effect/src/Schema.ts

The missing standard library for TypeScript, for writing production-grade software.

/**
 * @since 3.10.0
 */

import type { StandardSchemaV1 } from "@standard-schema/spec"
import type { ArbitraryAnnotation, ArbitraryGenerationContext, LazyArbitrary } from "./Arbitrary.js"
import * as array_ from "./Array.js"
import * as bigDecimal_ from "./BigDecimal.js"
import * as bigInt_ from "./BigInt.js"
import * as boolean_ from "./Boolean.js"
import type { Brand } from "./Brand.js"
import * as cause_ from "./Cause.js"
import * as chunk_ from "./Chunk.js"
import * as config_ from "./Config.js"
import * as configError_ from "./ConfigError.js"
import * as data_ from "./Data.js"
import * as dateTime from "./DateTime.js"
import * as duration_ from "./Duration.js"
import * as Effect from "./Effect.js"
import * as either_ from "./Either.js"
import * as Encoding from "./Encoding.js"
import * as Equal from "./Equal.js"
import * as Equivalence from "./Equivalence.js"
import * as exit_ from "./Exit.js"
import * as fastCheck_ from "./FastCheck.js"
import * as fiberId_ from "./FiberId.js"
import type { LazyArg } from "./Function.js"
import { dual, identity } from "./Function.js"
import { globalValue } from "./GlobalValue.js"
import * as hashMap_ from "./HashMap.js"
import * as hashSet_ from "./HashSet.js"
import * as internalCause_ from "./internal/cause.js"
import * as errors_ from "./internal/schema/errors.js"
import * as schemaId_ from "./internal/schema/schemaId.js"
import * as util_ from "./internal/schema/util.js"
import * as list_ from "./List.js"
import * as number_ from "./Number.js"
import * as option_ from "./Option.js"
import type * as Order from "./Order.js"
import * as ParseResult from "./ParseResult.js"
import type { Pipeable } from "./Pipeable.js"
import { pipeArguments } from "./Pipeable.js"
import * as Predicate from "./Predicate.js"
import type * as pretty_ from "./Pretty.js"
import * as redacted_ from "./Redacted.js"
import * as Request from "./Request.js"
import * as scheduler_ from "./Scheduler.js"
import type { ParseOptions } from "./SchemaAST.js"
import * as AST from "./SchemaAST.js"
import * as sortedSet_ from "./SortedSet.js"
import * as string_ from "./String.js"
import * as struct_ from "./Struct.js"
import type * as Types from "./Types.js"

/**
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export type Simplify<A> = { [K in keyof A]: A[K] } & {}

/**
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export type SimplifyMutable<A> = {
  -readonly [K in keyof A]: A[K]
} extends infer B ? B : never

/**
 * @since 3.10.0
 * @category symbol
 */
export const TypeId: unique symbol = Symbol.for("effect/Schema")

/**
 * @since 3.10.0
 * @category symbol
 */
export type TypeId = typeof TypeId

/**
 * @category model
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export interface Schema<in out A, in out I = A, out R = never> extends Schema.Variance<A, I, R>, Pipeable {
  readonly Type: A
  readonly Encoded: I
  readonly Context: R
  readonly ast: AST.AST
  /**
   * Merges a set of new annotations with existing ones, potentially overwriting
   * any duplicates.
   */
  annotations(annotations: Annotations.GenericSchema<A>): Schema<A, I, R>
}

/**
 * @category annotations
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export interface Annotable<Self extends Schema<A, I, R>, A, I = A, R = never> extends Schema<A, I, R> {
  annotations(annotations: Annotations.GenericSchema<A>): Self
}

/**
 * @category annotations
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export interface AnnotableClass<Self extends Schema<A, I, R>, A, I = A, R = never> extends Annotable<Self, A, I, R> {
  new(_: never): Schema.Variance<A, I, R>
}

/**
 * @category model
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export interface SchemaClass<A, I = A, R = never> extends AnnotableClass<SchemaClass<A, I, R>, A, I, R> {}

/**
 * @category constructors
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export function make<A, I = A, R = never>(ast: AST.AST): SchemaClass<A, I, R> {
  return class SchemaClass {
    [TypeId] = variance
    static ast = ast
    static annotations(annotations: Annotations.GenericSchema<A>) {
      return make<A, I, R>(mergeSchemaAnnotations(this.ast, annotations))
    }
    static pipe() {
      return pipeArguments(this, arguments)
    }
    static toString() {
      return String(ast)
    }
    static Type: A
    static Encoded: I
    static Context: R
    static [TypeId] = variance
  }
}

const variance = {
  /* c8 ignore next */
  _A: (_: any) => _,
  /* c8 ignore next */
  _I: (_: any) => _,
  /* c8 ignore next */
  _R: (_: never) => _
}

const makeStandardResult = <A>(exit: exit_.Exit<StandardSchemaV1.Result<A>>): StandardSchemaV1.Result<A> =>
  exit_.isSuccess(exit) ? exit.value : makeStandardFailureResult(cause_.pretty(exit.cause))

const makeStandardFailureResult = (message: string): StandardSchemaV1.FailureResult => ({
  issues: [{ message }]
})

const makeStandardFailureFromParseIssue = (
  issue: ParseResult.ParseIssue
): Effect.Effect<StandardSchemaV1.FailureResult> =>
  Effect.map(ParseResult.ArrayFormatter.formatIssue(issue), (issues) => ({
    issues: issues.map((issue) => ({
      path: issue.path,
      message: issue.message
    }))
  }))

/**
 * Returns a "Standard Schema" object conforming to the [Standard Schema
 * v1](https://standardschema.dev/) specification.
 *
 * This function creates a schema whose `validate` method attempts to decode and
 * validate the provided input synchronously. If the underlying `Schema`
 * includes any asynchronous components (e.g., asynchronous message resolutions
 * or checks), then validation will necessarily return a `Promise` instead.
 *
 * Any detected defects will be reported via a single issue containing no
 * `path`.
 *
 * @example
 * ```ts
 * import { Schema } from "effect"
 *
 * const schema = Schema.Struct({
 *   name: Schema.String
 * })
 *
 * //      ┌─── StandardSchemaV1<{ readonly name: string; }>
 * //      ▼
 * const standardSchema = Schema.standardSchemaV1(schema)
 * ```
 *
 * @category Standard Schema
 * @since 3.13.0
 */
export const standardSchemaV1 = <A, I>(schema: Schema<A, I, never>): StandardSchemaV1<I, A> => {
  const decodeUnknown = ParseResult.decodeUnknown(schema)
  return {
    "~standard": {
      version: 1,
      vendor: "effect",
      validate(value) {
        const scheduler = new scheduler_.SyncScheduler()
        const fiber = Effect.runFork(
          Effect.matchEffect(decodeUnknown(value), {
            onFailure: makeStandardFailureFromParseIssue,
            onSuccess: (value) => Effect.succeed({ value })
          }),
          { scheduler }
        )
        scheduler.flush()
        const exit = fiber.unsafePoll()
        if (exit) {
          return makeStandardResult(exit)
        }
        return new Promise((resolve) => {
          fiber.addObserver((exit) => {
            resolve(makeStandardResult(exit))
          })
        })
      }
    }
  }
}

interface AllAnnotations<A, TypeParameters extends ReadonlyArray<any>>
  extends Annotations.Schema<A, TypeParameters>, PropertySignature.Annotations<A>
{}

const builtInAnnotations = {
  schemaId: AST.SchemaIdAnnotationId,
  message: AST.MessageAnnotationId,
  missingMessage: AST.MissingMessageAnnotationId,
  identifier: AST.IdentifierAnnotationId,
  title: AST.TitleAnnotationId,
  description: AST.DescriptionAnnotationId,
  examples: AST.ExamplesAnnotationId,
  default: AST.DefaultAnnotationId,
  documentation: AST.DocumentationAnnotationId,
  jsonSchema: AST.JSONSchemaAnnotationId,
  arbitrary: AST.ArbitraryAnnotationId,
  pretty: AST.PrettyAnnotationId,
  equivalence: AST.EquivalenceAnnotationId,
  concurrency: AST.ConcurrencyAnnotationId,
  batching: AST.BatchingAnnotationId,
  parseIssueTitle: AST.ParseIssueTitleAnnotationId,
  parseOptions: AST.ParseOptionsAnnotationId,
  decodingFallback: AST.DecodingFallbackAnnotationId
}

const toASTAnnotations = <A, TypeParameters extends ReadonlyArray<any>>(
  annotations?: AllAnnotations<A, TypeParameters>
): AST.Annotations => {
  if (!annotations) {
    return {}
  }
  const out: Types.Mutable<AST.Annotations> = { ...annotations }

  for (const key in builtInAnnotations) {
    if (key in annotations) {
      const id = builtInAnnotations[key as keyof typeof builtInAnnotations]
      out[id] = annotations[key as keyof typeof annotations]
      delete out[key]
    }
  }

  return out
}

const mergeSchemaAnnotations = <A>(ast: AST.AST, annotations: Annotations.Schema<A>): AST.AST =>
  AST.annotations(ast, toASTAnnotations(annotations))

/**
 * @category annotations
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export declare namespace Annotable {
  /**
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  export type Self<S extends All> = ReturnType<S["annotations"]>

  /**
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  export type Any = Annotable<any, any, any, unknown>

  /**
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  export type All =
    | Any
    | Annotable<any, any, never, unknown>
    | Annotable<any, never, any, unknown>
    | Annotable<any, never, never, unknown>
}

/**
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export function asSchema<S extends Schema.All>(
  schema: S
): Schema<Schema.Type<S>, Schema.Encoded<S>, Schema.Context<S>> {
  return schema as any
}

/**
 * @category formatting
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const format = <S extends Schema.All>(schema: S): string => String(schema.ast)

/**
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export declare namespace Schema {
  /**
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  export interface Variance<A, I, R> {
    readonly [TypeId]: {
      readonly _A: Types.Invariant<A>
      readonly _I: Types.Invariant<I>
      readonly _R: Types.Covariant<R>
    }
  }

  /**
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  export type Type<S> = S extends Schema.Variance<infer A, infer _I, infer _R> ? A : never

  /**
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  export type Encoded<S> = S extends Schema.Variance<infer _A, infer I, infer _R> ? I : never

  /**
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  export type Context<S> = S extends Schema.Variance<infer _A, infer _I, infer R> ? R : never

  /**
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  export type ToAsserts<S extends AnyNoContext> = (
    input: unknown,
    options?: AST.ParseOptions
  ) => asserts input is Schema.Type<S>

  /**
   * Any schema, except for `never`.
   *
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  export type Any = Schema<any, any, unknown>

  /**
   * Any schema with `Context = never`, except for `never`.
   *
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  export type AnyNoContext = Schema<any, any, never>

  /**
   * Any schema, including `never`.
   *
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  export type All =
    | Any
    | Schema<any, never, unknown>
    | Schema<never, any, unknown>
    | Schema<never, never, unknown>

  /**
   * Type-level counterpart of `Schema.asSchema` function.
   *
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  export type AsSchema<S extends All> = Schema<Type<S>, Encoded<S>, Context<S>>
}

/**
 * The `encodedSchema` function allows you to extract the `Encoded` portion of a
 * schema, creating a new schema that conforms to the properties defined in the
 * original schema without retaining any refinements or transformations that
 * were applied previously.
 *
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const encodedSchema = <A, I, R>(schema: Schema<A, I, R>): SchemaClass<I> => make(AST.encodedAST(schema.ast))

/**
 * The `encodedBoundSchema` function is similar to `encodedSchema` but preserves
 * the refinements up to the first transformation point in the original schema.
 *
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const encodedBoundSchema = <A, I, R>(schema: Schema<A, I, R>): SchemaClass<I> =>
  make(AST.encodedBoundAST(schema.ast))

/**
 * The `typeSchema` function allows you to extract the `Type` portion of a
 * schema, creating a new schema that conforms to the properties defined in the
 * original schema without considering the initial encoding or transformation
 * processes.
 *
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const typeSchema = <A, I, R>(schema: Schema<A, I, R>): SchemaClass<A> => make(AST.typeAST(schema.ast))

/* c8 ignore start */
export {
  /**
   * By default the option `exact` is set to `true`.
   *
   * @throws `ParseError`
   * @category validation
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  asserts,
  /**
   * @category decoding
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  decodeOption,
  /**
   * @throws `ParseError`
   * @category decoding
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  decodeSync,
  /**
   * @category decoding
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  decodeUnknownOption,
  /**
   * @throws `ParseError`
   * @category decoding
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  decodeUnknownSync,
  /**
   * @category encoding
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  encodeOption,
  /**
   * @throws `ParseError`
   * @category encoding
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  encodeSync,
  /**
   * @category encoding
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  encodeUnknownOption,
  /**
   * @throws `ParseError`
   * @category encoding
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  encodeUnknownSync,
  /**
   * By default the option `exact` is set to `true`.
   *
   * @category validation
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  is,
  /**
   * @category validation
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  validateOption,
  /**
   * @throws `ParseError`
   * @category validation
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  validateSync
} from "./ParseResult.js"
/* c8 ignore end */

/**
 * @category encoding
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const encodeUnknown = <A, I, R>(
  schema: Schema<A, I, R>,
  options?: ParseOptions
) => {
  const encodeUnknown = ParseResult.encodeUnknown(schema, options)
  return (u: unknown, overrideOptions?: ParseOptions): Effect.Effect<I, ParseResult.ParseError, R> =>
    ParseResult.mapError(encodeUnknown(u, overrideOptions), ParseResult.parseError)
}

/**
 * @category encoding
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const encodeUnknownEither = <A, I>(
  schema: Schema<A, I, never>,
  options?: ParseOptions
) => {
  const encodeUnknownEither = ParseResult.encodeUnknownEither(schema, options)
  return (u: unknown, overrideOptions?: ParseOptions): either_.Either<I, ParseResult.ParseError> =>
    either_.mapLeft(encodeUnknownEither(u, overrideOptions), ParseResult.parseError)
}

/**
 * @category encoding
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const encodeUnknownPromise = <A, I>(
  schema: Schema<A, I, never>,
  options?: ParseOptions
) => {
  const parser = encodeUnknown(schema, options)
  return (u: unknown, overrideOptions?: ParseOptions): Promise<I> => Effect.runPromise(parser(u, overrideOptions))
}

/**
 * @category encoding
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const encode: <A, I, R>(
  schema: Schema<A, I, R>,
  options?: ParseOptions
) => (a: A, overrideOptions?: ParseOptions) => Effect.Effect<I, ParseResult.ParseError, R> = encodeUnknown

/**
 * @category encoding
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const encodeEither: <A, I>(
  schema: Schema<A, I, never>,
  options?: ParseOptions
) => (a: A, overrideOptions?: ParseOptions) => either_.Either<I, ParseResult.ParseError> = encodeUnknownEither

/**
 * @category encoding
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const encodePromise: <A, I>(
  schema: Schema<A, I, never>,
  options?: ParseOptions
) => (a: A, overrideOptions?: ParseOptions) => Promise<I> = encodeUnknownPromise

/**
 * @category decoding
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const decodeUnknown = <A, I, R>(
  schema: Schema<A, I, R>,
  options?: ParseOptions
) => {
  const decodeUnknown = ParseResult.decodeUnknown(schema, options)
  return (u: unknown, overrideOptions?: ParseOptions): Effect.Effect<A, ParseResult.ParseError, R> =>
    ParseResult.mapError(decodeUnknown(u, overrideOptions), ParseResult.parseError)
}

/**
 * @category decoding
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const decodeUnknownEither = <A, I>(
  schema: Schema<A, I, never>,
  options?: ParseOptions
) => {
  const decodeUnknownEither = ParseResult.decodeUnknownEither(schema, options)
  return (u: unknown, overrideOptions?: ParseOptions): either_.Either<A, ParseResult.ParseError> =>
    either_.mapLeft(decodeUnknownEither(u, overrideOptions), ParseResult.parseError)
}

/**
 * @category decoding
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const decodeUnknownPromise = <A, I>(
  schema: Schema<A, I, never>,
  options?: ParseOptions
) => {
  const parser = decodeUnknown(schema, options)
  return (u: unknown, overrideOptions?: ParseOptions): Promise<A> => Effect.runPromise(parser(u, overrideOptions))
}

/**
 * @category decoding
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const decode: <A, I, R>(
  schema: Schema<A, I, R>,
  options?: ParseOptions
) => (i: I, overrideOptions?: ParseOptions) => Effect.Effect<A, ParseResult.ParseError, R> = decodeUnknown

/**
 * @category decoding
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const decodeEither: <A, I>(
  schema: Schema<A, I, never>,
  options?: ParseOptions
) => (i: I, overrideOptions?: ParseOptions) => either_.Either<A, ParseResult.ParseError> = decodeUnknownEither

/**
 * @category decoding
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const decodePromise: <A, I>(
  schema: Schema<A, I, never>,
  options?: ParseOptions
) => (i: I, overrideOptions?: ParseOptions) => Promise<A> = decodeUnknownPromise

/**
 * @category validation
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const validate = <A, I, R>(
  schema: Schema<A, I, R>,
  options?: ParseOptions
) => {
  const validate = ParseResult.validate(schema, options)
  return (u: unknown, overrideOptions?: ParseOptions): Effect.Effect<A, ParseResult.ParseError, R> =>
    ParseResult.mapError(validate(u, overrideOptions), ParseResult.parseError)
}

/**
 * @category validation
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const validateEither = <A, I, R>(
  schema: Schema<A, I, R>,
  options?: ParseOptions
) => {
  const validateEither = ParseResult.validateEither(schema, options)
  return (u: unknown, overrideOptions?: ParseOptions): either_.Either<A, ParseResult.ParseError> =>
    either_.mapLeft(validateEither(u, overrideOptions), ParseResult.parseError)
}

/**
 * @category validation
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const validatePromise = <A, I>(
  schema: Schema<A, I, never>,
  options?: ParseOptions
) => {
  const parser = validate(schema, options)
  return (u: unknown, overrideOptions?: ParseOptions): Promise<A> => Effect.runPromise(parser(u, overrideOptions))
}

/**
 * Tests if a value is a `Schema`.
 *
 * @category guards
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const isSchema = (u: unknown): u is Schema.Any =>
  Predicate.hasProperty(u, TypeId) && Predicate.isObject(u[TypeId])

/**
 * @category api interface
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export interface Literal<Literals extends array_.NonEmptyReadonlyArray<AST.LiteralValue>>
  extends AnnotableClass<Literal<Literals>, Literals[number]>
{
  readonly literals: Readonly<Literals>
}

function getDefaultLiteralAST<Literals extends array_.NonEmptyReadonlyArray<AST.LiteralValue>>(
  literals: Literals
): AST.AST {
  return AST.isMembers(literals)
    ? AST.Union.make(AST.mapMembers(literals, (literal) => new AST.Literal(literal)))
    : new AST.Literal(literals[0])
}

function makeLiteralClass<Literals extends array_.NonEmptyReadonlyArray<AST.LiteralValue>>(
  literals: Literals,
  ast: AST.AST = getDefaultLiteralAST(literals)
): Literal<Literals> {
  return class LiteralClass extends make<Literals[number]>(ast) {
    static override annotations(annotations: Annotations.Schema<Literals[number]>): Literal<Literals> {
      return makeLiteralClass(this.literals, mergeSchemaAnnotations(this.ast, annotations))
    }
    static literals = [...literals] as Literals
  }
}

/**
 * @category constructors
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export function Literal<Literals extends array_.NonEmptyReadonlyArray<AST.LiteralValue>>(
  ...literals: Literals
): Literal<Literals>
export function Literal(): Never
export function Literal<Literals extends ReadonlyArray<AST.LiteralValue>>(
  ...literals: Literals
): SchemaClass<Literals[number]>
export function Literal<Literals extends ReadonlyArray<AST.LiteralValue>>(
  ...literals: Literals
): SchemaClass<Literals[number]> | Never {
  return array_.isNonEmptyReadonlyArray(literals) ? makeLiteralClass(literals) : Never
}

/**
 * Creates a new `Schema` from a literal schema.
 *
 * @example
 * ```ts
 * import * as Schema from "effect/Schema"
 * import { Either } from "effect"
 *
 * const schema = Schema.Literal("a", "b", "c").pipe(Schema.pickLiteral("a", "b"))
 *
 * assert.deepStrictEqual(Schema.decodeSync(schema)("a"), "a")
 * assert.deepStrictEqual(Schema.decodeSync(schema)("b"), "b")
 * assert.strictEqual(Either.isLeft(Schema.decodeUnknownEither(schema)("c")), true)
 * ```
 *
 * @category constructors
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const pickLiteral =
  <A extends AST.LiteralValue, L extends array_.NonEmptyReadonlyArray<A>>(...literals: L) =>
  <I, R>(_schema: Schema<A, I, R>): Literal<[...L]> => Literal(...literals)

/**
 * @category constructors
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const UniqueSymbolFromSelf = <S extends symbol>(symbol: S): SchemaClass<S> => make(new AST.UniqueSymbol(symbol))

/**
 * @category api interface
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export interface Enums<A extends EnumsDefinition> extends AnnotableClass<Enums<A>, A[keyof A]> {
  readonly enums: A
}

/**
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export type EnumsDefinition = { [x: string]: string | number }

const getDefaultEnumsAST = <A extends EnumsDefinition>(enums: A) =>
  new AST.Enums(
    Object.keys(enums).filter(
      (key) => typeof enums[enums[key]] !== "number"
    ).map((key) => [key, enums[key]])
  )

const makeEnumsClass = <A extends EnumsDefinition>(
  enums: A,
  ast: AST.AST = getDefaultEnumsAST(enums)
): Enums<A> => (class EnumsClass extends make<A[keyof A]>(ast) {
  static override annotations(annotations: Annotations.Schema<A[keyof A]>) {
    return makeEnumsClass(this.enums, mergeSchemaAnnotations(this.ast, annotations))
  }

  static enums = { ...enums }
})

/**
 * @category constructors
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const Enums = <A extends EnumsDefinition>(enums: A): Enums<A> => makeEnumsClass(enums)

type AppendType<
  Template extends string,
  Next
> = Next extends AST.LiteralValue ? `${Template}${Next}`
  : Next extends Schema<infer A extends AST.LiteralValue, infer _I, infer _R> ? `${Template}${A}`
  : never

type GetTemplateLiteralType<Params> = Params extends [...infer Init, infer Last] ?
  AppendType<GetTemplateLiteralType<Init>, Last>
  : ``

/**
 * @category API interface
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export interface TemplateLiteral<A> extends SchemaClass<A> {}

type TemplateLiteralParameter = Schema.AnyNoContext | AST.LiteralValue

/**
 * @category template literal
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const TemplateLiteral = <Params extends array_.NonEmptyReadonlyArray<TemplateLiteralParameter>>(
  ...[head, ...tail]: Params
): TemplateLiteral<GetTemplateLiteralType<Params>> => {
  const spans: Array<AST.TemplateLiteralSpan> = []
  let h = ""
  let ts = tail

  if (isSchema(head)) {
    if (AST.isLiteral(head.ast)) {
      h = String(head.ast.literal)
    } else {
      ts = [head, ...ts]
    }
  } else {
    h = String(head)
  }

  for (let i = 0; i < ts.length; i++) {
    const item = ts[i]
    if (isSchema(item)) {
      if (i < ts.length - 1) {
        const next = ts[i + 1]
        if (isSchema(next)) {
          if (AST.isLiteral(next.ast)) {
            spans.push(new AST.TemplateLiteralSpan(item.ast, String(next.ast.literal)))
            i++
            continue
          }
        } else {
          spans.push(new AST.TemplateLiteralSpan(item.ast, String(next)))
          i++
          continue
        }
      }
      spans.push(new AST.TemplateLiteralSpan(item.ast, ""))
    } else {
      spans.push(new AST.TemplateLiteralSpan(new AST.Literal(item), ""))
    }
  }

  if (array_.isNonEmptyArray(spans)) {
    return make(new AST.TemplateLiteral(h, spans))
  } else {
    return make(new AST.TemplateLiteral("", [new AST.TemplateLiteralSpan(new AST.Literal(h), "")]))
  }
}

type TemplateLiteralParserParameters = Schema.Any | AST.LiteralValue

type GetTemplateLiteralParserType<Params> = Params extends [infer Head, ...infer Tail] ? readonly [
    Head extends Schema<infer A, infer _I, infer _R> ? A : Head,
    ...GetTemplateLiteralParserType<Tail>
  ]
  : []

type AppendEncoded<
  Template extends string,
  Next
> = Next extends AST.LiteralValue ? `${Template}${Next}`
  : Next extends Schema<infer _A, infer I extends AST.LiteralValue, infer _R> ? `${Template}${I}`
  : never

type GetTemplateLiteralParserEncoded<Params> = Params extends [...infer Init, infer Last] ?
  AppendEncoded<GetTemplateLiteralParserEncoded<Init>, Last>
  : ``

/**
 * @category API interface
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export interface TemplateLiteralParser<Params extends array_.NonEmptyReadonlyArray<TemplateLiteralParserParameters>>
  extends
    Schema<
      GetTemplateLiteralParserType<Params>,
      GetTemplateLiteralParserEncoded<Params>,
      Schema.Context<Params[number]>
    >
{
  readonly params: Params
}

function getTemplateLiteralParserCoercedElement(encoded: Schema.Any, schema: Schema.Any): Schema.Any | undefined {
  const ast = encoded.ast
  switch (ast._tag) {
    case "Literal": {
      const literal = ast.literal
      if (!Predicate.isString(literal)) {
        const s = String(literal)
        return transform(Literal(s), schema, {
          strict: true,
          decode: () => literal,
          encode: () => s
        })
      }
      break
    }
    case "NumberKeyword":
      return compose(NumberFromString, schema)
    case "Union": {
      const members: Array<Schema.Any> = []
      let hasCoercions = false
      for (const member of ast.types) {
        const schema = make(member)
        const encoded = encodedSchema(schema)
        const coerced = getTemplateLiteralParserCoercedElement(encoded, schema)
        if (coerced) {
          hasCoercions = true
        }
        members.push(coerced ?? schema)
      }
      return hasCoercions ? compose(Union(...members), schema) : schema
    }
  }
}

/**
 * @category template literal
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const TemplateLiteralParser = <Params extends array_.NonEmptyReadonlyArray<TemplateLiteralParserParameters>>(
  ...params: Params
): TemplateLiteralParser<Params> => {
  const encodedSchemas: Array<Schema.Any> = []
  const elements: Array<Schema.Any> = []
  const schemas: Array<Schema.Any> = []
  let coerced = false
  for (let i = 0; i < params.length; i++) {
    const param = params[i]
    const schema = isSchema(param) ? param : Literal(param)
    schemas.push(schema)
    const encoded = encodedSchema(schema)
    encodedSchemas.push(encoded)
    const element = getTemplateLiteralParserCoercedElement(encoded, schema)
    if (element) {
      elements.push(element)
      coerced = true
    } else {
      elements.push(schema)
    }
  }
  const from = TemplateLiteral(...encodedSchemas as any)
  const re = AST.getTemplateLiteralCapturingRegExp(from.ast as AST.TemplateLiteral)
  let to = Tuple(...elements)
  if (coerced) {
    to = to.annotations({ [AST.AutoTitleAnnotationId]: format(Tuple(...schemas)) })
  }
  return class TemplateLiteralParserClass extends transformOrFail(from, to, {
    strict: false,
    decode: (i, _, ast) => {
      const match = re.exec(i)
      return match
        ? ParseResult.succeed(match.slice(1, params.length + 1))
        : ParseResult.fail(new ParseResult.Type(ast, i, `${re.source}: no match for ${JSON.stringify(i)}`))
    },
    encode: (tuple) => ParseResult.succeed(tuple.join(""))
  }) {
    static params = params.slice()
  } as any
}

const declareConstructor = <
  const TypeParameters extends ReadonlyArray<Schema.Any>,
  I,
  A
>(
  typeParameters: TypeParameters,
  options: {
    readonly decode: (
      ...typeParameters: {
        readonly [K in keyof TypeParameters]: Schema<
          Schema.Type<TypeParameters[K]>,
          Schema.Encoded<TypeParameters[K]>,
          never
        >
      }
    ) => (
      input: unknown,
      options: ParseOptions,
      ast: AST.Declaration
    ) => Effect.Effect<A, ParseResult.ParseIssue, never>
    readonly encode: (
      ...typeParameters: {
        readonly [K in keyof TypeParameters]: Schema<
          Schema.Type<TypeParameters[K]>,
          Schema.Encoded<TypeParameters[K]>,
          never
        >
      }
    ) => (
      input: unknown,
      options: ParseOptions,
      ast: AST.Declaration
    ) => Effect.Effect<I, ParseResult.ParseIssue, never>
  },
  annotations?: Annotations.Schema<A, TypeParameters>
): SchemaClass<A, I, Schema.Context<TypeParameters[number]>> =>
  makeDeclareClass(
    typeParameters,
    new AST.Declaration(
      typeParameters.map((tp) => tp.ast),
      (...typeParameters) => options.decode(...typeParameters.map(make) as any),
      (...typeParameters) => options.encode(...typeParameters.map(make) as any),
      toASTAnnotations(annotations)
    )
  )

const declarePrimitive = <A>(
  is: (input: unknown) => input is A,
  annotations?: Annotations.Schema<A>
): SchemaClass<A> => {
  const decodeUnknown = () => (input: unknown, _: ParseOptions, ast: AST.Declaration) =>
    is(input) ? ParseResult.succeed(input) : ParseResult.fail(new ParseResult.Type(ast, input))
  const encodeUnknown = decodeUnknown
  return makeDeclareClass([], new AST.Declaration([], decodeUnknown, encodeUnknown, toASTAnnotations(annotations)))
}

/**
 * @category api interface
 * @since 3.13.3
 */
export interface declare<
  A,
  I = A,
  P extends ReadonlyArray<Schema.All> = readonly [],
  R = Schema.Context<P[number]>
> extends AnnotableClass<declare<A, I, P, R>, A, I, R> {
  readonly typeParameters: Readonly<P>
}

/**
 * @category api interface
 * @since 3.13.3
 */
export interface AnnotableDeclare<
  Self extends declare<A, I, P, R>,
  A,
  I = A,
  P extends ReadonlyArray<Schema.All> = readonly [],
  R = Schema.Context<P[number]>
> extends declare<A, I, P, R> {
  annotations(annotations: Annotations.Schema<A>): Self
}

function makeDeclareClass<P extends ReadonlyArray<Schema.All>, A, I, R>(
  typeParameters: P,
  ast: AST.AST
): declare<A, I, P, R> {
  return class DeclareClass extends make<A, I, R>(ast) {
    static override annotations(annotations: Annotations.Schema<A>): declare<A, I, P, R> {
      return makeDeclareClass(this.typeParameters, mergeSchemaAnnotations(this.ast, annotations))
    }
    static typeParameters = [...typeParameters] as any as P
  }
}

/**
 * The constraint `R extends Schema.Context<P[number]>` enforces dependencies solely from `typeParameters`.
 * This ensures that when you call `Schema.to` or `Schema.from`, you receive a schema with a `never` context.
 *
 * @category constructors
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const declare: {
  /**
   * The constraint `R extends Schema.Context<P[number]>` enforces dependencies solely from `typeParameters`.
   * This ensures that when you call `Schema.to` or `Schema.from`, you receive a schema with a `never` context.
   *
   * @category constructors
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  <A>(is: (input: unknown) => input is A, annotations?: Annotations.Schema<A>): declare<A>
  /**
   * The constraint `R extends Schema.Context<P[number]>` enforces dependencies solely from `typeParameters`.
   * This ensures that when you call `Schema.to` or `Schema.from`, you receive a schema with a `never` context.
   *
   * @category constructors
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  <A, I, const P extends ReadonlyArray<Schema.All>>(
    typeParameters: P,
    options: {
      readonly decode: (
        ...typeParameters: { readonly [K in keyof P]: Schema<Schema.Type<P[K]>, Schema.Encoded<P[K]>, never> }
      ) => (
        input: unknown,
        options: ParseOptions,
        ast: AST.Declaration
      ) => Effect.Effect<A, ParseResult.ParseIssue, never>
      readonly encode: (
        ...typeParameters: { readonly [K in keyof P]: Schema<Schema.Type<P[K]>, Schema.Encoded<P[K]>, never> }
      ) => (
        input: unknown,
        options: ParseOptions,
        ast: AST.Declaration
      ) => Effect.Effect<I, ParseResult.ParseIssue, never>
    },
    annotations?: Annotations.Schema<A, { readonly [K in keyof P]: Schema.Type<P[K]> }>
  ): declare<A, I, P>
} = function() {
  if (Array.isArray(arguments[0])) {
    const typeParameters = arguments[0]
    const options = arguments[1]
    const annotations = arguments[2]
    return declareConstructor(typeParameters, options, annotations)
  }
  const is = arguments[0]
  const annotations = arguments[1]
  return declarePrimitive(is, annotations)
} as any

/**
 * @category schema id
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const BrandSchemaId: unique symbol = Symbol.for("effect/SchemaId/Brand")

/**
 * @category constructors
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const fromBrand = <C extends Brand<string | symbol>, A extends Brand.Unbranded<C>>(
  constructor: Brand.Constructor<C>,
  annotations?: Annotations.Filter<C, A>
) =>
<I, R>(self: Schema<A, I, R>): BrandSchema<A & C, I, R> => {
  const out = makeBrandClass(
    self,
    new AST.Refinement(
      self.ast,
      function predicate(a: A, _: ParseOptions, ast: AST.AST): option_.Option<ParseResult.ParseIssue> {
        const either = constructor.either(a)
        return either_.isLeft(either) ?
          option_.some(new ParseResult.Type(ast, a, either.left.map((v) => v.message).join(", "))) :
          option_.none()
      },
      toASTAnnotations({
        schemaId: BrandSchemaId,
        [BrandSchemaId]: { constructor },
        ...annotations
      })
    )
  )
  return out as any
}

/**
 * @category schema id
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const InstanceOfSchemaId: unique symbol = Symbol.for("effect/SchemaId/InstanceOf")

/**
 * @category api interface
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export interface instanceOf<A> extends AnnotableDeclare<instanceOf<A>, A> {}

/**
 * @category constructors
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const instanceOf = <A extends abstract new(...args: any) => any>(
  constructor: A,
  annotations?: Annotations.Schema<InstanceType<A>>
): instanceOf<InstanceType<A>> =>
  declare(
    (u): u is InstanceType<A> => u instanceof constructor,
    {
      title: constructor.name,
      description: `an instance of ${constructor.name}`,
      pretty: (): pretty_.Pretty<InstanceType<A>> => String,
      schemaId: InstanceOfSchemaId,
      [InstanceOfSchemaId]: { constructor },
      ...annotations
    }
  )

/**
 * @category primitives
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export class Undefined extends make<undefined>(AST.undefinedKeyword) {}

/**
 * @category primitives
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export class Void extends make<void>(AST.voidKeyword) {}

/**
 * @category primitives
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export class Null extends make<null>(AST.null) {}

/**
 * @category primitives
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export class Never extends make<never>(AST.neverKeyword) {}

/**
 * @category primitives
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export class Unknown extends make<unknown>(AST.unknownKeyword) {}

/**
 * @category primitives
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export class Any extends make<any>(AST.anyKeyword) {}

/**
 * @category primitives
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export class BigIntFromSelf extends make<bigint>(AST.bigIntKeyword) {}

/**
 * @category primitives
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export class SymbolFromSelf extends make<symbol>(AST.symbolKeyword) {}

/** @ignore */
class String$ extends make<string>(AST.stringKeyword) {}

/** @ignore */
class Number$ extends make<number>(AST.numberKeyword) {}

/** @ignore */
class Boolean$ extends make<boolean>(AST.booleanKeyword) {}

/** @ignore */
class Object$ extends make<object>(AST.objectKeyword) {}

export {
  /**
   * @category primitives
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  Boolean$ as Boolean,
  /**
   * @category primitives
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  Number$ as Number,
  /**
   * @category primitives
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  Object$ as Object,
  /**
   * @category primitives
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  String$ as String
}

/**
 * @category api interface
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export interface Union<Members extends ReadonlyArray<Schema.All>> extends
  AnnotableClass<
    Union<Members>,
    Schema.Type<Members[number]>,
    Schema.Encoded<Members[number]>,
    Schema.Context<Members[number]>
  >
{
  readonly members: Readonly<Members>
}

const getDefaultUnionAST = <Members extends AST.Members<Schema.All>>(members: Members): AST.AST =>
  AST.Union.make(members.map((m) => m.ast))

function makeUnionClass<Members extends AST.Members<Schema.All>>(
  members: Members,
  ast: AST.AST = getDefaultUnionAST(members)
): Union<Members> {
  return class UnionClass extends make<
    Schema.Type<Members[number]>,
    Schema.Encoded<Members[number]>,
    Schema.Context<Members[number]>
  >(ast) {
    static override annotations(annotations: Annotations.Schema<Schema.Type<Members[number]>>): Union<Members> {
      return makeUnionClass(this.members, mergeSchemaAnnotations(this.ast, annotations))
    }

    static members = [...members]
  }
}

/**
 * @category combinators
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export function Union<Members extends AST.Members<Schema.All>>(...members: Members): Union<Members>
export function Union<Member extends Schema.All>(member: Member): Member
export function Union(): typeof Never
export function Union<Members extends ReadonlyArray<Schema.All>>(
  ...members: Members
): Schema<Schema.Type<Members[number]>, Schema.Encoded<Members[number]>, Schema.Context<Members[number]>>
export function Union<Members extends ReadonlyArray<Schema.All>>(
  ...members: Members
) {
  return AST.isMembers(members)
    ? makeUnionClass(members)
    : array_.isNonEmptyReadonlyArray(members)
    ? members[0]
    : Never
}

/**
 * @category api interface
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export interface NullOr<S extends Schema.All> extends Union<[S, typeof Null]> {
  annotations(annotations: Annotations.Schema<Schema.Type<S> | null>): NullOr<S>
}

/**
 * @category combinators
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const NullOr = <S extends Schema.All>(self: S): NullOr<S> => Union(self, Null)

/**
 * @category api interface
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export interface UndefinedOr<S extends Schema.All> extends Union<[S, typeof Undefined]> {
  annotations(annotations: Annotations.Schema<Schema.Type<S> | undefined>): UndefinedOr<S>
}

/**
 * @category combinators
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const UndefinedOr = <S extends Schema.All>(self: S): UndefinedOr<S> => Union(self, Undefined)

/**
 * @category api interface
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export interface NullishOr<S extends Schema.All> extends Union<[S, typeof Null, typeof Undefined]> {
  annotations(annotations: Annotations.Schema<Schema.Type<S> | null | undefined>): NullishOr<S>
}

/**
 * @category combinators
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const NullishOr = <S extends Schema.All>(self: S): NullishOr<S> => Union(self, Null, Undefined)

/**
 * @category combinators
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const keyof = <A, I, R>(self: Schema<A, I, R>): SchemaClass<keyof A> => make<keyof A>(AST.keyof(self.ast))

/**
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export declare namespace Element {
  /**
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  export interface Annotations<A> extends Annotations.Doc<A> {
    readonly missingMessage?: AST.MissingMessageAnnotation
  }

  /**
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  export type Token = "" | "?"
}

/**
 * @category API interface
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export interface Element<S extends Schema.Any, Token extends Element.Token>
  extends Schema.Variance<Schema.Type<S>, Schema.Encoded<S>, Schema.Context<S>>
{
  readonly _Token: Token
  readonly ast: AST.OptionalType
  readonly from: S
  annotations(annotations: Element.Annotations<Schema.Type<S>>): Element<S, Token>
}

/**
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const element = <S extends Schema.Any>(self: S): Element<S, ""> =>
  new ElementImpl(new AST.OptionalType(self.ast, false), self)

/**
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const optionalElement = <S extends Schema.Any>(self: S): Element<S, "?"> =>
  new ElementImpl(new AST.OptionalType(self.ast, true), self)

class ElementImpl<S extends Schema.Any, Token extends Element.Token> implements Element<S, Token> {
  readonly [TypeId]!: Schema.Variance<Schema.Type<S>, Schema.Encoded<S>, Schema.Context<S>>[TypeId]
  readonly _Token!: Token
  constructor(
    readonly ast: AST.OptionalType,
    readonly from: S
  ) {}
  annotations(
    annotations: Annotations.Schema<Schema.Type<S>>
  ): ElementImpl<S, Token> {
    return new ElementImpl(
      new AST.OptionalType(
        this.ast.type,
        this.ast.isOptional,
        { ...this.ast.annotations, ...toASTAnnotations(annotations) }
      ),
      this.from
    )
  }
  toString() {
    return `${this.ast.type}${this.ast.isOptional ? "?" : ""}`
  }
}

/**
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export declare namespace TupleType {
  type ElementsType<
    Elements,
    Out extends ReadonlyArray<any> = readonly []
  > = Elements extends readonly [infer Head, ...infer Tail] ?
    Head extends Element<infer T, "?"> ? ElementsType<Tail, readonly [...Out, Schema.Type<T>?]>
    : ElementsType<Tail, readonly [...Out, Schema.Type<Head>]>
    : Out

  type ElementsEncoded<
    Elements,
    Out extends ReadonlyArray<any> = readonly []
  > = Elements extends readonly [infer Head, ...infer Tail] ?
    Head extends Element<infer T, "?"> ? ElementsEncoded<Tail, readonly [...Out, Schema.Encoded<T>?]>
    : ElementsEncoded<Tail, readonly [...Out, Schema.Encoded<Head>]>
    : Out

  /**
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  export type Elements = ReadonlyArray<Schema.Any | Element<Schema.Any, Element.Token>>

  /**
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  export type Rest = ReadonlyArray<Schema.Any | Element<Schema.Any, "">>

  /**
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  export type Type<Elements extends TupleType.Elements, Rest extends TupleType.Rest> = Rest extends
    [infer Head, ...infer Tail] ? Readonly<[
      ...ElementsType<Elements>,
      ...ReadonlyArray<Schema.Type<Head>>,
      ...{ readonly [K in keyof Tail]: Schema.Type<Tail[K]> }
    ]> :
    ElementsType<Elements>

  /**
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  export type Encoded<Elements extends TupleType.Elements, Rest extends TupleType.Rest> = Rest extends
    [infer Head, ...infer Tail] ? Readonly<[
      ...ElementsEncoded<Elements>,
      ...ReadonlyArray<Schema.Encoded<Head>>,
      ...{ readonly [K in keyof Tail]: Schema.Encoded<Tail[K]> }
    ]> :
    ElementsEncoded<Elements>
}

/**
 * @category api interface
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export interface TupleType<Elements extends TupleType.Elements, Rest extends TupleType.Rest> extends
  AnnotableClass<
    TupleType<Elements, Rest>,
    TupleType.Type<Elements, Rest>,
    TupleType.Encoded<Elements, Rest>,
    Schema.Context<Elements[number]> | Schema.Context<Rest[number]>
  >
{
  readonly elements: Readonly<Elements>
  readonly rest: Readonly<Rest>
}

const getDefaultTupleTypeAST = <Elements extends TupleType.Elements, Rest extends TupleType.Rest>(
  elements: Elements,
  rest: Rest
) =>
  new AST.TupleType(
    elements.map((el) => isSchema(el) ? new AST.OptionalType(el.ast, false) : el.ast),
    rest.map((el) => isSchema(el) ? new AST.Type(el.ast) : el.ast),
    true
  )

function makeTupleTypeClass<Elements extends TupleType.Elements, Rest extends TupleType.Rest>(
  elements: Elements,
  rest: Rest,
  ast: AST.AST = getDefaultTupleTypeAST(elements, rest)
) {
  return class TupleTypeClass extends make<
    TupleType.Type<Elements, Rest>,
    TupleType.Encoded<Elements, Rest>,
    Schema.Context<Elements[number]> | Schema.Context<Rest[number]>
  >(ast) {
    static override annotations(
      annotations: Annotations.Schema<TupleType.Type<Elements, Rest>>
    ): TupleType<Elements, Rest> {
      return makeTupleTypeClass(this.elements, this.rest, mergeSchemaAnnotations(this.ast, annotations))
    }

    static elements = [...elements] as any as Elements

    static rest = [...rest] as any as Rest
  }
}

/**
 * @category api interface
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export interface Tuple<Elements extends TupleType.Elements> extends TupleType<Elements, []> {
  annotations(annotations: Annotations.Schema<TupleType.Type<Elements, []>>): Tuple<Elements>
}

/**
 * @category api interface
 * @since 3.13.3
 */
export interface Tuple2<Fst extends Schema.Any, Snd extends Schema.Any> extends
  AnnotableClass<
    Tuple2<Fst, Snd>,
    readonly [Schema.Type<Fst>, Schema.Type<Snd>],
    readonly [Schema.Encoded<Fst>, Schema.Encoded<Snd>],
    Schema.Context<Fst> | Schema.Context<Snd>
  >
{
  readonly elements: readonly [Fst, Snd]
  readonly rest: readonly []
}

/**
 * @category constructors
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export function Tuple<
  const Elements extends TupleType.Elements,
  Rest extends array_.NonEmptyReadonlyArray<TupleType.Rest[number]>
>(elements: Elements, ...rest: Rest): TupleType<Elements, Rest>
export function Tuple<Fst extends Schema.Any, Snd extends Schema.Any>(fst: Fst, snd: Snd): Tuple2<Fst, Snd>
export function Tuple<Elements extends TupleType.Elements>(...elements: Elements): Tuple<Elements>
export function Tuple(...args: ReadonlyArray<any>): any {
  return Array.isArray(args[0])
    ? makeTupleTypeClass(args[0], args.slice(1))
    : makeTupleTypeClass(args, [])
}

/**
 * @category api interface
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export interface Array$<Value extends Schema.Any> extends TupleType<[], [Value]> {
  readonly value: Value
  annotations(annotations: Annotations.Schema<TupleType.Type<[], [Value]>>): Array$<Value>
}

function makeArrayClass<Value extends Schema.Any>(
  value: Value,
  ast?: AST.AST
): Array$<Value> {
  return class ArrayClass extends makeTupleTypeClass<[], [Value]>([], [value], ast) {
    static override annotations(annotations: Annotations.Schema<TupleType.Type<[], [Value]>>) {
      return makeArrayClass(this.value, mergeSchemaAnnotations(this.ast, annotations))
    }

    static value = value
  }
}

const Array$ = <Value extends Schema.Any>(value: Value): Array$<Value> => makeArrayClass(value)

export {
  /**
   * @category constructors
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  Array$ as Array
}

/**
 * @category api interface
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export interface NonEmptyArray<Value extends Schema.Any> extends
  AnnotableClass<
    NonEmptyArray<Value>,
    array_.NonEmptyReadonlyArray<Schema.Type<Value>>,
    array_.NonEmptyReadonlyArray<Schema.Encoded<Value>>,
    Schema.Context<Value>
  >
{
  readonly elements: readonly [Value]
  readonly rest: readonly [Value]
  readonly value: Value
}

function makeNonEmptyArrayClass<Value extends Schema.Any>(
  value: Value,
  ast?: AST.AST
) {
  return class NonEmptyArrayClass extends makeTupleTypeClass<[Value], [Value]>([value], [value], ast) {
    static override annotations(annotations: Annotations.Schema<TupleType.Type<[Value], [Value]>>) {
      return makeNonEmptyArrayClass(this.value, mergeSchemaAnnotations(this.ast, annotations))
    }

    static value = value
  }
}

/**
 * @category constructors
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export const NonEmptyArray = <Value extends Schema.Any>(value: Value): NonEmptyArray<Value> =>
  makeNonEmptyArrayClass(value) as any

/**
 * @category api interface
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export interface ArrayEnsure<Value extends Schema.Any>
  extends transform<Union<[Value, Array$<Value>]>, Array$<SchemaClass<Schema.Type<Value>>>>
{}

/**
 * @category constructors
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export function ArrayEnsure<Value extends Schema.Any>(value: Value): ArrayEnsure<Value> {
  return transform(Union(value, Array$(value)), Array$(typeSchema(asSchema(value))), {
    strict: true,
    decode: (i) => array_.ensure(i),
    encode: (a) => a.length === 1 ? a[0] : a
  })
}

/**
 * @category api interface
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export interface NonEmptyArrayEnsure<Value extends Schema.Any>
  extends transform<Union<[Value, NonEmptyArray<Value>]>, NonEmptyArray<SchemaClass<Schema.Type<Value>>>>
{}

/**
 * @category constructors
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export function NonEmptyArrayEnsure<Value extends Schema.Any>(value: Value): NonEmptyArrayEnsure<Value> {
  return transform(Union(value, NonEmptyArray(value)), NonEmptyArray(typeSchema(asSchema(value))), {
    strict: true,
    decode: (i) => array_.isNonEmptyReadonlyArray(i) ? i : array_.of(i),
    encode: (a) => a.length === 1 ? a[0] : a
  })
}

/**
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export declare namespace PropertySignature {
  /**
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  export type Token = "?:" | ":"

  /**
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  export type Any<Key extends PropertyKey = PropertyKey> = PropertySignature<
    Token,
    any,
    Key,
    Token,
    any,
    boolean,
    unknown
  >

  /**
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  export type All<Key extends PropertyKey = PropertyKey> =
    | Any<Key>
    | PropertySignature<Token, never, Key, Token, any, boolean, unknown>
    | PropertySignature<Token, any, Key, Token, never, boolean, unknown>
    | PropertySignature<Token, never, Key, Token, never, boolean, unknown>

  /**
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  export type AST =
    | PropertySignatureDeclaration
    | PropertySignatureTransformation

  /**
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  export interface Annotations<A> extends Annotations.Doc<A> {
    readonly missingMessage?: AST.MissingMessageAnnotation
  }
}

const formatPropertySignatureToken = (isOptional: boolean): string => isOptional ? "\"?:\"" : "\":\""

/**
 * @category PropertySignature
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export class PropertySignatureDeclaration extends AST.OptionalType {
  /**
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  readonly _tag = "PropertySignatureDeclaration"
  constructor(
    type: AST.AST,
    isOptional: boolean,
    readonly isReadonly: boolean,
    annotations: AST.Annotations,
    readonly defaultValue: (() => unknown) | undefined
  ) {
    super(type, isOptional, annotations)
  }
  /**
   * @since 3.10.0
   */
  toString() {
    const token = formatPropertySignatureToken(this.isOptional)
    const type = String(this.type)
    return `PropertySignature<${token}, ${type}, never, ${token}, ${type}>`
  }
}

/**
 * @category PropertySignature
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export class FromPropertySignature extends AST.OptionalType {
  constructor(
    type: AST.AST,
    isOptional: boolean,
    readonly isReadonly: boolean,
    annotations: AST.Annotations,
    readonly fromKey?: PropertyKey | undefined
  ) {
    super(type, isOptional, annotations)
  }
}

/**
 * @category PropertySignature
 * @since 3.10.0
 */
export class ToPropertySignature extends AST.OptionalType {
  constructor(
    type: AST.AST,
    isOptional: boolean,
    readonly isReadonly: boolean,
    annotations: AST.Annotations,
    readonly defaultValue: (() => unknown) | undefined
  ) {
    super(type, isOptional, annotations)
  }
}

const formatPropertyKey = (p: PropertyKey | undefined): string => {
  if (p === undefined) {
    return "never"
  }
  if (Predicate.isString(p)) {
    return JSON.stringify(p)
  }
  return String(p)
}

/*