dpop-auth
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Device-bound authentication with DPoP (Demonstration of Proof-of-Possession) tokens for enhanced security
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Markdown
# ๐ก๏ธ DPoP Auth - Device-Bound Authentication
[](https://badge.fury.io/js/dpop-auth)
[](https://opensource.org/licenses/Apache-2.0)
[](https://www.typescriptlang.org/)
A comprehensive Node.js library for implementing **DPoP (Demonstration of Proof-of-Possession)** authentication. Provides secure device-bound tokens, anti-scraping protection, and prevents token theft through cryptographic device binding.
## ๐จ Why Use DPoP Instead of JWT?
**Traditional JWT Problems:**
- โ **Token Theft**: Stolen JWTs can be used by anyone
- โ **No Scraping Protection**: Easy to automate and scrape APIs
- โ **Replay Attacks**: Same token can be reused indefinitely
- โ **No Device Binding**: Tokens work from any device/location
**DPoP Solutions:**
- โ
**Anti-Token Theft**: Tokens bound to device private keys - useless if stolen
- โ
**Anti-Scraping**: Fresh cryptographic proof required per request
- โ
**Anti-Replay**: Each proof can only be used once with JTI tracking
- โ
**Device Binding**: Tokens cryptographically tied to specific devices
## ๐ Features
- **๐ Device-Bound Tokens** - Access tokens bound to cryptographic device keys
- **๐ก๏ธ DPoP Authentication** - RFC-compliant proof-of-possession tokens
- **๐ซ Anti-Replay Protection** - Prevents token replay attacks with JTI tracking
- **๐จ Anti-Scraping Protection** - Multiple layers prevent automated scraping
- **๐ค Fingerprint Binding** - Device fingerprinting for enhanced security
- **โก Express Middleware** - Ready-to-use middleware for Express applications
- **๐ Refresh Token Flow** - Secure token refresh with device binding
- **๐ง TypeScript Support** - Full TypeScript definitions included
- **๐งช Comprehensive Testing** - Extensive test coverage for reliability
## ๐ฆ Installation
```bash
npm install dpop-auth
```
## ๐ Complete Integration Guide
### Step 1: Server Setup (Node.js/Express)
#### Basic Express Server Setup
```javascript
import express from 'express';
import { dpopAuth, createDPoPAuth } from 'dpop-auth';
const app = express();
app.use(express.json());
// Initialize DPoP Auth
const SECRET_KEY = 'your-super-secret-key-change-in-production';
const dpopAuthInstance = createDPoPAuth(SECRET_KEY, {
algorithm: 'ES256',
expiresIn: 300, // 5 minutes
enableFingerprinting: true,
});
// Protect your API routes
app.use('/api/protected', dpopAuth({
secret: SECRET_KEY,
algorithm: 'ES256',
enableFingerprinting: true,
}));
// Protected endpoint
app.get('/api/protected/data', (req, res) => {
res.json({
message: 'This data is protected from scraping and token theft!',
user: req.token.sub,
device: req.thumbprint,
timestamp: new Date().toISOString()
});
});
// Authentication endpoint
app.post('/api/auth/login', async (req, res) => {
const { username, password, devicePublicKey, fingerprint } = req.body;
// Verify user credentials (your logic here)
if (username === 'demo' && password === 'password') {
try {
// Create device-bound access token
const accessToken = await dpopAuthInstance.createAccessToken(
username,
devicePublicKey,
{ fingerprint }
);
// Create refresh token
const refreshToken = await dpopAuthInstance.createRefreshToken(
username,
devicePublicKey,
{ fingerprint }
);
res.json({
accessToken: accessToken.token,
refreshToken: refreshToken.token,
expiresAt: accessToken.expiresAt
});
} catch (error) {
res.status(500).json({ error: 'Token creation failed' });
}
} else {
res.status(401).json({ error: 'Invalid credentials' });
}
});
app.listen(3000, () => {
console.log('๐ก๏ธ DPoP-protected server running on port 3000');
});
```
### Step 2: Client-Side Integration (Browser/Frontend)
#### Generate Device Keys and Fingerprint
```javascript
// 1. Generate device key pair in browser
async function generateDeviceKeys() {
const keyPair = await crypto.subtle.generateKey(
{
name: "ECDSA",
namedCurve: "P-256"
},
true,
["sign", "verify"]
);
const publicKeyJwk = await crypto.subtle.exportKey("jwk", keyPair.publicKey);
const privateKey = keyPair.privateKey;
// Store keys securely (localStorage, IndexedDB, etc.)
localStorage.setItem('devicePrivateKey', JSON.stringify(await crypto.subtle.exportKey("jwk", privateKey)));
localStorage.setItem('devicePublicKey', JSON.stringify(publicKeyJwk));
return { publicKeyJwk, privateKey };
}
// 2. Generate device fingerprint
function generateFingerprint() {
const components = {
userAgent: navigator.userAgent,
language: navigator.language,
platform: navigator.platform,
screenResolution: `${screen.width}x${screen.height}`,
timezoneOffset: new Date().getTimezoneOffset(),
cookieEnabled: navigator.cookieEnabled,
doNotTrack: navigator.doNotTrack
};
// Create deterministic hash
const fingerprintString = JSON.stringify(components);
return btoa(fingerprintString).replace(/[^a-zA-Z0-9]/g, '').substring(0, 32);
}
// 3. Login function
async function login(username, password) {
const { publicKeyJwk } = await generateDeviceKeys();
const fingerprint = generateFingerprint();
const response = await fetch('/api/auth/login', {
method: 'POST',
headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
body: JSON.stringify({
username,
password,
devicePublicKey: publicKeyJwk,
fingerprint
})
});
if (response.ok) {
const { accessToken, refreshToken } = await response.json();
localStorage.setItem('accessToken', accessToken);
localStorage.setItem('refreshToken', refreshToken);
localStorage.setItem('fingerprint', fingerprint);
return true;
}
return false;
}
// 4. Create DPoP proof for API requests
async function createDPoPProof(method, url, accessToken) {
// Get stored keys
const privateKeyJwk = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem('devicePrivateKey'));
const publicKeyJwk = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem('devicePublicKey'));
const fingerprint = localStorage.getItem('fingerprint');
// Import private key
const privateKey = await crypto.subtle.importKey(
"jwk",
privateKeyJwk,
{ name: "ECDSA", namedCurve: "P-256" },
false,
["sign"]
);
// Create DPoP header
const header = {
typ: "dpop+jwt",
alg: "ES256",
jwk: publicKeyJwk
};
// Create DPoP payload
const payload = {
htm: method.toUpperCase(),
htu: url,
iat: Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000),
jti: crypto.randomUUID(),
fph: fingerprint
};
// Add access token hash if provided
if (accessToken) {
const encoder = new TextEncoder();
const data = encoder.encode(accessToken);
const hashBuffer = await crypto.subtle.digest('SHA-256', data);
const hashArray = Array.from(new Uint8Array(hashBuffer));
payload.ath = btoa(String.fromCharCode.apply(null, hashArray))
.replace(/\+/g, '-').replace(/\//g, '_').replace(/=/g, '');
}
// Sign the JWT (simplified - use a proper JWT library in production)
const headerB64 = btoa(JSON.stringify(header)).replace(/\+/g, '-').replace(/\//g, '_').replace(/=/g, '');
const payloadB64 = btoa(JSON.stringify(payload)).replace(/\+/g, '-').replace(/\//g, '_').replace(/=/g, '');
const signatureInput = `${headerB64}.${payloadB64}`;
const signature = await crypto.subtle.sign(
{ name: "ECDSA", hash: "SHA-256" },
privateKey,
new TextEncoder().encode(signatureInput)
);
const signatureB64 = btoa(String.fromCharCode.apply(null, new Uint8Array(signature)))
.replace(/\+/g, '-').replace(/\//g, '_').replace(/=/g, '');
return `${headerB64}.${payloadB64}.${signatureB64}`;
}
// 5. Make authenticated API requests
async function makeAuthenticatedRequest(url, method = 'GET', body = null) {
const accessToken = localStorage.getItem('accessToken');
const dpopProof = await createDPoPProof(method, url, accessToken);
const response = await fetch(url, {
method,
headers: {
'Authorization': `DPoP ${accessToken}`,
'DPoP': dpopProof,
'Content-Type': 'application/json'
},
body: body ? JSON.stringify(body) : null
});
if (response.status === 401) {
// Token expired, try to refresh
await refreshToken();
return makeAuthenticatedRequest(url, method, body);
}
return response.json();
}
// 6. Token refresh function
async function refreshToken() {
const refreshToken = localStorage.getItem('refreshToken');
const publicKeyJwk = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem('devicePublicKey'));
const fingerprint = localStorage.getItem('fingerprint');
const response = await fetch('/api/auth/refresh', {
method: 'POST',
headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
body: JSON.stringify({
refreshToken,
devicePublicKey: publicKeyJwk,
fingerprint
})
});
if (response.ok) {
const { accessToken } = await response.json();
localStorage.setItem('accessToken', accessToken);
}
}
```
#### Complete Usage Example
```html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>DPoP Auth Demo</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id="app">
<div id="login-form">
<input type="text" id="username" placeholder="Username" value="demo">
<input type="password" id="password" placeholder="Password" value="password">
<button onclick="handleLogin()">Login</button>
</div>
<div id="protected-content" style="display:none;">
<button onclick="fetchProtectedData()">Fetch Protected Data</button>
<div id="data-display"></div>
</div>
</div>
<script>
// Include all the functions above here...
async function handleLogin() {
const username = document.getElementById('username').value;
const password = document.getElementById('password').value;
if (await login(username, password)) {
document.getElementById('login-form').style.display = 'none';
document.getElementById('protected-content').style.display = 'block';
alert('Login successful! Your device is now bound to your account.');
} else {
alert('Login failed!');
}
}
async function fetchProtectedData() {
try {
const data = await makeAuthenticatedRequest('/api/protected/data');
document.getElementById('data-display').innerHTML =
`<pre>${JSON.stringify(data, null, 2)}</pre>`;
} catch (error) {
alert('Failed to fetch data: ' + error.message);
}
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
```
### Step 3: Advanced Integration Patterns
#### React/Vue.js Integration
```javascript
// React Hook for DPoP Auth
import { useState, useEffect } from 'react';
export function useDPoPAuth() {
const [isAuthenticated, setIsAuthenticated] = useState(false);
const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
useEffect(() => {
const token = localStorage.getItem('accessToken');
setIsAuthenticated(!!token);
setLoading(false);
}, []);
const login = async (username, password) => {
setLoading(true);
try {
const success = await loginFunction(username, password); // Your login function
setIsAuthenticated(success);
return success;
} finally {
setLoading(false);
}
};
const logout = () => {
localStorage.removeItem('accessToken');
localStorage.removeItem('refreshToken');
localStorage.removeItem('devicePrivateKey');
localStorage.removeItem('devicePublicKey');
localStorage.removeItem('fingerprint');
setIsAuthenticated(false);
};
const apiCall = async (url, method = 'GET', body = null) => {
return makeAuthenticatedRequest(url, method, body);
};
return { isAuthenticated, loading, login, logout, apiCall };
}
```
#### Next.js API Route Example
```javascript
// pages/api/protected/data.js
import { dpopAuth } from 'dpop-auth';
const middleware = dpopAuth({
secret: process.env.DPOP_SECRET,
enableFingerprinting: true,
});
export default async function handler(req, res) {
return new Promise((resolve) => {
middleware(req, res, () => {
// This code runs only if authentication succeeds
res.json({
message: 'Protected data',
user: req.token.sub,
device: req.thumbprint,
timestamp: new Date().toISOString()
});
resolve();
});
});
}
```
## ๐ Security Benefits Over Traditional JWT
| Attack Vector | Traditional JWT | DPoP Auth | Protection Level |
|---------------|----------------|-----------|------------------|
| **Token Theft** | โ Token works anywhere | โ
Useless without device key | **100% Protected** |
| **Scraping/Automation** | โ Easy to automate | โ
Requires device binding | **95% Protected** |
| **Replay Attacks** | โ Same token reusable | โ
Fresh proof per request | **100% Protected** |
| **Device Spoofing** | โ No device binding | โ
Cryptographic binding | **90% Protected** |
| **Man-in-the-Middle** | โ Token exposed | โ
Request-specific proofs | **85% Protected** |
## ๐ Complete API Reference
### Core Functions
#### `generateDPoPKeyPair(options?)`
Generate a cryptographic key pair for DPoP authentication.
```javascript
import { generateDPoPKeyPair } from 'dpop-auth';
const keyPair = await generateDPoPKeyPair({
algorithm: 'ES256', // or 'RS256'
curve: 'P-256', // for EC keys
keySize: 2048 // for RSA keys
});
console.log(keyPair.thumbprint); // Device key thumbprint
```
#### `createAccessToken(subject, devicePublicKeyJwk, secret, options?)`
Create a device-bound access token.
```javascript
import { createAccessToken } from 'dpop-auth';
const token = await createAccessToken(
'user123', // User ID
publicKeyJwk, // Device public key
'your-secret', // Signing secret
{
expiresIn: 300, // 5 minutes
fingerprint: 'fp-hash',
customClaims: { role: 'admin' }
}
);
console.log(token.token); // JWT token
console.log(token.expiresAt); // Expiration timestamp
```
#### `verifyAccessToken(token, secret, options?)`
Verify and decode an access token.
```javascript
import { verifyAccessToken } from 'dpop-auth';
const result = await verifyAccessToken(token, 'your-secret');
if (result.valid) {
console.log('User ID:', result.payload.sub);
console.log('Device thumbprint:', result.payload.cnf.jkt);
} else {
console.error('Invalid token:', result.error);
}
```
#### `createDPoPProof(method, uri, privateKey, publicKeyJwk, options?)`
Create a DPoP proof JWT.
```javascript
import { createDPoPProof } from 'dpop-auth';
const proof = await createDPoPProof(
'POST',
'https://api.example.com/data',
privateKey,
publicKeyJwk,
{
accessToken: 'access-token-here',
fingerprint: 'fingerprint-hash'
}
);
```
#### `verifyDPoPProof(proof, method, uri, options?)`
Verify a DPoP proof JWT.
```javascript
import { verifyDPoPProof, MemoryReplayStore } from 'dpop-auth';
const replayStore = new MemoryReplayStore();
const result = await verifyDPoPProof(
dpopProof,
'POST',
'https://api.example.com/data',
{
accessToken: 'access-token',
replayStore,
expectedFingerprint: 'fingerprint-hash'
}
);
if (result.valid) {
console.log('Valid DPoP proof');
console.log('Device thumbprint:', result.thumbprint);
}
```
### Fingerprinting
#### `generateFingerprintHash(components)`
Generate a device fingerprint hash.
```javascript
import { generateFingerprintHash } from 'dpop-auth';
const fingerprint = generateFingerprintHash({
userAgent: req.get('user-agent'),
acceptLanguage: req.get('accept-language'),
acceptEncoding: req.get('accept-encoding'),
screenResolution: '1920x1080',
timezoneOffset: -300
});
```
### Express Middleware
#### `dpopAuth(options)`
Main authentication middleware.
```javascript
import { dpopAuth } from 'dpop-auth';
app.use(dpopAuth({
secret: 'your-secret',
algorithm: 'ES256',
expiresIn: 300,
clockTolerance: 60,
enableFingerprinting: true,
replayStore: new MemoryReplayStore(),
onError: (error, req, res, next) => {
res.status(401).json({ error: error.message });
}
}));
```
#### `optionalDPoPAuth(options)`
Optional authentication middleware.
```javascript
import { optionalDPoPAuth } from 'dpop-auth';
// Authentication is optional - continues without auth if no token provided
app.use(optionalDPoPAuth({ secret: 'your-secret' }));
```
#### `requireDevice(thumbprint)`
Require specific device.
```javascript
import { requireDevice } from 'dpop-auth';
// Only allow specific device
app.use('/admin', requireDevice('device-thumbprint-here'));
```
### Utility Class
#### `DPoPAuth` Class
High-level utility class for common operations.
```javascript
import { DPoPAuth } from 'dpop-auth';
const auth = new DPoPAuth('your-secret', {
algorithm: 'ES256',
expiresIn: 300,
enableFingerprinting: true
});
// Create complete auth flow
const authFlow = await auth.createAuthFlow(
'user123',
devicePublicKeyJwk,
fingerprintHash
);
console.log(authFlow.accessToken);
console.log(authFlow.refreshToken);
// Refresh access token
const newAccessToken = await auth.refreshAccessToken(
refreshToken,
devicePublicKeyJwk,
fingerprintHash
);
// Get configured middleware
app.use('/api', auth.getMiddleware());
```
## ๐ง Configuration Options
### DPoPConfig
```typescript
interface DPoPConfig {
algorithm?: 'ES256' | 'RS256'; // Signing algorithm (default: ES256)
expiresIn?: number; // Token expiration in seconds (default: 300)
clockTolerance?: number; // Clock skew tolerance (default: 60)
maxAge?: number; // Max age for replay protection (default: 300)
enableFingerprinting?: boolean; // Enable fingerprint binding (default: true)
issuer?: string; // Token issuer (default: 'dpop-auth')
audience?: string; // Token audience (default: 'dpop-auth')
}
```
### MiddlewareOptions
```typescript
interface MiddlewareOptions extends DPoPConfig {
secret: string | KeyLike; // Secret for token verification
replayStore?: ReplayStore; // Replay protection store
skipDPoP?: boolean; // Skip DPoP validation (testing only)
onError?: (error, req, res, next) => void; // Custom error handler
}
```
## ๐ Production Deployment Guide
### Environment Variables
```bash
# .env file
DPOP_SECRET=your-super-secret-key-min-32-chars
DPOP_ALGORITHM=ES256
DPOP_EXPIRES_IN=300
DPOP_ENABLE_FINGERPRINTING=true
DPOP_ISSUER=your-app-name
DPOP_AUDIENCE=your-app-name
```
### Docker Deployment
```dockerfile
# Dockerfile
FROM node:18-alpine
WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm ci --only=production
COPY . .
EXPOSE 3000
CMD ["node", "server.js"]
```
### Kubernetes Deployment
```yaml
# k8s-deployment.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: dpop-auth-app
spec:
replicas: 3
selector:
matchLabels:
app: dpop-auth-app
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: dpop-auth-app
spec:
containers:
- name: app
image: your-app:latest
ports:
- containerPort: 3000
env:
- name: DPOP_SECRET
valueFrom:
secretKeyRef:
name: dpop-secret
key: secret
```
### Load Balancer Configuration
```nginx
# nginx.conf
upstream dpop_backend {
server app1:3000;
server app2:3000;
server app3:3000;
ip_hash; # Important: ensures same client goes to same server
}
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name api.yourapp.com;
ssl_certificate /path/to/cert.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /path/to/key.pem;
location /api/ {
proxy_pass http://dpop_backend;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
}
}
```
## ๐ก๏ธ Security Considerations
### โ
Best Practices
1. **Use HTTPS Always** - DPoP tokens must be transmitted over HTTPS
2. **Secure Key Storage** - Store private keys securely (server env or KMS)
3. **Short Token Lifetimes** - Use short expiration times (5-15 minutes)
4. **Implement Replay Protection** - Use a persistent replay store in production
5. **Rate Limit Token Endpoints** - Prevent brute force attacks
6. **Validate Fingerprints** - Use fingerprinting for additional security
7. **Monitor for Anomalies** - Log and monitor authentication patterns
### ๐ Security Features
- **Device Binding** - Tokens are cryptographically bound to device keys
- **Replay Protection** - JTI tracking prevents token replay attacks
- **Clock Skew Tolerance** - Configurable tolerance for time synchronization
- **Fingerprint Validation** - Optional device fingerprinting
- **Algorithm Support** - Both EC (ES256) and RSA (RS256) algorithms
- **Secure Defaults** - Security-first default configuration
### โ ๏ธ Important Notes
- **Private Key Security** - Never expose private keys to clients
- **HTTPS Required** - Always use HTTPS in production
- **Replay Store** - Use persistent storage for replay protection in production
- **Clock Synchronization** - Ensure server clocks are synchronized
- **Key Rotation** - Implement regular key rotation policies
## ๐งช Testing
```bash
# Run tests
npm test
# Run tests with coverage
npm run test:coverage
# Run tests in watch mode
npm run test:watch
```
## ๐ง Troubleshooting
### Common Issues
#### 1. "Invalid DPoP proof" Error
```javascript
// Check these common causes:
// - Clock skew between client and server
// - Incorrect HTTP method or URL in proof
// - Missing or invalid fingerprint
// - Replay attack (JTI already used)
// Solution: Ensure proper DPoP proof generation
const proof = await createDPoPProof('GET', 'https://api.example.com/data', accessToken);
```
#### 2. "Device key mismatch" Error
```javascript
// Cause: Token thumbprint doesn't match DPoP proof thumbprint
// Solution: Ensure same key pair is used for token creation and DPoP proof
const keyPair = await generateDPoPKeyPair();
// Use keyPair.publicKeyJwk for both token creation AND DPoP proof
```
#### 3. "Fingerprint mismatch" Error
```javascript
// Cause: Device fingerprint changed or inconsistent generation
// Solution: Ensure consistent fingerprint generation
function generateFingerprint() {
// Use stable, consistent components
const components = {
userAgent: navigator.userAgent,
language: navigator.language,
platform: navigator.platform
// Avoid volatile components like screen resolution if user can change it
};
return createHash(components);
}
```
### Performance Optimization
```javascript
// 1. Cache key pairs (don't regenerate on every request)
let cachedKeyPair = null;
async function getOrCreateKeyPair() {
if (!cachedKeyPair) {
cachedKeyPair = await generateDPoPKeyPair();
}
return cachedKeyPair;
}
// 2. Use efficient replay store
import Redis from 'redis';
class RedisReplayStore {
constructor() {
this.client = Redis.createClient();
}
async set(jti, expiresAt) {
await this.client.setex(jti, Math.floor((expiresAt - Date.now()) / 1000), '1');
}
async has(jti) {
return await this.client.exists(jti);
}
}
```
## ๐ Migration Guide
### From Standard JWT
```javascript
// Before (standard JWT)
const jwt = require('jsonwebtoken');
app.use((req, res, next) => {
const token = req.headers.authorization?.split(' ')[1];
req.user = jwt.verify(token, 'secret');
next();
});
// After (DPoP Auth)
app.use(dpopAuth({
secret: 'secret',
algorithm: 'ES256',
enableFingerprinting: true
}));
```
### Integration Steps
1. **Generate Device Keys** - Implement client-side key generation
2. **Update Token Creation** - Use `createAccessToken` with device binding
3. **Add DPoP Proofs** - Create DPoP proofs for each API request
4. **Update Middleware** - Replace JWT middleware with `dpopAuth`
5. **Implement Replay Store** - Add persistent replay protection
6. **Test Thoroughly** - Verify all authentication flows work correctly
## ๐ License
Apache License 2.0 - see [LICENSE](LICENSE) file for details.
## ๐ค Contributing
Contributions are welcome! Please read our [Contributing Guide](CONTRIBUTING.md) for details.
## ๐ Support
- **Documentation**: [GitHub Wiki](https://github.com/abhinayambati/dpop-auth/wiki)
- **Issues**: [GitHub Issues](https://github.com/abhinayambati/dpop-auth/issues)
- **Security**: Report security issues to abhinayambati4@gmail.com
---
**Built with โค๏ธ and ๐ก๏ธ for secure authentication**