho;</tRule> <tRule>ሗ → hwa;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <tRule>መ → mə;</tRule> <tRule>ሙ → mu;</tRule> <tRule>ሚ → mi;</tRule> <tRule>ማ → ma;</tRule> <tRule>ሜ → me;</tRule> <tRule>ም → mɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ሞ → mo;</tRule> <tRule>ⶁ → mo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /mɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule>ᎀ → mwə; # Sebatbeit /mwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule>ᎃ → mwu; # Sebatbeit /mwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule>ᎁ → mwi; # Sebatbeit /mwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule>ሟ → mwa;</tRule> <tRule>ᎂ → mwe; # Sebatbeit /mwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule>ፙ → mja; # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፙ as /mʲa/.</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <tRule>ሠ → sə;</tRule> <tRule>ሡ → su;</tRule> <tRule>ሢ → si;</tRule> <tRule>ሣ → sa;</tRule> <tRule>ሤ → se;</tRule> <tRule>ሥ → sɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ሦ → so;</tRule> <tRule>ሧ → swa;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <tRule>ረ → rə;</tRule> <tRule>ሩ → ru;</tRule> <tRule>ሪ → ri;</tRule> <tRule>ራ → ra;</tRule> <tRule>ሬ → re;</tRule> <tRule>ር → rɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ሮ → ro;</tRule> <tRule>ⶂ → ro; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /rɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule>ሯ → rwa;</tRule> <tRule>ፘ → rja; # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፘ as /rʲa/.</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <comment># Amharic speakers pronounce ሰ like ሠ. Source: [1], Appendix B.</comment> <tRule>ሰ → sə;</tRule> <tRule>ሱ → su;</tRule> <tRule>ሲ → si;</tRule> <tRule>ሳ → sa;</tRule> <tRule>ሴ → se;</tRule> <tRule>ስ → sɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ሶ → so;</tRule> <tRule>ⶃ → so; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /sɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule>ሷ → swa;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <tRule>ሸ → ʃə;</tRule> <tRule>ሹ → ʃu;</tRule> <tRule>ሺ → ʃi;</tRule> <tRule>ሻ → ʃa;</tRule> <tRule>ሼ → ʃe;</tRule> <tRule>ሽ → ʃɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ሾ → ʃo;</tRule> <tRule>ⶄ → ʃo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ʃɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule>ሿ → ʃwa;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <comment># Amharic speakers pronounce ⶠ like ሸ. Source: [1], Appendix B.</comment> <tRule>ⶠ → ʃə;</tRule> <tRule>ⶡ → ʃu;</tRule> <tRule>ⶢ → ʃi;</tRule> <tRule>ⶣ → ʃa;</tRule> <tRule>ⶤ → ʃe;</tRule> <tRule>ⶥ → ʃɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ⶦ → ʃo;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <tRule>ቀ → kʼə;</tRule> <tRule>ቁ → kʼu;</tRule> <tRule>ቂ → kʼi;</tRule> <tRule>ቃ → kʼa;</tRule> <tRule>ቄ → kʼe;</tRule> <tRule>ቅ → kʼɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ቆ → kʼo;</tRule> <tRule>ቇ → kʼo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /kʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule>ቈ → kʼwə;</tRule> <tRule>ቍ → kʼwu;</tRule> <tRule>ቊ → kʼwi;</tRule> <tRule>ቋ → kʼwa;</tRule> <tRule>ቌ → kʼwe;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <comment># In Awngi, Blin, Qimant, and Xamtanga, ቐ is spoken as voiced uvular fricative [ʁ].</comment> <comment># Source: [1], Appendix C. However, */ʁ/ is not an Amharic phoneme.</comment> <comment># When reading foreign words with ቐ, Amharic speakers pronounce</comment> <comment># ቐ like ቀ, i.e. as velar ejective /kʼ/.</comment> <tRule>ቐ → kʼə;</tRule> <tRule>ቑ → kʼu;</tRule> <tRule>ቒ → kʼi;</tRule> <tRule>ቓ → kʼa;</tRule> <tRule>ቔ → kʼe;</tRule> <tRule>ቕ → kʼɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ቖ → kʼo;</tRule> <tRule>ቘ → kʼwə;</tRule> <tRule>ቝ → kʼwu;</tRule> <tRule>ቚ → kʼwi;</tRule> <tRule>ቛ → kʼwa;</tRule> <tRule>ቜ → kʼwe;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <comment># In Sebatbeit, ⷀ is spoken as palatalized velar ejective /kʼʲ/ ([1], Appendix H).</comment> <comment># In Amharic, the syllable is not used, but it might appear in names.</comment> <tRule>ⷀ → kʼjə;</tRule> <tRule>ⷁ → kʼju;</tRule> <tRule>ⷂ → kʼji;</tRule> <tRule>ⷃ → kʼja;</tRule> <tRule>ⷄ → kʼje;</tRule> <tRule>ⷅ → kʼjɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ⷆ → kʼjo;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <tRule>በ → bə;</tRule> <tRule>ቡ → bu;</tRule> <tRule>ቢ → bi;</tRule> <tRule>ባ → ba;</tRule> <tRule>ቤ → be;</tRule> <tRule>ብ → bɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ቦ → bo;</tRule> <tRule>ⶅ → bo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /bɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule>ᎄ → bwə; # Sebatbeit /bʷə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule>ᎇ → bwu; # Sebatbeit /bʷu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule>ᎅ → bwi; # Sebatbeit /bʷi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule>ቧ → bwa; # Sebatbeit /bʷa/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule>ᎆ → bwe; # Sebatbeit /bʷe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <tRule>ቨ → və;</tRule> <tRule>ቩ → vu;</tRule> <tRule>ቪ → vi;</tRule> <tRule>ቫ → va;</tRule> <tRule>ቬ → ve;</tRule> <tRule>ቭ → vɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ቮ → vo;</tRule> <tRule>ቯ → vwa;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <tRule>ተ → tə;</tRule> <tRule>ቱ → tu;</tRule> <tRule>ቲ → ti;</tRule> <tRule>ታ → ta;</tRule> <tRule>ቴ → te;</tRule> <tRule>ት → tɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ቶ → to;</tRule> <tRule>ⶆ → to; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /tɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule>ቷ → twa;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <tRule>ቸ → t͡ʃə;</tRule> <tRule>ቹ → t͡ʃu;</tRule> <tRule>ቺ → t͡ʃi;</tRule> <tRule>ቻ → t͡ʃa;</tRule> <tRule>ቼ → t͡ʃe;</tRule> <tRule>ች → t͡ʃɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ቾ → t͡ʃo;</tRule> <tRule>ቿ → t͡ʃwa;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <comment># Unclear which Ethiopic language uses ⶨ. It only appears in the</comment> <comment># “Language Neutral” list of Appendix L in [1], which transcribes it as t͡ʃ.</comment> <comment># For Amharic, we pronounce ⶨ therefore like ቸ.</comment> <tRule>ⶨ → t͡ʃə;</tRule> <tRule>ⶩ → t͡ʃu;</tRule> <tRule>ⶪ → t͡ʃi;</tRule> <tRule>ⶫ → t͡ʃa;</tRule> <tRule>ⶬ → t͡ʃe;</tRule> <tRule>ⶭ → t͡ʃɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ⶮ → t͡ʃo;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <comment># In Amharic, ኀ is pronounced like ሀ.</comment> <comment># Source: [1], section on “Phonological Redundancy” for Amharic, page</comment> <comment># 5. Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሀ as /hə/. However, according to</comment> <comment># an Amharic-speaking person, there is no /hə/ sequence in Amharic.</comment> <comment># Instead, ሀ (and hence also ኀ) gets pronounced as /ha/.</comment> <tRule></tRule> <tRule>ኀ → ha;</tRule> <tRule>ኁ → hu;</tRule> <tRule>ኂ → hi;</tRule> <tRule>ኃ → ha;</tRule> <tRule>ኄ → he;</tRule> <tRule>ኅ → hɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ኆ → ho;</tRule> <tRule>ኇ → ho; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ŋɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule>ኈ → hwə;</tRule> <tRule>ኍ → hwu;</tRule> <tRule>ኊ → hwi;</tRule> <tRule>ኋ → hwa;</tRule> <tRule>ኌ → hwe;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <tRule>ነ → nə;</tRule> <tRule>ኑ → nu;</tRule> <tRule>ኒ → ni;</tRule> <tRule>ና → na;</tRule> <tRule>ኔ → ne;</tRule> <tRule>ን → nɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ኖ → no;</tRule> <tRule>ⶈ → no; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /nɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule>ኗ → nwa;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <tRule>ኘ → ɲə;</tRule> <tRule>ኙ → ɲu;</tRule> <tRule>ኚ → ɲi;</tRule> <tRule>ኛ → ɲa;</tRule> <tRule>ኜ → ɲe;</tRule> <tRule>ኝ → ɲɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ኞ → ɲo;</tRule> <tRule>ⶉ → ɲo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ɲɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule>ኟ → ɲwa;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <tRule>አ → ʔə;</tRule> <tRule>ኡ → ʔu;</tRule> <tRule>ኢ → ʔi;</tRule> <tRule>ኣ → ʔa;</tRule> <tRule>ኤ → ʔe;</tRule> <tRule>እ → ʔɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ኦ → ʔo;</tRule> <tRule>ⶊ → ʔo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ɲɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <tRule>ከ → kə;</tRule> <tRule>ኩ → ku;</tRule> <tRule>ኪ → ki;</tRule> <tRule>ካ → ka;</tRule> <tRule>ኬ → ke;</tRule> <tRule>ክ → kɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ኮ → ko;</tRule> <tRule>ኰ → kwə;</tRule> <tRule>ኵ → kwu;</tRule> <tRule>ኲ → kwi;</tRule> <tRule>ኳ → kwa;</tRule> <tRule>ኴ → kwe;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <comment># In Sebatbeit, ⷈ is spoken as palatalized velar plosive /kʲ/ ([1], Appendix H).</comment> <comment># Amharic speakers pronounce it as /k/ without palatalization.</comment> <tRule>ⷈ → kə;</tRule> <tRule>ⷉ → ku;</tRule> <tRule>ⷊ → ki;</tRule> <tRule>ⷋ → ka;</tRule> <tRule>ⷌ → ke;</tRule> <tRule>ⷍ → kɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ⷎ → ko;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <comment># In Sebatbeit, ⷐ is spoken as palatalized voiceless velar fricative/xʲə/</comment> <comment># according to [1], Appendix H. When the syllable appears in names,</comment> <comment># Amharic speakers pronounce it as /kə/ without palatalization.</comment> <tRule>ⷐ → kə;</tRule> <tRule>ⷑ → ku;</tRule> <tRule>ⷒ → ki;</tRule> <tRule>ⷓ → ka;</tRule> <tRule>ⷔ → ke;</tRule> <tRule>ⷕ → kɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ⷖ → ko;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <tRule>ወ → wə;</tRule> <tRule>ዉ → wu;</tRule> <tRule>ዊ → wi;</tRule> <tRule>ዋ → wa;</tRule> <tRule>ዌ → we;</tRule> <tRule>ው → wɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ዎ → wo;</tRule> <tRule>ዏ → wo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /wɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <tRule>ዐ → ʕə;</tRule> <tRule>ዑ → ʕu;</tRule> <tRule>ዒ → ʕi;</tRule> <tRule>ዓ → ʕa;</tRule> <tRule>ዔ → ʕe;</tRule> <tRule>ዕ → ʕɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ዖ → ʕo;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <tRule>ዘ → zə;</tRule> <tRule>ዙ → zu;</tRule> <tRule>ዚ → zi;</tRule> <tRule>ዛ → za;</tRule> <tRule>ዜ → ze;</tRule> <tRule>ዝ → zɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ዞ → zo;</tRule> <tRule>ⶋ → zo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule>ዟ → zwa;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <tRule>ዠ → ʒə;</tRule> <tRule>ዡ → ʒu;</tRule> <tRule>ዢ → ʒi;</tRule> <tRule>ዣ → ʒa;</tRule> <tRule>ዤ → ʒe;</tRule> <tRule>ዥ → ʒɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ዦ → ʒo;</tRule> <tRule>ዧ → ʒwa;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <comment># Unclear which Ethiopic language uses ⶰ. It only appears in the</comment> <comment># “Language Neutral” list of Appendix L in [1], which transcribes it as ʒ.</comment> <comment># For Amharic, we pronounce ⶰ therefore like ዠ.</comment> <tRule>ⶰ → ʒə;</tRule> <tRule>ⶱ → ʒu;</tRule> <tRule>ⶲ → ʒi;</tRule> <tRule>ⶳ → ʒa;</tRule> <tRule>ⶴ → ʒe;</tRule> <tRule>ⶵ → ʒɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ⶶ → ʒo;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <tRule>የ → jə;</tRule> <tRule>ዩ → ju;</tRule> <tRule>ዪ → ji;</tRule> <tRule>ያ → ja;</tRule> <tRule>ዬ → je;</tRule> <tRule>ይ → jɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ዮ → jo;</tRule> <tRule>ዯ → jo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <tRule>ደ → də;</tRule> <tRule>ዱ → du;</tRule> <tRule>ዲ → di;</tRule> <tRule>ዳ → da;</tRule> <tRule>ዴ → de;</tRule> <tRule>ድ → dɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ዶ → do;</tRule> <tRule>ⶌ → do; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule>ዷ → dwa;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <tRule>ጀ → d͡ʒə;</tRule> <tRule>ጁ → d͡ʒu;</tRule> <tRule>ጂ → d͡ʒi;</tRule> <tRule>ጃ → d͡ʒa;</tRule> <tRule>ጄ → d͡ʒe;</tRule> <tRule>ጅ → d͡ʒɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ጆ → d͡ʒo;</tRule> <tRule>ጇ → d͡ʒwa;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <tRule>ገ → ɡə;</tRule> <tRule>ጉ → ɡu;</tRule> <tRule>ጊ → ɡi;</tRule> <tRule>ጋ → ɡa;</tRule> <tRule>ጌ → ɡe;</tRule> <tRule>ግ → ɡɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ጎ → ɡo;</tRule> <tRule>ጐ → ɡwə;</tRule> <tRule>ጕ → ɡwu;</tRule> <tRule>ጒ → ɡwi;</tRule> <tRule>ጓ → ɡwa;</tRule> <tRule>ጔ → ɡwe;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <comment># In Awngi, Blin, Qimant, and Xamtanga, ጘ is spoken as voiced velar nasal /ŋ/.</comment> <comment># Source: [1], Appendix C. While /ŋ/ is not an Amharic phoneme, Amharic speakers</comment> <comment># still can pronounce it according to our source.</comment> <tRule>ጘ → ŋə;</tRule> <tRule>ጙ → ŋu;</tRule> <tRule>ጚ → ŋi;</tRule> <tRule>ጛ → ŋa;</tRule> <tRule>ጜ → ŋe;</tRule> <tRule>ጝ → ŋɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ጞ → ŋo;</tRule> <tRule>ⶓ → ŋwə;</tRule> <tRule>ⶖ → ŋwu;</tRule> <tRule>ⶔ → ŋwi;</tRule> <tRule>ጟ → ŋwa;</tRule> <tRule>ⶕ → ŋwe;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <comment># In Sebatbeit, ⷘ is spoken as palatalized voiced velar stop /ɡj/ ([1], Appendix H).</comment> <comment># Amharic speakers pronounce it as voiced velar stop /ɡ/ without palatalization.</comment> <tRule>ⷘ → ɡə;</tRule> <tRule>ⷙ → ɡu;</tRule> <tRule>ⷚ → ɡi;</tRule> <tRule>ⷛ → ɡa;</tRule> <tRule>ⷜ → ɡe;</tRule> <tRule>ⷝ → ɡɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ⷞ → ɡo;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <tRule>ጠ → tʼə;</tRule> <tRule>ጡ → tʼu;</tRule> <tRule>ጢ → tʼi;</tRule> <tRule>ጣ → tʼa;</tRule> <tRule>ጤ → tʼe;</tRule> <tRule>ጥ → tʼɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ጦ → tʼo;</tRule> <tRule>ጧ → tʼwa;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <tRule>ጨ → t͡ʃʼə;</tRule> <tRule>ጩ → t͡ʃʼu;</tRule> <tRule>ጪ → t͡ʃʼi;</tRule> <tRule>ጫ → t͡ʃʼa;</tRule> <tRule>ጬ → t͡ʃʼe;</tRule> <tRule>ጭ → t͡ʃʼɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ጮ → t͡ʃʼo;</tRule> <tRule>ⶐ → t͡ʃʼo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /t͡ʃʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule>ጯ → t͡ʃʼwa;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <comment># According to Appendix B of [1], the following are used in the Bench language</comment> <comment># (aka Benchnon, Gimira). In Bench, ⶻ is pronounced as /ʈ͡ʂʼ/ Retroflex</comment> <comment># ejective affricate; with a phonemic distrinction to the non-retroflex version.</comment> <comment># Amharic does not have retroflex phonemes, so we go with /t͡ʃʼ/.</comment> <tRule>ⶸ → t͡ʃʼə;</tRule> <tRule>ⶹ → t͡ʃʼu;</tRule> <tRule>ⶺ → t͡ʃʼi;</tRule> <tRule>ⶻ → t͡ʃʼa;</tRule> <tRule>ⶼ → t͡ʃʼe;</tRule> <tRule>ⶽ → t͡ʃʼɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ⶾ → t͡ʃʼo;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <tRule>ጰ → pʼə;</tRule> <tRule>ጱ → pʼu;</tRule> <tRule>ጲ → pʼi;</tRule> <tRule>ጳ → pʼa;</tRule> <tRule>ጴ → pʼe;</tRule> <tRule>ጵ → pʼɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ጶ → pʼo;</tRule> <tRule>ⶑ → pʼo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /pʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule>ጷ → pʼwa;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <tRule>ጸ → sʼə;</tRule> <tRule>ጹ → sʼu;</tRule> <tRule>ጺ → sʼi;</tRule> <tRule>ጻ → sʼa;</tRule> <tRule>ጼ → sʼe;</tRule> <tRule>ጽ → sʼɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ጾ → sʼo;</tRule> <tRule>ጿ → sʼwa;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <comment># In Amharic, ፀ is pronounced like ጸ.</comment> <comment># Source: [1], section on “Phonological Redundancy” for Amharic, page 5.</comment> <tRule>ፀ → sʼə;</tRule> <tRule>ፁ → sʼu;</tRule> <tRule>ፂ → sʼi;</tRule> <tRule>ፃ → sʼa;</tRule> <tRule>ፄ → sʼe;</tRule> <tRule>ፅ → sʼɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ፆ → sʼo;</tRule> <tRule>ፇ → sʼo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /sʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <tRule>ፈ → fə;</tRule> <tRule>ፉ → fu;</tRule> <tRule>ፊ → fi;</tRule> <tRule>ፋ → fa;</tRule> <tRule>ፌ → fe;</tRule> <tRule>ፍ → fɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ፎ → fo;</tRule> <tRule>ᎈ → fwə; # Sebatbeit /fwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule>ᎉ → fwu; # Sebatbeit /fwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule>ᎋ → fwi; # Sebatbeit /fwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule>ፏ → fwa;</tRule> <tRule>ᎊ → fwe; # Sebatbeit /fwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule>ፚ → fja; # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፚ as /fja/.</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <tRule>ፐ → pə;</tRule> <tRule>ፑ → pu;</tRule> <tRule>ፒ → pi;</tRule> <tRule>ፓ → pa;</tRule> <tRule>ፔ → pe;</tRule> <tRule>ፕ → pɨ;</tRule> <tRule>ፖ → po;</tRule> <tRule>ⶒ → po; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /pɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule>ᎌ → pwə; # Sebatbeit /pwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule>ᎍ → pwu; # Sebatbeit /pwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule>ᎏ → pwi; # Sebatbeit /pwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule>ፗ → pwa;</tRule> <tRule>ᎎ → pwe; # Sebatbeit /pwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <tRule>ኧ → ə;</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <comment># Applications will typically split words before calling our rules.</comment> <comment># To be resilient, we replace punctuation by whitespace in IPA.</comment> <tRule>፠ → ' '; # U+1360 ETHIOPIC SECTION MARK</tRule> <tRule>፡ → ' '; # U+1361 ETHIOPIC WORDSPACE</tRule> <tRule>። → ' '; # U+1362 ETHIOPIC FULL STOP</tRule> <tRule>፣ → ' '; # U+1363 ETHIOPIC COMMA</tRule> <tRule>፤ → ' '; # U+1364 ETHIOPIC SEMICOLON</tRule> <tRule>፥ → ' '; # U+1365 ETHIOPIC COLON</tRule> <tRule>፦ → ' '; # U+1366 ETHIOPIC PREFACE COLON</tRule> <tRule>፧ → ' '; # U+1367 ETHIOPIC QUESTION MARK</tRule> <tRule>፨ → ' '; # U+1368 ETHIOPIC PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <comment># Likewise, Ethiopic numberals cannot be pronounced by these rules,</comment> <comment># so we replace them by whitespace in the output IPA notation.</comment> <comment># Applications will typically pre-process text before calling</comment> <comment># the am → am_FONIPA transform.</comment> <tRule>፩ → ' '; # U+1369 ETHIOPIC DIGIT ONE</tRule> <tRule>፪ → ' '; # U+136A ETHIOPIC DIGIT TWO</tRule> <tRule>፫ → ' '; # U+136B ETHIOPIC DIGIT THREE</tRule> <tRule>፬ → ' '; # U+136C ETHIOPIC DIGIT FOUR</tRule> <tRule>፭ → ' '; # U+136D ETHIOPIC DIGIT FIVE</tRule> <tRule>፮ → ' '; # U+136E ETHIOPIC DIGIT SIX</tRule> <tRule>፯ → ' '; # U+136F ETHIOPIC DIGIT SEVEN</tRule> <tRule>፰ → ' '; # U+1370 ETHIOPIC DIGIT EIGHT</tRule> <tRule>፱ → ' '; # U+1371 ETHIOPIC DIGIT NINE</tRule> <tRule>፲ → ' '; # U+1372 ETHIOPIC NUMBER TEN</tRule> <tRule>፳ → ' '; # U+1373 ETHIOPIC NUMBER TWENTY</tRule> <tRule>፴ → ' '; # U+1374 ETHIOPIC NUMBER THIRTY</tRule> <tRule>፵ → ' '; # U+1375 ETHIOPIC NUMBER FORTY</tRule> <tRule>፶ → ' '; # U+1376 ETHIOPIC NUMBER FIFTY</tRule> <tRule>፷ → ' '; # U+1377 ETHIOPIC NUMBER SIXTY</tRule> <tRule>፸ → ' '; # U+1378 ETHIOPIC NUMBER SEVENTY</tRule> <tRule>፹ → ' '; # U+1379 ETHIOPIC NUMBER EIGHTY</tRule> <tRule>፺ → ' '; # U+137A ETHIOPIC NUMBER NINETY</tRule> <tRule>፻ → ' '; # U+137B ETHIOPIC NUMBER HUNDRED</tRule> <tRule>፼ → ' '; # U+137C ETHIOPIC NUMBER TEN THOUSAND</tRule> <tRule></tRule> <comment># Insert syllable markers in a separate pass.</comment> <tRule>::NULL;</tRule> <tRule>{i} [[:L:]] → i \.;</tRule> <tRule>{ɨ} [[:L:]] → ɨ \.;</tRule> <tRule>{u} [[:L:]] → u \.;</tRule> <tRule>{e} [[:L:]] → e \.;</tRule> <tRule>{o} [[:L:]] → o \.;</tRule> <tRule>{ə} [[:L:]] → ə \.;</tRule> <tRule>{a} [[:L:]] → a \.;</tRule> </transform> </transforms> </supplementalData>