esy-bash
Version:
Cross-platform bash utilities - primed for Reason/OCaml
1,687 lines (1,604 loc) • 62.5 kB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="application/xhtml+xml; charset=UTF-8" />
<meta name="generator" content="AsciiDoc 8.6.9" />
<title>git-pull(1)</title>
<style type="text/css">
/* Shared CSS for AsciiDoc xhtml11 and html5 backends */
/* Default font. */
body {
font-family: Georgia,serif;
}
/* Title font. */
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6,
div.title, caption.title,
thead, p.table.header,
#toctitle,
#author, #revnumber, #revdate, #revremark,
#footer {
font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;
}
body {
margin: 1em 5% 1em 5%;
}
a {
color: blue;
text-decoration: underline;
}
a:visited {
color: fuchsia;
}
em {
font-style: italic;
color: navy;
}
strong {
font-weight: bold;
color: #083194;
}
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
color: #527bbd;
margin-top: 1.2em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
line-height: 1.3;
}
h1, h2, h3 {
border-bottom: 2px solid silver;
}
h2 {
padding-top: 0.5em;
}
h3 {
float: left;
}
h3 + * {
clear: left;
}
h5 {
font-size: 1.0em;
}
div.sectionbody {
margin-left: 0;
}
hr {
border: 1px solid silver;
}
p {
margin-top: 0.5em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}
ul, ol, li > p {
margin-top: 0;
}
ul > li { color: #aaa; }
ul > li > * { color: black; }
.monospaced, code, pre {
font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;
font-size: inherit;
color: navy;
padding: 0;
margin: 0;
}
pre {
white-space: pre-wrap;
}
#author {
color: #527bbd;
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 1.1em;
}
#email {
}
#revnumber, #revdate, #revremark {
}
#footer {
font-size: small;
border-top: 2px solid silver;
padding-top: 0.5em;
margin-top: 4.0em;
}
#footer-text {
float: left;
padding-bottom: 0.5em;
}
#footer-badges {
float: right;
padding-bottom: 0.5em;
}
#preamble {
margin-top: 1.5em;
margin-bottom: 1.5em;
}
div.imageblock, div.exampleblock, div.verseblock,
div.quoteblock, div.literalblock, div.listingblock, div.sidebarblock,
div.admonitionblock {
margin-top: 1.0em;
margin-bottom: 1.5em;
}
div.admonitionblock {
margin-top: 2.0em;
margin-bottom: 2.0em;
margin-right: 10%;
color: #606060;
}
div.content { /* Block element content. */
padding: 0;
}
/* Block element titles. */
div.title, caption.title {
color: #527bbd;
font-weight: bold;
text-align: left;
margin-top: 1.0em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}
div.title + * {
margin-top: 0;
}
td div.title:first-child {
margin-top: 0.0em;
}
div.content div.title:first-child {
margin-top: 0.0em;
}
div.content + div.title {
margin-top: 0.0em;
}
div.sidebarblock > div.content {
background: #ffffee;
border: 1px solid #dddddd;
border-left: 4px solid #f0f0f0;
padding: 0.5em;
}
div.listingblock > div.content {
border: 1px solid #dddddd;
border-left: 5px solid #f0f0f0;
background: #f8f8f8;
padding: 0.5em;
}
div.quoteblock, div.verseblock {
padding-left: 1.0em;
margin-left: 1.0em;
margin-right: 10%;
border-left: 5px solid #f0f0f0;
color: #888;
}
div.quoteblock > div.attribution {
padding-top: 0.5em;
text-align: right;
}
div.verseblock > pre.content {
font-family: inherit;
font-size: inherit;
}
div.verseblock > div.attribution {
padding-top: 0.75em;
text-align: left;
}
/* DEPRECATED: Pre version 8.2.7 verse style literal block. */
div.verseblock + div.attribution {
text-align: left;
}
div.admonitionblock .icon {
vertical-align: top;
font-size: 1.1em;
font-weight: bold;
text-decoration: underline;
color: #527bbd;
padding-right: 0.5em;
}
div.admonitionblock td.content {
padding-left: 0.5em;
border-left: 3px solid #dddddd;
}
div.exampleblock > div.content {
border-left: 3px solid #dddddd;
padding-left: 0.5em;
}
div.imageblock div.content { padding-left: 0; }
span.image img { border-style: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; }
a.image:visited { color: white; }
dl {
margin-top: 0.8em;
margin-bottom: 0.8em;
}
dt {
margin-top: 0.5em;
margin-bottom: 0;
font-style: normal;
color: navy;
}
dd > *:first-child {
margin-top: 0.1em;
}
ul, ol {
list-style-position: outside;
}
ol.arabic {
list-style-type: decimal;
}
ol.loweralpha {
list-style-type: lower-alpha;
}
ol.upperalpha {
list-style-type: upper-alpha;
}
ol.lowerroman {
list-style-type: lower-roman;
}
ol.upperroman {
list-style-type: upper-roman;
}
div.compact ul, div.compact ol,
div.compact p, div.compact p,
div.compact div, div.compact div {
margin-top: 0.1em;
margin-bottom: 0.1em;
}
tfoot {
font-weight: bold;
}
td > div.verse {
white-space: pre;
}
div.hdlist {
margin-top: 0.8em;
margin-bottom: 0.8em;
}
div.hdlist tr {
padding-bottom: 15px;
}
dt.hdlist1.strong, td.hdlist1.strong {
font-weight: bold;
}
td.hdlist1 {
vertical-align: top;
font-style: normal;
padding-right: 0.8em;
color: navy;
}
td.hdlist2 {
vertical-align: top;
}
div.hdlist.compact tr {
margin: 0;
padding-bottom: 0;
}
.comment {
background: yellow;
}
.footnote, .footnoteref {
font-size: 0.8em;
}
span.footnote, span.footnoteref {
vertical-align: super;
}
#footnotes {
margin: 20px 0 20px 0;
padding: 7px 0 0 0;
}
#footnotes div.footnote {
margin: 0 0 5px 0;
}
#footnotes hr {
border: none;
border-top: 1px solid silver;
height: 1px;
text-align: left;
margin-left: 0;
width: 20%;
min-width: 100px;
}
div.colist td {
padding-right: 0.5em;
padding-bottom: 0.3em;
vertical-align: top;
}
div.colist td img {
margin-top: 0.3em;
}
@media print {
#footer-badges { display: none; }
}
#toc {
margin-bottom: 2.5em;
}
#toctitle {
color: #527bbd;
font-size: 1.1em;
font-weight: bold;
margin-top: 1.0em;
margin-bottom: 0.1em;
}
div.toclevel0, div.toclevel1, div.toclevel2, div.toclevel3, div.toclevel4 {
margin-top: 0;
margin-bottom: 0;
}
div.toclevel2 {
margin-left: 2em;
font-size: 0.9em;
}
div.toclevel3 {
margin-left: 4em;
font-size: 0.9em;
}
div.toclevel4 {
margin-left: 6em;
font-size: 0.9em;
}
span.aqua { color: aqua; }
span.black { color: black; }
span.blue { color: blue; }
span.fuchsia { color: fuchsia; }
span.gray { color: gray; }
span.green { color: green; }
span.lime { color: lime; }
span.maroon { color: maroon; }
span.navy { color: navy; }
span.olive { color: olive; }
span.purple { color: purple; }
span.red { color: red; }
span.silver { color: silver; }
span.teal { color: teal; }
span.white { color: white; }
span.yellow { color: yellow; }
span.aqua-background { background: aqua; }
span.black-background { background: black; }
span.blue-background { background: blue; }
span.fuchsia-background { background: fuchsia; }
span.gray-background { background: gray; }
span.green-background { background: green; }
span.lime-background { background: lime; }
span.maroon-background { background: maroon; }
span.navy-background { background: navy; }
span.olive-background { background: olive; }
span.purple-background { background: purple; }
span.red-background { background: red; }
span.silver-background { background: silver; }
span.teal-background { background: teal; }
span.white-background { background: white; }
span.yellow-background { background: yellow; }
span.big { font-size: 2em; }
span.small { font-size: 0.6em; }
span.underline { text-decoration: underline; }
span.overline { text-decoration: overline; }
span.line-through { text-decoration: line-through; }
div.unbreakable { page-break-inside: avoid; }
/*
* xhtml11 specific
*
* */
div.tableblock {
margin-top: 1.0em;
margin-bottom: 1.5em;
}
div.tableblock > table {
border: 3px solid #527bbd;
}
thead, p.table.header {
font-weight: bold;
color: #527bbd;
}
p.table {
margin-top: 0;
}
/* Because the table frame attribute is overriden by CSS in most browsers. */
div.tableblock > table[frame="void"] {
border-style: none;
}
div.tableblock > table[frame="hsides"] {
border-left-style: none;
border-right-style: none;
}
div.tableblock > table[frame="vsides"] {
border-top-style: none;
border-bottom-style: none;
}
/*
* html5 specific
*
* */
table.tableblock {
margin-top: 1.0em;
margin-bottom: 1.5em;
}
thead, p.tableblock.header {
font-weight: bold;
color: #527bbd;
}
p.tableblock {
margin-top: 0;
}
table.tableblock {
border-width: 3px;
border-spacing: 0px;
border-style: solid;
border-color: #527bbd;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
th.tableblock, td.tableblock {
border-width: 1px;
padding: 4px;
border-style: solid;
border-color: #527bbd;
}
table.tableblock.frame-topbot {
border-left-style: hidden;
border-right-style: hidden;
}
table.tableblock.frame-sides {
border-top-style: hidden;
border-bottom-style: hidden;
}
table.tableblock.frame-none {
border-style: hidden;
}
th.tableblock.halign-left, td.tableblock.halign-left {
text-align: left;
}
th.tableblock.halign-center, td.tableblock.halign-center {
text-align: center;
}
th.tableblock.halign-right, td.tableblock.halign-right {
text-align: right;
}
th.tableblock.valign-top, td.tableblock.valign-top {
vertical-align: top;
}
th.tableblock.valign-middle, td.tableblock.valign-middle {
vertical-align: middle;
}
th.tableblock.valign-bottom, td.tableblock.valign-bottom {
vertical-align: bottom;
}
/*
* manpage specific
*
* */
body.manpage h1 {
padding-top: 0.5em;
padding-bottom: 0.5em;
border-top: 2px solid silver;
border-bottom: 2px solid silver;
}
body.manpage h2 {
border-style: none;
}
body.manpage div.sectionbody {
margin-left: 3em;
}
@media print {
body.manpage div#toc { display: none; }
}
</style>
<script type="text/javascript">
/*<+'])');
// Function that scans the DOM tree for header elements (the DOM2
// nodeIterator API would be a better technique but not supported by all
// browsers).
var iterate = function (el) {
for (var i = el.firstChild; i != null; i = i.nextSibling) {
if (i.nodeType == 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */) {
var mo = re.exec(i.tagName);
if (mo && (i.getAttribute("class") || i.getAttribute("className")) != "float") {
result[result.length] = new TocEntry(i, getText(i), mo[1]-1);
}
iterate(i);
}
}
}
iterate(el);
return result;
}
var toc = document.getElementById("toc");
if (!toc) {
return;
}
// Delete existing TOC entries in case we're reloading the TOC.
var tocEntriesToRemove = [];
var i;
for (i = 0; i < toc.childNodes.length; i++) {
var entry = toc.childNodes[i];
if (entry.nodeName.toLowerCase() == 'div'
&& entry.getAttribute("class")
&& entry.getAttribute("class").match(/^toclevel/))
tocEntriesToRemove.push(entry);
}
for (i = 0; i < tocEntriesToRemove.length; i++) {
toc.removeChild(tocEntriesToRemove[i]);
}
// Rebuild TOC entries.
var entries = tocEntries(document.getElementById("content"), toclevels);
for (var i = 0; i < entries.length; ++i) {
var entry = entries[i];
if (entry.element.id == "")
entry.element.id = "_toc_" + i;
var a = document.createElement("a");
a.href = "#" + entry.element.id;
a.appendChild(document.createTextNode(entry.text));
var div = document.createElement("div");
div.appendChild(a);
div.className = "toclevel" + entry.toclevel;
toc.appendChild(div);
}
if (entries.length == 0)
toc.parentNode.removeChild(toc);
},
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Footnotes generator
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/* Based on footnote generation code from:
* http://www.brandspankingnew.net/archive/2005/07/format_footnote.html
*/
footnotes: function () {
// Delete existing footnote entries in case we're reloading the footnodes.
var i;
var noteholder = document.getElementById("footnotes");
if (!noteholder) {
return;
}
var entriesToRemove = [];
for (i = 0; i < noteholder.childNodes.length; i++) {
var entry = noteholder.childNodes[i];
if (entry.nodeName.toLowerCase() == 'div' && entry.getAttribute("class") == "footnote")
entriesToRemove.push(entry);
}
for (i = 0; i < entriesToRemove.length; i++) {
noteholder.removeChild(entriesToRemove[i]);
}
// Rebuild footnote entries.
var cont = document.getElementById("content");
var spans = cont.getElementsByTagName("span");
var refs = {};
var n = 0;
for (i=0; i<spans.length; i++) {
if (spans[i].className == "footnote") {
n++;
var note = spans[i].getAttribute("data-note");
if (!note) {
// Use [\s\S] in place of . so multi-line matches work.
// Because JavaScript has no s (dotall) regex flag.
note = spans[i].innerHTML.match(/\s*\[([\s\S]*)]\s*/)[1];
spans[i].innerHTML =
"[<a id='_footnoteref_" + n + "' href='#_footnote_" + n +
"' title='View footnote' class='footnote'>" + n + "</a>]";
spans[i].setAttribute("data-note", note);
}
noteholder.innerHTML +=
"<div class='footnote' id='_footnote_" + n + "'>" +
"<a href='#_footnoteref_" + n + "' title='Return to text'>" +
n + "</a>. " + note + "</div>";
var id =spans[i].getAttribute("id");
if (id != null) refs["#"+id] = n;
}
}
if (n == 0)
noteholder.parentNode.removeChild(noteholder);
else {
// Process footnoterefs.
for (i=0; i<spans.length; i++) {
if (spans[i].className == "footnoteref") {
var href = spans[i].getElementsByTagName("a")[0].getAttribute("href");
href = href.match(/#.*/)[0]; // Because IE return full URL.
n = refs[href];
spans[i].innerHTML =
"[<a href='#_footnote_" + n +
"' title='View footnote' class='footnote'>" + n + "</a>]";
}
}
}
},
install: function(toclevels) {
var timerId;
function reinstall() {
asciidoc.footnotes();
if (toclevels) {
asciidoc.toc(toclevels);
}
}
function reinstallAndRemoveTimer() {
clearInterval(timerId);
reinstall();
}
timerId = setInterval(reinstall, 500);
if (document.addEventListener)
document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", reinstallAndRemoveTimer, false);
else
window.onload = reinstallAndRemoveTimer;
}
}
asciidoc.install();
/*]]>*/
</script>
</head>
<body class="manpage">
<div id="header">
<h1>
git-pull(1) Manual Page
</h1>
<h2>NAME</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>git-pull -
Fetch from and integrate with another repository or a local branch
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="verseblock">
<pre class="content"><em>git pull</em> [options] [<repository> [<refspec>…]]</pre>
<div class="attribution">
</div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Incorporates changes from a remote repository into the current
branch. In its default mode, <code>git pull</code> is shorthand for
<code>git fetch</code> followed by <code>git merge FETCH_HEAD</code>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>More precisely, <em>git pull</em> runs <em>git fetch</em> with the given
parameters and calls <em>git merge</em> to merge the retrieved branch
heads into the current branch.
With <code>--rebase</code>, it runs <em>git rebase</em> instead of <em>git merge</em>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><repository> should be the name of a remote repository as
passed to <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a>. <refspec> can name an
arbitrary remote ref (for example, the name of a tag) or even
a collection of refs with corresponding remote-tracking branches
(e.g., refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*),
but usually it is the name of a branch in the remote repository.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Default values for <repository> and <branch> are read from the
"remote" and "merge" configuration for the current branch
as set by <a href="git-branch.html">git-branch(1)</a> <code>--track</code>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Assume the following history exists and the current branch is
"<code>master</code>":</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code> A---B---C master on origin
/
D---E---F---G master
^
origin/master in your repository</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Then "<code>git pull</code>" will fetch and replay the changes from the remote
<code>master</code> branch since it diverged from the local <code>master</code> (i.e., <code>E</code>)
until its current commit (<code>C</code>) on top of <code>master</code> and record the
result in a new commit along with the names of the two parent commits
and a log message from the user describing the changes.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code> A---B---C origin/master
/ \
D---E---F---G---H master</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>See <a href="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</a> for details, including how conflicts
are presented and handled.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In Git 1.7.0 or later, to cancel a conflicting merge, use
<code>git reset --merge</code>. <strong>Warning</strong>: In older versions of Git, running <em>git pull</em>
with uncommitted changes is discouraged: while possible, it leaves you
in a state that may be hard to back out of in the case of a conflict.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If any of the remote changes overlap with local uncommitted changes,
the merge will be automatically canceled and the work tree untouched.
It is generally best to get any local changes in working order before
pulling or stash them away with <a href="git-stash.html">git-stash(1)</a>.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
-q
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--quiet
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This is passed to both underlying git-fetch to squelch reporting of
during transfer, and underlying git-merge to squelch output during
merging.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
-v
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--verbose
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Pass --verbose to git-fetch and git-merge.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--[no-]recurse-submodules[=yes|on-demand|no]
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This option controls if new commits of all populated submodules should
be fetched and updated, too (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> and
<a href="gitmodules.html">gitmodules(5)</a>).
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If the checkout is done via rebase, local submodule commits are rebased as well.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If the update is done via merge, the submodule conflicts are resolved and checked out.</p></div>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_options_related_to_merging">Options related to merging</h3>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--commit
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--no-commit
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Perform the merge and commit the result. This option can
be used to override --no-commit.
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>With --no-commit perform the merge but pretend the merge
failed and do not autocommit, to give the user a chance to
inspect and further tweak the merge result before committing.</p></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--edit
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
-e
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--no-edit
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Invoke an editor before committing successful mechanical merge to
further edit the auto-generated merge message, so that the user
can explain and justify the merge. The <code>--no-edit</code> option can be
used to accept the auto-generated message (this is generally
discouraged).
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Older scripts may depend on the historical behaviour of not allowing the
user to edit the merge log message. They will see an editor opened when
they run <code>git merge</code>. To make it easier to adjust such scripts to the
updated behaviour, the environment variable <code>GIT_MERGE_AUTOEDIT</code> can be
set to <code>no</code> at the beginning of them.</p></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--ff
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
When the merge resolves as a fast-forward, only update the branch
pointer, without creating a merge commit. This is the default
behavior.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--no-ff
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Create a merge commit even when the merge resolves as a
fast-forward. This is the default behaviour when merging an
annotated (and possibly signed) tag that is not stored in
its natural place in <em>refs/tags/</em> hierarchy.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--ff-only
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Refuse to merge and exit with a non-zero status unless the
current <code>HEAD</code> is already up to date or the merge can be
resolved as a fast-forward.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
-S[<keyid>]
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--gpg-sign[=<keyid>]
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
GPG-sign the resulting merge commit. The <code>keyid</code> argument is
optional and defaults to the committer identity; if specified,
it must be stuck to the option without a space.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--log[=<n>]
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--no-log
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
In addition to branch names, populate the log message with
one-line descriptions from at most <n> actual commits that are being
merged. See also <a href="git-fmt-merge-msg.html">git-fmt-merge-msg(1)</a>.
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>With --no-log do not list one-line descriptions from the
actual commits being merged.</p></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--signoff
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--no-signoff
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Add Signed-off-by line by the committer at the end of the commit
log message. The meaning of a signoff depends on the project,
but it typically certifies that committer has
the rights to submit this work under the same license and
agrees to a Developer Certificate of Origin
(see <a href="http://developercertificate.org/">http://developercertificate.org/</a> for more information).
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>With --no-signoff do not add a Signed-off-by line.</p></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--stat
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
-n
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--no-stat
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Show a diffstat at the end of the merge. The diffstat is also
controlled by the configuration option merge.stat.
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>With -n or --no-stat do not show a diffstat at the end of the
merge.</p></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--squash
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--no-squash
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Produce the working tree and index state as if a real merge
happened (except for the merge information), but do not actually
make a commit, move the <code>HEAD</code>, or record <code>$GIT_DIR/MERGE_HEAD</code>
(to cause the next <code>git commit</code> command to create a merge
commit). This allows you to create a single commit on top of
the current branch whose effect is the same as merging another
branch (or more in case of an octopus).
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>With --no-squash perform the merge and commit the result. This
option can be used to override --squash.</p></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
-s <strategy>
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--strategy=<strategy>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Use the given merge strategy; can be supplied more than
once to specify them in the order they should be tried.
If there is no <code>-s</code> option, a built-in list of strategies
is used instead (<em>git merge-recursive</em> when merging a single
head, <em>git merge-octopus</em> otherwise).
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
-X <option>
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--strategy-option=<option>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Pass merge strategy specific option through to the merge
strategy.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--verify-signatures
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--no-verify-signatures
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Verify that the tip commit of the side branch being merged is
signed with a valid key, i.e. a key that has a valid uid: in the
default trust model, this means the signing key has been signed by
a trusted key. If the tip commit of the side branch is not signed
with a valid key, the merge is aborted.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--summary
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--no-summary
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Synonyms to --stat and --no-stat; these are deprecated and will be
removed in the future.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--allow-unrelated-histories
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
By default, <code>git merge</code> command refuses to merge histories
that do not share a common ancestor. This option can be
used to override this safety when merging histories of two
projects that started their lives independently. As that is
a very rare occasion, no configuration variable to enable
this by default exists and will not be added.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
-r
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--rebase[=false|true|preserve|interactive]
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
When true, rebase the current branch on top of the upstream
branch after fetching. If there is a remote-tracking branch
corresponding to the upstream branch and the upstream branch
was rebased since last fetched, the rebase uses that information
to avoid rebasing non-local changes.
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When set to preserve, rebase with the <code>--preserve-merges</code> option passed
to <code>git rebase</code> so that locally created merge commits will not be flattened.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When false, merge the current branch into the upstream branch.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When <code>interactive</code>, enable the interactive mode of rebase.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>See <code>pull.rebase</code>, <code>branch.<name>.rebase</code> and <code>branch.autoSetupRebase</code> in
<a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> if you want to make <code>git pull</code> always use
<code>--rebase</code> instead of merging.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">This is a potentially <em>dangerous</em> mode of operation.
It rewrites history, which does not bode well when you
published that history already. Do <strong>not</strong> use this option
unless you have read <a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase(1)</a> carefully.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--no-rebase
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Override earlier --rebase.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--autostash
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--no-autostash
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Before starting rebase, stash local modifications away (see
<a href="git-stash.html">git-stash(1)</a>) if needed, and apply the stash entry when
done. <code>--no-autostash</code> is useful to override the <code>rebase.autoStash</code>
configuration variable (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option is only valid when "--rebase" is used.</p></div>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_options_related_to_fetching">Options related to fetching</h3>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--all
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Fetch all remotes.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
-a
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--append
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Append ref names and object names of fetched refs to the
existing contents of <code>.git/FETCH_HEAD</code>. Without this
option old data in <code>.git/FETCH_HEAD</code> will be overwritten.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--depth=<depth>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Limit fetching to the specified number of commits from the tip of
each remote branch history. If fetching to a <em>shallow</em> repository
created by <code>git clone</code> with <code>--depth=<depth></code> option (see
<a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a>), deepen or shorten the history to the specified
number of commits. Tags for the deepened commits are not fetched.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--deepen=<depth>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Similar to --depth, except it specifies the number of commits
from the current shallow boundary instead of from the tip of
each remote branch history.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--shallow-since=<date>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Deepen or shorten the history of a shallow repository to
include all reachable commits after <date>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--shallow-exclude=<revision>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Deepen or shorten the history of a shallow repository to
exclude commits reachable from a specified remote branch or tag.
This option can be specified multiple times.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--unshallow
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
If the source repository is complete, convert a shallow
repository to a complete one, removing all the limitations
imposed by shallow repositories.
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If the source repository is shallow, fetch as much as possible so that
the current repository has the same history as the source repository.</p></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--update-shallow
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
By default when fetching from a shallow repository,
<code>git fetch</code> refuses refs that require updating
.git/shallow. This option updates .git/shallow and accept such
refs.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
-f
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--force
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
When <em>git fetch</em> is used with <code><rbranch>:<lbranch></code>
refspec, it refuses to update the local branch
<code><lbranch></code> unless the remote branch <code><rbranch></code> it
fetches is a descendant of <code><lbranch></code>. This option
overrides that check.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
-k
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--keep
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Keep downloaded pack.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--no-tags
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
By default, tags that point at objects that are downloaded
from the remote repository are fetched and stored locally.
This option disables this automatic tag following. The default
behavior for a remote may be specified with the remote.<name>.tagOpt
setting. See <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
-u
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--update-head-ok
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
By default <em>git fetch</em> refuses to update the head which
corresponds to the current branch. This flag disables the
check. This is purely for the internal use for <em>git pull</em>
to communicate with <em>git fetch</em>, and unless you are
implementing your own Porcelain you are not supposed to
use it.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--upload-pack <upload-pack>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
When given, and the repository to fetch from is handled
by <em>git fetch-pack</em>, <code>--exec=<upload-pack></code> is passed to
the command to specify non-default path for the command
run on the other end.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--progress
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Progress status is reported on the standard error stream
by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless -q
is specified. This flag forces progress status even if the
standard error stream is not directed to a terminal.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
-4
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--ipv4
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Use IPv4 addresses only, ignoring IPv6 addresses.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
-6
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--ipv6
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Use IPv6 addresses only, ignoring IPv4 addresses.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<repository>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The "remote" repository that is the source of a fetch
or pull operation. This parameter can be either a URL
(see the section <a href="#URLS">GIT URLS</a> below) or the name
of a remote (see the section <a href="#REMOTES">REMOTES</a> below).
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<refspec>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Specifies which refs to fetch and which local refs to update.
When no <refspec>s appear on the command line, the refs to fetch
are read from <code>remote.<repository>.fetch</code> variables instead
(see <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a>).
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The format of a <refspec> parameter is an optional plus
<code>+</code>, followed by the source <src>, followed
by a colon <code>:</code>, followed by the destination ref <dst>.
The colon can be omitted when <dst> is empty. <src> is
typically a ref, but it can also be a fully spelled hex object
name.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><code>tag <tag></code> means the same as <code>refs/tags/<tag>:refs/tags/<tag></code>;
it requests fetching everything up to the given tag.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The remote ref that matches <src>
is fetched, and if <dst> is not empty string, the local
ref that matches it is fast-forwarded using <src>.
If the optional plus <code>+</code> is used, the local ref
is updated even if it does not result in a fast-forward
update.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">When the remote branch you want to fetch is known to
be rewound and rebased regularly, it is expected that
its new tip will not be descendant of its previous tip
(as stored in your remote-tracking branch the last time
you fetched). You would want
to use the <code>+</code> sign to indicate non-fast-forward updates
will be needed for such branches. There is no way to
determine or declare that a branch will be made available
in a repository with this behavior; the pulling user simply
must know this is the expected usage pattern for a branch.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">There is a difference between listing multiple <refspec>
directly on <em>git pull</em> command line and having multiple
<code>remote.<repository>.fetch</code> entries in your configuration
for a <repository> and running a
<em>git pull</em> command without any explicit <refspec> parameters.
<refspec>s listed explicitly on the command line are always
merged into the current branch after fetching. In other words,
if you list more than one remote ref, <em>git pull</em> will create
an Octopus merge. On the other hand, if you do not list any
explicit <refspec> parameter on the command line, <em>git pull</em>
will fetch all the <refspec>s it finds in the
<code>remote.<repository>.fetch</code> configuration and merge
only the first <refspec> found into the current branch.
This is because making an
Octopus from remote refs is rarely done, while keeping track
of multiple remote heads in one-go by fetching more than one
is often useful.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_git_urls_a_id_urls_a">GIT URLS<a id="URLS"></a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>In general, URLs contain information about the transport protocol, the
address of the remote server, and the path to the repository.
Depending on the transport protocol, some of this information may be
absent.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Git supports ssh, git, http, and https protocols (in addition, ftp,
and ftps can be used for fetching, but this is inefficient and
deprecated; do not use it).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The native transport (i.e. git:// URL) does no authentication and
should be used with caution on unsecured networks.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The following syntaxes may be used with them:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
ssh://[user@]host.xz[:port]/path/to/repo.git/
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
git://host.xz[:port]/path/to/repo.git/
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
http[s]://host.xz[:port]/path/to/repo.git/
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
ftp[s]://host.xz[:port]/path/to/repo.git/
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>An alternative scp-like syntax may also be used with the ssh protocol:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
[user@]host.xz:path/to/repo.git/
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This syntax is only recognized if there are no slashes before the
first colon. This helps differentiate a local path that contains a
colon. For example the local path <code>foo:bar</code> could be specified as an
absolute path or <code>./foo:bar</code> to avoid being misinterpreted as an ssh
url.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The ssh and git protocols additionally support ~username expansion:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
ssh://[user@]host.xz[:port]/~[user]/path/to/repo.git/
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
git://host.xz[:port]/~[user]/path/to/repo.git/
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
[user@]host.xz:/~[user]/path/to/repo.git/
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For local repositories, also supported by Git natively, the following
syntaxes may be used:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
/path/to/repo.git/
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
file:///path/to/repo.git/
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>These two syntaxes are mostly equivalent, except when cloning, when
the former implies --local option. See <a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a> for
details.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When Git doesn’t know how to handle a certain transport protocol, it
attempts to use the <em>remote-<transport></em> remote helper, if one
exists. To explicitly request a remote helper, the following syntax
may be used:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
<transport>::<address>
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>where <address> may be a path, a server and path, or an arbitrary
URL-like string recognized by the specific remote helper being
invoked. See <a href="gitremote-helpers.html">gitremote-helpers(1)</a> for details.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If there are a large number of similarly-named remote repositories and
you want to use a different format for them (such that the URLs you
use will be rewritten into URLs that work), you can create a
configuration section of the form:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code> [url "<actual url base>"]
insteadOf = <other url base></code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example, with this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code> [url "git://git.host.xz/"]
insteadOf = host.xz:/path/to/
insteadOf = work:</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>a URL like "work:repo.git" or like "host.xz:/path/to/repo.git" will be
rewritten in any context that takes a URL to be "git://git.host.xz/repo.git".</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you want to rewrite URLs for push only, you can create a
configuration section of the form:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code> [url "<actual url base>"]
pushInsteadOf = <other url base></code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example, with this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code> [url "ssh://example.org/"]
pushInsteadOf = git://example.org/</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>a URL like "git://example.org/path/to/repo.git" will be rewritten to
"ssh://example.org/path/to/repo.git" for pushes, but pulls will still
use the original URL.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_remotes_a_id_remotes_a">REMOTES<a id="REMOTES"></a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>The name of one of the following can be used instead
of a URL as <code><repository></code> argument:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
a remote in the Git configuration file: <code>$GIT_DIR/config</code>,
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
a file in the <code>$GIT_DIR/remotes</code> directory, or
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
a file in the <code>$GIT_DIR/branches</code> directory.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>All of these also allow you to omit the refspec from the command line
because they each contain a refspec which git will use by default.</p></div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_named_remote_in_configuration_file">Named remote in configuration file</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can choose to provide the name of a remote which you had previously
configured using <a href="git-remote.html">git-remote(1)</a>, <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>
or even by a manual edit to the <code>$GIT_DIR/config</code> file. The URL of
this remote will be used to access the repository. The refspec
of this remote will be used by default when you do
not provide a refspec on the command line. The entry in the
config file would appear like this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code> [remote "<name>"]
url = <url>
pushurl = <pushurl>
push = <refspec>
fetch = <refspec></code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <code><pushurl></code> is used for pushes only. It is optional and defaults
to <code><url></code>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_named_file_in_code_git_dir_remotes_code">Named file in <code>$GIT_DIR/remotes</code></h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can choose to provide the name of a
file in <code>$GIT_DIR/remotes</code>. The URL
in this file will be used to access the repository. The refspec
in this file will be used as default when you do not
provide a refspec on the command line. This file should have the
following format:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code> URL: one of the above URL format
Push: <refspec>
Pull: <refspec></code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><code>Push:</code> lines are used by <em>git push</em> and
<code>Pull:</code> lines are used by <em>git pull</em> and <em>git fetch</em>.
Multiple <code>Push:</code> and <code>Pull:</code> lines may
be specified for additional branch mappings.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_named_file_in_code_git_dir_branches_code">Named file in <code>$GIT_DIR/branches</code></h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can choose to provide the name of a
file in <code>$GIT_DIR/branches</code>.
The URL in this file will be used to access the repository.
This file should have the following format:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code> <url>#<head></code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><code><url></code> is required; <code>#<head></code> is optional.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Depending on the operation, git will use one of the following
refspecs, if you don’t provide one on the command line.
<code><branch></code> is the name of this file in <code>$GIT_DIR/branches</code> and
<code><head></code> defaults to <code>master</code>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>git fetch uses:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code> refs/heads/<head>:refs/heads/<branch></code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>git push uses:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code> HEAD:refs/heads/<head></code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_merge_strategies">MERGE STRATEGIES</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>The merge mechanism (<code>git merge</code> and <code>git pull</code> commands) allows the
backend <em>merge strategies</em> to be chosen with <code>-s</code> option. Some strategies
can also take their own options, which can be passed by giving <code>-X<option></code>
arguments to <code>git merge</code> and/or <code>git pull</code>.</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
resolve
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This can only resolve two heads (i.e. the current branch
and another branch you pulled from) using a 3-way merge
algorithm. It tries to carefully detect criss-cross
merge ambiguities and is considered generally safe and
fast.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
recursive
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This can only resolve two heads using a 3-way merge
algorithm. When there is more than one common
ancestor that can be used for 3-way merge, it creates a
merged tree of the common ancestors and uses that as
the reference tree for the 3-way merge. This has been
reported to result in fewer merge conflicts without
causing mismerges by tests done on actual merge commits
taken from Linux 2.6 kernel development history.
Additionally this can detect and handle merges involving
renames. This is the default merge strategy when
pulling or merging one branch.
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>recursive</em> strategy can take the following options:</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
ours
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This option forces conflicting hunks to be auto-resolved cleanly by
favoring <em>our</em> version. Changes from the other tree that do not
conflict with our side are reflected to the merge result.
For a binary file, the entire contents are taken from our side.
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This should not be confused with the <em>ours</em> merge strategy, which does not
even look at what the other tree contains at all. It discards everything
the other tree did, declaring <em>our</em> history contains all that happened in it.</p></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
theirs
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This is the opposite of <em>ours</em>; note that, unlike <em>ours</em>, there is
no <em>theirs</em> merge strategy to confuse this merge option with.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
patience
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
With this option, <em>merge-recursive</em> spends a little extra time
to avoid mismerges that sometimes occur due to unimportant
matching lines (e.g., b