javascripting
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Learn JavaScript by adventuring around in the terminal.
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`作用域` 就是你能访问到的变量、对象以及函数的集合。
JavaScript 有两种类型的作用域:`全局` 以及 `局部`。函数外声明的变量是一个 `全局` 变量,它的值可以在整个程序中被访问和修改。函数内声明的变量是 `局部` 的,它随着函数的调用而被创建,随着函数的结束而被销毁。它不能在函数外被访问。
在函数中定义的函数,也叫嵌套函数,可以访问到外层函数的作用域。
注意下面的代码:
```js
const a = 4 // a is a global variable, it can be accesed by the functions below
function foo () {
const b = a * 3 // b cannot be accesed outside foo function, but can be accesed by functions
// defined inside foo
function bar (c) {
const b = 2 // another `b` variable is created inside bar function scope
// the changes to this new `b` variable don't affect the old `b` variable
console.log(a, b, c)
}
bar(b * 4)
}
foo() // 4, 2, 48
```
立即函式(IIFE, Immediately Invoked Function Expression)是用来创建局部作用域的常用方法。
例子:
```js
(function () { // the function expression is surrounded by parenthesis
// variables defined here
// can't be accesed outside
})() // the function is immediately invoked
```
## 挑战:
创建名为 `scope.js` 的文件。
在文件中复制粘贴下面的代码:
```js
const a = 1; const b = 2; const c = 3;
(function firstFunction () {
const b = 5; const c = 6;
(function secondFunction () {
const b = 8;
(function thirdFunction () {
const a = 7; const c = 9;
(function fourthFunction () {
const a = 1; const c = 8
})()
})()
})()
})()
```
依你对 `作用域` 的理解,将下面这段代码插入上述代码里,使得代码的输出为 `a: 1, b: 8,c: 6`。
```js
console.log(`a: ${a}, b: ${b}, c: ${c}`);
```