istrap
Version:
iOS design system blends in with Bootstrap
1,007 lines (977 loc) • 52.4 kB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="no-js" lang="en">
<head>
<!-- Meta Tags -->
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<meta name="author" content="YooKits" />
<!-- Page Title -->
<title>Layout - Approach</title>
<!-- Favicon Icon -->
<link rel="icon" href="../assets/img/favicon.png">
<!-- CSS -->
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/css/bootstrap.min.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../assets/css/istrap.css" />
</head>
<body>
<div class="yoo-height-b60 yoo-height-lg-b60"></div>
<header class="yoo-header yoo-style1 yoo-sticky-menu">
<div class="yoo-main-header">
<div class="yoo-main-header-in">
<div class="yoo-main-header-left">
<a href="../index.html" class="yoo-logo-link yoo-light-logo"><img src="../assets/img/logo.svg" alt="logo-light" /></a>
<!-- For Site Title -->
<!-- <span class="yoo-site-title">
<a href="../index.html">Logo</a>
</span> -->
</div>
<div class="yoo-main-header-right">
<div class="yoo-nav-wrap yoo-fade-up">
<div class="yoo-nav-toggle">
<ion-icon name="ellipsis-vertical"></ion-icon>
</div>
<nav class="yoo-nav yoo-desktop-nav">
<ul class="yoo-nav-list">
<li class="yoo-has-children">
<a href="#"><ion-icon name="albums"></ion-icon> Icons</a>
<ul class="yoo-dropdown yoo-style7">
<li>
<a href="material-icons.html">
<div class="yoo-desc-box yoo-icon-color1">
<ion-icon name="beer"></ion-icon>
</div>
<div class="yoo-desc-meta">
<div class="yoo-desc-title">Airplane</div>
<span class="yoo-desc-cat">Second Line</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="font-awesome-icons.html">
<div class="yoo-desc-box yoo-icon-color2">
<ion-icon name="restaurant"></ion-icon>
</div>
<div class="yoo-desc-meta">
<div class="yoo-desc-title">Local Dining</div>
<span class="yoo-desc-cat">Second Line</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="themify-icons.html">
<div class="yoo-desc-box yoo-icon-color3">
<ion-icon name="bonfire"></ion-icon>
</div>
<div class="yoo-desc-meta">
<div class="yoo-desc-title">Fast Food</div>
<span class="yoo-desc-cat">Second Line</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="line-icons.html">
<div class="yoo-desc-box yoo-icon-color4">
<ion-icon name="pizza"></ion-icon>
</div>
<div class="yoo-desc-meta">
<div class="yoo-desc-title">Local Pizza</div>
<span class="yoo-desc-cat">Second Line</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="yoo-has-children">
<a href="#"><ion-icon name="folder-open"></ion-icon> Images</a>
<ul class="yoo-dropdown yoo-style6">
<li>
<a href="#">
<div class="yoo-desc-box">
<img src="../assets/img/img01.png" alt="img01" />
</div>
<div class="yoo-desc-meta">
<div class="yoo-desc-title">Star Wars</div>
<span class="yoo-desc-cat">Action</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#">
<div class="yoo-desc-box">
<img src="../assets/img/img02.png" alt="img02" />
</div>
<div class="yoo-desc-meta">
<div class="yoo-desc-title">Friends</div>
<span class="yoo-desc-cat">American Sitcom</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#">
<div class="yoo-desc-box">
<img src="../assets/img/img03.png" alt="img03" />
</div>
<div class="yoo-desc-meta">
<div class="yoo-desc-title">Inception</div>
<span class="yoo-desc-cat">Thriller</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#">
<div class="yoo-desc-box">
<img src="../assets/img/img04.png" alt="img04" />
</div>
<div class="yoo-desc-meta">
<div class="yoo-desc-title">FightClub</div>
<span class="yoo-desc-cat">Drama/Action</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="yoo-has-children yoo-megamenu yoo-style1">
<a href="#"><ion-icon name="layers"></ion-icon> Components</a>
<div class="yoo-megamenu-in">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-3 col-sm-6">
<div class="yoo-megamenu-col">
<h2 class="yoo-megamenu-title">Column 1</h2>
<ul class="yoo-megamenu-list">
<li><a href="../components/alerts.html">Alerts</a></li>
<li><a href="../components/badge.html">Badge</a></li>
<li><a href="../components/breadcrumb.html">Breadcrumb</a></li>
<li><a href="../components/button.html">Buttons</a></li>
<li><a href="../components/button-group.html">Button group</a></li>
<li><a href="../components/card.html">Card</a></li>
<li><a href="../components/carousel.html">Carousel</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-3 col-sm-6">
<div class="yoo-megamenu-col">
<h2 class="yoo-megamenu-title">Column 2</h2>
<ul class="yoo-megamenu-list">
<li><a href="../components/collapse.html">Collapse</a></li>
<li><a href="../components/dropdowns.html">Dropdowns</a></li>
<li><a href="../components/forms.html">Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="../components/forms-group.html">Input group</a></li>
<li><a href="../components/jumbotron.html">Jumbotron</a></li>
<li><a href="../components/list-group.html">List group</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-3 col-sm-6">
<div class="yoo-megamenu-col">
<h2 class="yoo-megamenu-title">Column 3</h2>
<ul class="yoo-megamenu-list">
<li><a href="../components/media-object.html">Media Object</a></li>
<li><a href="../components/modal.html">Modal</a></li>
<li><a href="../components/navs.html">Navs</a></li>
<li><a href="../components/navbar.html">Navbar</a></li>
<li><a href="../components/pagination.html">Pagination</a></li>
<li><a href="../components/popovers.html">Popovers</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-3 col-sm-6">
<div class="yoo-megamenu-col">
<h2 class="yoo-megamenu-title">Column 4</h2>
<ul class="yoo-megamenu-list">
<li><a href="../components/progress.html">Progress</a></li>
<li><a href="../components/scrollspy.html">Scrollspy</a></li>
<li><a href="../components/spinners.html">Spinners</a></li>
<li><a href="../content/table.html">Table</a></li>
<li><a href="../components/toasts.html">Toasts</a></li>
<li><a href="../components/tooltips.html">Tooltips</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- .yoo-nav -->
</div>
<!-- .yoo-nav-wrap -->
<ul class="yoo-ex-nav yoo-style1 yoo-flex yoo-mp0">
<li>
<div class="yoo-toggle-body yoo-search-area yoo-style1">
<span class="yoo-toggle-btn yoo-ex-nav-btn yoo-search-btn">
<ion-icon name="search"></ion-icon>
</span>
<div class="yoo-dropdown yoo-search-dropdown">
<form action="#" class="yoo-search yoo-style1">
<input type="text" placeholder="Search..." class="yoo-search-input">
<div class="yoo-toggle-cross">
<ion-icon name="close"></ion-icon>
</div>
<button class="yoo-search-submit"><ion-icon name="search"></ion-icon></button>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="yoo-toggle-body yoo-message-area yoo-style1">
<span class="yoo-toggle-btn yoo-ex-nav-btn yoo-message-btn">
<ion-icon name="mail"></ion-icon>
<span class="yoo-ex-nav-label">9</span>
</span>
<div class="yoo-dropdown yoo-notify-dropdown">
<h2 class="yoo-nofify-title">
<span class="yoo-nofify-title-left">Messages</span>
<span class="yoo-nofify-title-right"><a href="#">Mark All as Read</a></span>
</h2>
<ul class="yoo-nofify-list yoo-style1 yoo-mp0">
<li>
<a href="#">
<div class="yoo-nofify-thumb">
<img src="../assets/img/user/1.jpg" alt="">
</div>
<div class="yoo-nofify-text">
<h3 class="yoo-nofify-text-head">
Bob Dylan
<span class="yoo-online-status yoo-live"></span>
</h3>
<div class="yoo-msg">
Thank you for purchasing! <br>
When you arrive prepared to negotiate
</div>
<span class="yoo-notify-time">10:23</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#" class="active">
<div class="yoo-nofify-thumb">
<img src="../assets/img/user/2.jpg" alt="">
</div>
<div class="yoo-nofify-text">
<h3 class="yoo-nofify-text-head">
David Gilmour
<span class="yoo-online-status"></span>
</h3>
<div class="yoo-msg">
Thank you for purchasing! <br>
When you arrive prepared to negotiate
</div>
<span class="yoo-notify-time">12:23</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#">
<div class="yoo-nofify-thumb">
<img src="../assets/img/user/3.jpg" alt="">
</div>
<div class="yoo-nofify-text">
<h3 class="yoo-nofify-text-head">
Jeff Beck
<span class="yoo-online-status yoo-live"></span>
</h3>
<div class="yoo-msg">
Thank you for purchasing! <br>
When you arrive prepared to negotiate
</div>
<span class="yoo-notify-time">Jan 05</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#">
<div class="yoo-nofify-thumb">
<img src="../assets/img/user/4.jpg" alt="">
</div>
<div class="yoo-nofify-text">
<h3 class="yoo-nofify-text-head">
Guthrie Govan
<span class="yoo-online-status"></span>
</h3>
<div class="yoo-msg">
Thank you for purchasing! <br>
When you arrive prepared to negotiate
</div>
<span class="yoo-notify-time">Jan 10</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#">
<div class="yoo-nofify-thumb">
<img src="../assets/img/user/5.jpg" alt="">
</div>
<div class="yoo-nofify-text">
<h3 class="yoo-nofify-text-head">
Eric Johnson
<span class="yoo-online-status"></span>
</h3>
<div class="yoo-msg">
Thank you for purchasing! <br>
When you arrive prepared to negotiate
</div>
<span class="yoo-notify-time">Jan 16</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
<a href="#" class="yoo-btn yoo-style2">SEE ALL <ion-icon name="chevron-forward"></ion-icon></a>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="yoo-toggle-body yoo-notice-area yoo-style1">
<span class="yoo-toggle-btn yoo-ex-nav-btn yoo-notice-btn">
<ion-icon name="notifications"></ion-icon>
<span class="yoo-ex-nav-label">3</span>
</span>
<div class="yoo-dropdown yoo-notify-dropdown">
<h2 class="yoo-nofify-title">Notification</h2>
<ul class="yoo-nofify-list yoo-style1 yoo-mp0">
<li>
<a href="#" class="yoo-nofify-list-in">
<div class="yoo-nofify-icon yoo-icon-color2">
<ion-icon name="people"></ion-icon>
</div>
<div class="yoo-nofify-text">
<h3 class="yoo-nofify-text-head">Invite your friends to dashboard.</h3>
<span class="yoo-notify-time">5 hour ago</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#" class="yoo-nofify-list-in">
<div class="yoo-nofify-icon yoo-icon-color4">
<ion-icon name="calendar"></ion-icon>
</div>
<div class="yoo-nofify-text">
<h3 class="yoo-nofify-text-head">3 Tasks pending this month.</h3>
<span class="yoo-notify-time">6 hour ago</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#" class="yoo-nofify-list-in">
<div class="yoo-nofify-icon yoo-icon-color3">
<ion-icon name="heart"></ion-icon>
</div>
<div class="yoo-nofify-text">
<h3 class="yoo-nofify-text-head">7 People loved your activity.</h3>
<span class="yoo-notify-time">9 hour ago</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#" class="yoo-nofify-list-in">
<div class="yoo-nofify-icon yoo-icon-color2">
<ion-icon name="chatbox"></ion-icon>
</div>
<div class="yoo-nofify-text">
<h3 class="yoo-nofify-text-head">John commented on activity.</h3>
<span class="yoo-notify-time">1 day ago</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#" class="yoo-nofify-list-in">
<div class="yoo-nofify-icon yoo-icon-color1">
<img src="../assets/img/user/1.jpg" alt="msg1" />
</div>
<div class="yoo-nofify-text">
<h3 class="yoo-nofify-text-head">Click your picture or add an account.</h3>
<span class="yoo-notify-time">2 days ago</span>
</div>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
<a href="#" class="yoo-btn yoo-style2">SEE ALL <ion-icon name="chevron-forward"></ion-icon></a>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="yoo-toggle-body yoo-app-area yoo-style1">
<span class="yoo-toggle-btn yoo-ex-nav-btn yoo-app-btn">
<ion-icon name="apps"></ion-icon>
</span>
<div class="yoo-dropdown yoo-notify-dropdown">
<h2 class="yoo-nofify-title">Quick Navigation</h2>
<ul class="yoo-nofify-list yoo-style2 yoo-mp0">
<li>
<a href="#">
<div class="yoo-nav-icon">
<img src="../assets/img/nav-icon/gmail.png" alt="gmail">
</div>
<div class="yoo-nofify-text">
<h3>Gmail</h3>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#">
<div class="yoo-nav-icon">
<img src="../assets/img/nav-icon/hangout.png" alt="hangout">
</div>
<div class="yoo-nofify-text">
<h3>Hangout</h3>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#">
<div class="yoo-nav-icon">
<img src="../assets/img/nav-icon/google.png" alt="google">
</div>
<div class="yoo-nofify-text">
<h3>Google+</h3>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#">
<div class="yoo-nav-icon">
<img src="../assets/img/nav-icon/mail.png" alt="mail">
</div>
<div class="yoo-nofify-text">
<h3>Mail</h3>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#">
<div class="yoo-nav-icon">
<img src="../assets/img/nav-icon/message.png" alt="message">
</div>
<div class="yoo-nofify-text">
<h3>Message</h3>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#">
<div class="yoo-nav-icon">
<img src="../assets/img/nav-icon/more.png" alt="more">
</div>
<div class="yoo-nofify-text">
<h3>More</h3>
</div>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<a href="#" class="yoo-btn yoo-style2">SEE ALL <ion-icon name="chevron-forward"></ion-icon></a>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="yoo-toggle-body yoo-profile-nav yoo-style1">
<div class="yoo-toggle-btn yoo-profile-nav-btn">
<div class="yoo-profile-nav-text">
<span>Welcome,</span>
<h4>Thom Yorke</h4>
</div>
<div class="yoo-profile-nav-img">
<img src="../assets/img/profile-pic.png" alt="profile">
</div>
</div>
<ul class="yoo-dropdown yoo-style1">
<li>
<a href="#"><ion-icon name="person-circle"></ion-icon>My Profile</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#"><ion-icon name="cog"></ion-icon>Settings</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#"><ion-icon name="videocam"></ion-icon>Upload</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#"><ion-icon name="help-circle"></ion-icon>Help</a>
</li>
<li class="yoo-dropdown-cta"><a href="#">Sign Out</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header><!-- .yoo-header -->
<div class="yoo-sidebarheader-toggle">
<div class="yoo-button-bar1"></div>
<div class="yoo-button-bar2"></div>
<div class="yoo-button-bar3"></div>
</div><!-- .yoo-sidebarheader-toggle -->
<div class="yoo-sidebarheader">
<div class="yoo-add">
<div class="yoo-add-in">
<a target="_blank" href="https://yookits.com/product/idashboard-pro-bootstrap-admin-template/" class="yoo-add-thumb">
<img src="../assets/img/idashboard.jpg" alt="MaterialXPro">
</a>
<h2 class="yoo-add-title"><a target="_blank" href="https://yookits.com/product/idashboard-pro-bootstrap-admin-template/">Go Pro & unlock 100+ more UI components & pages.</a></h2>
<a target="_blank" href="https://yookits.com/product/idashboard-pro-bootstrap-admin-template/" class="yoo-add-btn btn btn-success btn-sm">Show Me</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="yoo-sidebarheader-in" data-scrollbar>
<div class="yoo-sidebar-nav">
<ul class="yoo-sidebar-nav-list yoo-mp0">
<li class="yoo-sidebar-has-children">
<a href="#" >
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-title">
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-icon yoo-accent-bg1"><ion-icon name="person-circle"></ion-icon></span>
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-text">Getting started</span>
</span>
</a>
<ul class="yoo-sidebar-nav-dropdown">
<li>
<a href="../getting-started/introduction.html" >
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-title">
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-text">Introduction</span>
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="../getting-started/download.html" >
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-title">
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-text">Download</span>
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="yoo-sidebar-has-children">
<a href="#" >
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-title">
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-icon yoo-accent-bg2"><ion-icon name="browsers"></ion-icon></span>
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-text">Layout</span>
</span>
</a>
<ul class="yoo-sidebar-nav-dropdown">
<li>
<a href="../layout/overview.html" >
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-title">
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-text">Overview</span>
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="../layout/grid.html" >
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-title">
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-text">Grid</span>
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="../layout/utilities-for-layout.html" >
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-title">
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-text">Utilities for layout</span>
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="yoo-sidebar-has-children">
<a href="#" >
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-title">
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-icon yoo-accent-bg3"><ion-icon name="document"></ion-icon></span>
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-text">Contents</span>
</span>
</a>
<ul class="yoo-sidebar-nav-dropdown">
<li>
<a href="../content/typography.html" >
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-title">
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-text">Typography</span>
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="../content/code.html" >
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-title">
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-text">Code</span>
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="../content/images.html" >
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-title">
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-text">Images</span>
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="../content/tables.html" >
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-title">
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-text">Tables</span>
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="../content/figures.html" >
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-title">
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-text">Figures</span>
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="yoo-sidebar-has-children">
<a href="#" >
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-title">
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-icon yoo-accent-bg5"><ion-icon name="folder-open"></ion-icon></span>
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-text">Components</span>
</span>
</a>
<ul class="yoo-sidebar-nav-dropdown">
<li>
<a href="alerts.html" >
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-title">
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-text">Alerts</span>
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="badge.html" >
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-title">
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-text">Badge</span>
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="breadcrumb.html" >
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-title">
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-text">Breadcrumb</span>
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="button.html" >
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-title">
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-text">Buttons</span>
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="button-group.html" >
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-title">
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-text">Button group</span>
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="card.html" >
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-title">
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-text">Card</span>
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="carousel.html" >
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-title">
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-text">Carousel</span>
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="collapse.html" >
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-title">
<span class="yoo-sidebar-link-text">Collapse</span>
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="dropdowns.html" >
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<h2 class="yoo-uikits-title">Approach</h2>
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<p class="bd-lead">Learn about the guiding principles, strategies, and techniques used to build and maintain Bootstrap so you can more easily customize and extend it yourself.</p>
<p>Getting started pages provide an introductory tour of the project and what it offers, this document focuses on <em>why</em> we do the things we do in Bootstrap. It explains our philosophy to building on the web so that others can learn from us, contribute with us, and help us improve.</p>
<p>See something that doesn’t sound right, or perhaps could be done better? <a href="https://github.com/twbs/bootstrap/issues/new">Open an issue</a>—we’d love to discuss it with you.</p>
<h2 id="summary"><span class="bd-content-title">Summary<a class="anchorjs-link " aria-label="Anchor" data-anchorjs-icon="#" href="#summary" style="padding-left: 0.375em;"></a></span></h2>
<p>We’ll dive into each of these more throughout, but at a high level, here’s what guides our approach.</p>
<ul>
<li>Components should be responsive and mobile-first</li>
<li>Components should be built with a base class and extended via modifier classes</li>
<li>Component states should obey a common z-index scale</li>
<li>Whenever possible, prefer a HTML and CSS implementation over JavaScript</li>
<li>Whenever possible, use utilities over custom styles</li>
<li>Whenever possible, avoid enforcing strict HTML requirements (children selectors)</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="responsive"><span class="bd-content-title">Responsive<a class="anchorjs-link " aria-label="Anchor" data-anchorjs-icon="#" href="#responsive" style="padding-left: 0.375em;"></a></span></h2>
<p>Bootstrap’s responsive styles are built to be responsive, an approach that’s often referred to as <em>mobile-first</em>. We use this term in our docs and largely agree with it, but at times it can be too broad. While not every component <em>must</em> be entirely responsive in Bootstrap, this responsive approach is about reducing CSS overrides by pushing you to add styles as the viewport becomes larger.</p>
<p>Across Bootstrap, you’ll see this most clearly in our media queries. In most cases, we use <code class="highlighter-rouge">min-width</code> queries that begin to apply at a specific breakpoint and carry up through the higher breakpoints. For example, a <code class="highlighter-rouge">.d-none</code> applies from <code class="highlighter-rouge">min-width: 0</code> to infinity. On the other hand, a <code class="highlighter-rouge">.d-md-none</code> applies from the medium breakpoint and up.</p>
<p>At times we’ll use <code class="highlighter-rouge">max-width</code> when a component’s inherent complexity requires it. At times, these overrides are functionally and mentally clearer to implement and support than rewriting core functionality from our components. We strive to limit this approach, but will use it from time to time.</p>
<h2 id="classes"><span class="bd-content-title">Classes<a class="anchorjs-link " aria-label="Anchor" data-anchorjs-icon="#" href="#classes" style="padding-left: 0.375em;"></a></span></h2>
<p>Aside from our Reboot, a cross-browser normalization stylesheet, all our styles aim to use classes as selectors. This means steering clear of type selectors (e.g., <code class="highlighter-rouge">input[type="text"]</code>) and extraneous parent classes (e.g., <code class="highlighter-rouge">.parent .child</code>) that make styles too specific to easily override.</p>
<p>As such, components should be built with a base class that houses common, not-to-be overridden property-value pairs. For example, <code class="highlighter-rouge">.btn</code> and <code class="highlighter-rouge">.btn-primary</code>. We use <code class="highlighter-rouge">.btn</code> for all the common styles like <code class="highlighter-rouge">display</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">padding</code>, and <code class="highlighter-rouge">border-width</code>. We then use modifiers like <code class="highlighter-rouge">.btn-primary</code> to add the color, background-color, border-color, etc.</p>
<p>Modifier classes should only be used when there are multiple properties or values to be changed across multiple variants. Modifiers are not always necessary, so be sure you’re actually saving lines of code and preventing unnecessary overrides when creating them. Good examples of modifiers are our theme color classes and size variants.</p>
<h2 id="z-index-scales"><span class="bd-content-title">z-index scales<a class="anchorjs-link " aria-label="Anchor" data-anchorjs-icon="#" href="#z-index-scales" style="padding-left: 0.375em;"></a></span></h2>
<p>There are two <code class="highlighter-rouge">z-index</code> scales in Bootstrap—elements within a component and overlay components.</p>
<h3 id="component-elements"><span class="bd-content-title">Component elements<a class="anchorjs-link " aria-label="Anchor" data-anchorjs-icon="#" href="#component-elements" style="padding-left: 0.375em;"></a></span></h3>
<ul>
<li>Some components in Bootstrap are built with overlapping elements to prevent double borders without modifying the <code class="highlighter-rouge">border</code> property. For example, button groups, input groups, and pagination.</li>
<li>These components share a standard <code class="highlighter-rouge">z-index</code> scale of <code class="highlighter-rouge">0</code> through <code class="highlighter-rouge">3</code>.</li>
<li><code class="highlighter-rouge">0</code> is default (initial), <code class="highlighter-rouge">1</code> is <code class="highlighter-rouge">:hover</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">2</code> is <code class="highlighter-rouge">:active</code>/<code class="highlighter-rouge">.active</code>, and <code class="highlighter-rouge">3</code> is <code class="highlighter-rouge">:focus</code>.</li>
<li>This approach matches our expectations of highest user priority. If an element is focused, it’s in view and at the user’s attention. Active elements are second highest because they indicate state. Hover is third highest because it indicates user intent, but nearly <em>anything</em> can be hovered.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="overlay-components"><span class="bd-content-title">Overlay components<a class="anchorjs-link " aria-label="Anchor" data-anchorjs-icon="#" href="#overlay-components" style="padding-left: 0.375em;"></a></span></h3>
<p>Bootstrap includes several components that function as an overlay of some kind. This includes, in order of highest <code class="highlighter-rouge">z-index</code>, dropdowns, fixed and sticky navbars, modals, tooltips, and popovers. These components have their own <code class="highlighter-rouge">z-index</code> scale that begins at <code class="highlighter-rouge">1000</code>. This starting number was chosen arbitrarily and serves as a small buffer between our styles and your project’s custom styles.</p>
<p>Each overlay component increases its <code class="highlighter-rouge">z-index</code> value slightly in such a way that common UI principles allow user focused or hovered elements to remain in view at all times. For example, a modal is document blocking (e.g., you cannot take any other action save for the modal’s action), so we put that above our navbars.</p>
<p>Learn more about this in our <a href="/docs/4.4/layout/overview/#z-index"><code class="highlighter-rouge">z-index</code> layout page</a>.</p>
<h2 id="html-and-css-over-js"><span class="bd-content-title">HTML and CSS over JS<a class="anchorjs-link " aria-label="Anchor" data-anchorjs-icon="#" href="#html-and-css-over-js" style="padding-left: 0.375em;"></a></span></h2>
<p>Whenever possible, we prefer to write HTML and CSS over JavaScript. In general, HTML and CSS are more prolific and accessible to more people of all different experience levels. HTML and CSS are also faster in your browser than JavaScript, and your browser generally provides a great deal of functionality for you.</p>
<p>This principle is our first-class JavaScript API using <code class="highlighter-rouge">data</code> attributes. You don’t need to write nearly any JavaScript to use our JavaScript plugins; instead, write HTML. Read more about this in <a href="/docs/4.4/getting-started/javascript/#data-attributes">our JavaScript overview page</a>.</p>
<p>Lastly, our styles build on the fundamental behaviors of common web elements. Whenever possible, we prefer to use what the browser provides. For example, you can put a <code class="highlighter-rouge">.btn</code> class on nearly any element, but most elements don’t provide any semantic value or browser functionality. So instead, we use <code class="highlighter-rouge"><button></code>s and <code class="highlighter-rouge"><a></code>s.</p>
<p>The same goes for more complex components. While we <em>could</em> write our own form validation plugin to add classes to a parent element based on an input’s state, thereby allowing us to style the text say red, we prefer using the <code class="highlighter-rouge">:valid</code>/<code class="highlighter-rouge">:invalid</code> pseudo-elements every browser provides us.</p>
<h2 id="utilities"><span class="bd-content-title">Utilities<a class="ancho