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Utilities for monadic promises.

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# DashP Utilities for monadic promises. ## Synopsis [![License: GPL v3](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-GPL%20v3-blue.svg)](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0) [![npm version](https://img.shields.io/npm/v/dashp.svg?style=flat)](https://www.npmjs.com/package/dashp) [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/critocrito/dashp.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/critocrito/dashp) [![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/github/critocrito/dashp/badge.svg)](https://coveralls.io/github/critocrito/dashp) [![Greenkeeper badge](https://badges.greenkeeper.io/critocrito/dashp.svg)](https://greenkeeper.io/) DashP allows to program with [Promises](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise) in a functional style. It offers a collection of higher-order and utility functions that operate on Promises and are all curried. It feels similar to [`lodash/fp`](https://github.com/lodash/lodash/wiki/FP-Guide), but then for promises. It implements [an (almost) *monadic* interface](#interoperability) for Promises, but unlike other [great](https://github.com/briancavalier/creed) [libraries](https://github.com/fluture-js/Fluture) it doesn't introduce new semantics. It just forms a small wrapper around the native Promise API. This is great for integrating it into any codebase that already uses Promises, without having to relearn new semantics or changing the structure. It retains as well the eager execution semantics of native Promises. This library intends to be very lightweight. It has no external dependencies and has a size of 3-4K when minified and gzipped. ```javascript import {getJson, storeDb} from './async-utils'; import {flowP, tapP} from 'dashp'; const url = "https://url.horse/api"; const apiCall = flowP([getJson, tapP(console.log), storeDb]); await apiCall(url); ``` ## Interoperability <a href="http://promises-aplus.github.com/promises-spec"><img width="82" height="82" alt="Promises/A+" src="https://promisesaplus.com/assets/logo-small.png"></a> <a href="https://github.com/rpominov/static-land"><img width="131" height="82" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rpominov/static-land/master/logo/logo.png" /></a> DashP is [compatible with Promises/A+ and ES6 Promises](promises). It also implements [Static Land](https://github.com/rpominov/static-land) [`Functor`](https://github.com/rpominov/static-land/blob/master/docs/spec.md#functor), [`Bifunctor`](https://github.com/rpominov/static-land/blob/master/docs/spec.md#bifunctor), [`Apply`](https://github.com/rpominov/static-land/blob/master/docs/spec.md#apply), [`Applicative`](https://github.com/rpominov/static-land/blob/master/docs/spec.md#applicative), [`Chain`](https://github.com/rpominov/static-land/blob/master/docs/spec.md#chain) and [`Monad`](https://github.com/rpominov/static-land/blob/master/docs/spec.md#monad). As [Avaq](https://github.com/Avaq) points out in [#1](https://github.com/critocrito/dashp/issues/1), Promises in their current implementation can't be real Applicative Functors. If a Promise holds another Promise, it automatically assimilates it's value. The `then` interface acts as `map` and `flatMap` at the same time. Therefore `dashp` is cheating on the precise semantics of Applicatives. ## Contents - [Usage](#usage) - [API](#api) ## Usage npm install --save dashp Every function has an alias that appends _P_ to the function name, e.g. `flowP` is an alias for `flow` and `collectP3` is an alias for `collect3`. This allows for cleaner imports in situations where function names can clash. ```javascript import {map, sum} from "lodash/fp"; import {mapP} from "dashp"; map(sum, [1, 2, 3]); // Lodash version. mapP(sum, [1, 2, 3]); // dashp version. ``` DashP depends on [`Array.isArray`](JS:Array.isArray). You may need to polyfill it if your JavaScript environment doesn't provide it. ## API <details><summary>Creating new Promises</summary> - [`of`: Lift a value into a promise.](#of) - [`reject`: Create a rejected promise.](#reject) </details> <details><summary>Transforming and combining Promises</summary> - [`map`: Map a function over a promise.](#map) - [`bimap`: Map either the left or right function over a promise.](#bimap) - [`ap`: Apply a function wrapped in a promise to a promisified value.](#ap) - [`chain`: Map a function over a promise.](#chain) - [`compose`: Compose two functions that return promises.](#compose) - [`whenElse`: Branch left if the predicate holds, otherwise branch right.](#whenelse) - [`when`: Conditionally call a function if the predicate holds.](#when) - [`unlessElse`: Branch left if the predicate doesn't hold, otherwise branch right.](#unlesselse) - [`unless`: Conditionally call a function if the predicate doesn't hold.](#unless) </details> <details><summary>Collections</summary> - [`all`: Resolve all promises in an array.](#all) - [`fold`: Reduce a list of values to a single value, using a reduction function.](#fold) - [`collect`: Map a function over every element of a list.](#collect) - [`collect2`: Map a function over every element of a list, two at a time.](#collect2) - [`collect3`: Map a function over every element of a list, three at a time.](#collect3) - [`collect4`: Map a function over every element of a list, four at a time.](#collect4) - [`collect5`: Map a function over every element of a list, five at a time.](#collect5) - [`collect6`: Map a function over every element of a list, six at a time.](#collect6) - [`collect7`: Map a function over every element of a list, seven at a time.](#collect7) - [`collect8`: Map a function over every element of a list, eight at a time.](#collect8) - [`flatmap`: Map a function over every element of a list and concatenate the results.](#flatmap) - [`flatmap2`: Map a function over every element of a list and concatenate the results, two at a time.](#flatmap2) - [`flatmap3`: Map a function over every element of a list and concatenate the results, three at a time.](#flatmap3) - [`flatmap4`: Map a function over every element of a list and concatenate the results, four at a time.](#flatmap4) - [`flatmap5`: Map a function over every element of a list and concatenate the results, five at a time.](#flatmap5) - [`flatmap6`: Map a function over every element of a list and concatenate the results, six at a time.](#flatmap6) - [`flatmap7`: Map a function over every element of a list and concatenate the results, seven at a time.](#flatmap7) - [`flatmap8`: Map a function over every element of a list and concatenate the results, eight at a time.](#flatmap8) </details> <details><summary>Utility functions</summary> - [`isPromise`: Determine whether value is a promise.](#ispromise) - [`tap`: Call a function for side effect and return the original value.](#tap) - [`tapClone`: Call a function for side effect and return the original value.](#tapclone) - [`caught`: Catch an exception on a promise and call a handler.](#caught) - [`spread`: Call a variadic function with the value of a promise as it's arguments.](#spread) - [`flow`: Compose functions into a chain.](#flow) - [`flow2`: Lift a composed function chain over two arguments.](#flow2) - [`flow3`: Lift a composed function chain over three arguments.](#flow3) - [`flow4`: Lift a composed function chain over four arguments.](#flow4) - [`flow5`: Lift a composed function chain over five arguments.](#flow5) - [`flow6`: Lift a composed function chain over six arguments.](#flow6) - [`flow7`: Lift a composed function chain over seven arguments.](#flow7) - [`flow8`: Lift a composed function chain over eight arguments.](#flow8) - [`constant`: Create a function that always returns the same value.](#constant) - [`lift2`: Lift a binary function over two promises.](#lift2) - [`lift3`: Lift a ternary function over three promises.](#lift3) - [`lift4`: Lift a quatary function over four promises.](#lift4) - [`delay`: Delay the resolution of a promise chain.](#delay) - [`retry`: Call an action, and retry it in case it fails.](#retry) </details> ### `of` Lift a value into a promise. ```hs of :: b -> Promise a b ``` This is equivalent to `Promise.resolve`. It returns a promise that resolves to the applied value. This function is compliant with the [Static Land Applicative specification][SL:applicative]. ```javascript import {of} from "dashp"; const p = of(23); p.then(x => console.log(`${x} things.`)); // Prints '23 things.' ``` ### `reject` Create a rejected promise. ```hs reject :: Promise p => a -> p a b ``` This function can either take an `Error` object or an string. If a string is provided, it is converted to an `Error`. ```javascript import {reject} from "dashp"; const msg = "Boom!"; reject(msg).catch(console.log); // Prints `Error` reject(new TypeError(msg)).catch(console.log); // Prints `TypeError` ``` ### `map` Map a function over a promise. ```hs map :: Promise p => (a -> b) -> p a -> p b ``` It transforms the value that a promise resolves to and returns a new promise. This is equivalent to `promise.then(x => x + 1)`. The transformation is only applied if the promise resolves successfully, it is ignored if the promise gets rejected. This function is compliant with the [Static Land Functor specification](SL:functor). ```javascript import {of, map} from "dashp"; const p = of(1); const f = x => x + 1; map(f, p).then(console.log); // Prints 2 ``` ### `bimap` Map either the left or right function over a promise. ```hs bimap :: Promise p => (a -> c) -> (b -> d) -> p a b -> p c d ``` Map the left function over the rejection value, and the right function over the success value of a promise. This function is compliant with the [Static Land Bifunctor specification](SL:bifunctor). ```javascript import {of, bimap} from "dashp"; const f = () => console.log('Boom!'); const g = x => x + 1; bimap(f, g, of(1)).then(console.log); // Prints 2 bimap(f, g, Promise.reject()); // Prints 'Boom!' ``` ### `ap` Apply a function wrapped in a promise to a promisified value. ```hs ap :: Promise p => p (a -> b) -> p a -> p b ``` This function is compliant with the [Static Land Apply specification](SL:apply). ```javascript import {of, ap} from "dashp"; const pf = of(v => v + 1); const p = of(1); ap(pf, p).then(console.log); // Prints 2 ``` ### `chain` Map a function over a promise. ```hs chain :: Promise p => (a -> p b) -> p a -> p b ``` This is equivalent to `promise.then(f)`. In practice `chain` works the same as `map` since Promises [can't be real Applicative Functors](https://github.com/critocrito/dashp/issues/1). This function is compliant with the [Static Land Chain specification](SL:chain). ```javascript import {of, chain} from "dashp"; const f = x => of(x + 1); chain(f, of(0)).then(consol.log); // Prints 1 ``` ### `compose` Compose two functions that return promises. ```hs compose :: Promise p => (a -> p b) -> (b -> p c) -> p a -> p c ``` `compose` yields a third function that returns a promise. The resulting composite function is denoted `g∘f : X → Z`, defined by `(g∘f)(x) = g(f(x))` for all `x` in `X`. ```javascript import {of, compose} from "dashp"; const f = x => of(x + 1); const g = x => of(x + 5); const h = compose(f, g); h(10).then(console.log); // Prints 16 ``` ### `whenElse` Branch left if the predicate holds, otherwise branch right. ```hs whenElse :: Promise p => (p a -> Boolean) -> (p a -> p b) -> (p a -> p b) -> p c ``` This is a conditional branch like the builtin `if ... else` construct. The `predicate`, `consequent` and `alternative` functions can either return a value or a Promise. ```javascript import {whenElse} from "dashp"; const predicate = userExists; const consequent = updateUser; const alternative = createUser; whenElse(predicate, consequent, alternative, user); // Calls updateUser if the user exists, and otherwise creates it ``` ### `when` Conditionally call a function if the predicate holds. ```hs when :: Promise p => (p a -> Boolean) -> (p a -> p b) -> p c ``` This is a conditional branch like the builtin `if` construct. If the predicate returns true, it will return the result of the consequent, otherwise it returns the original value. The `predicate` and `consequent` functions can either return a value or a Promise. ```javascript import {when} from "dashp"; const pred = userExists; const consequent = updateUser; when(predicate, consequent, user); // Calls updateUser if the user exists, otherwise returns the user ``` ### `unlessElse` Branch left if the predicate doesn't hold, otherwise branch right. ```hs unlexxElse :; Promise p => (p a -> Boolean) -> (p a -> p b) -> (p a -> p b) -> p c ``` This is a conditional branch like the builtin `if (! ... ) ... else` construct. The `predicate`, `consequent` and `alternative` functions can either return a value or a Promise. ```javascript import {unlessElse} from "dashp"; const predicate = userExists; const consequent = createUser; const alternative = createUser; unlessEles(predicate, consequent, alternative, user); // Creates the user unless it exists, otherwise updates it ``` ### `unless` Conditionally call a function if the predicate doesn't hold. ```hs unless :: Promise p => (p a -> Boolean) -> (p a -> p b) -> p c ``` This is a conditional branch like the builtin `if (! ...)` construct. If the predicate returns false, it will return the result of the consequent, otherwise it returns the original value. The `predicate` and `consequent` functions can either return a value or a Promise. ```javascript import {unless} from "dashp"; const pred = userExists; const consequent = createUser; unless(predicate, consequent, user); // Calls createUser if the user doesn't exist, otherwise returns the user ``` ### `all` Resolve all promises in an array. ```hs all :: Promise p => [p b a] -> p b [a] ``` This is equivalent to `Promise.all`, with the difference that it creates a callable function. ```javascript import {all} from "dashp"; const f = all([openFile1(), opeFile2(), openFile3()]); f().then(console.log); // Prints [a, b, c] ``` ### `fold` Reduce a list of values to a single value, using a reduction function. ```hs fold :: Promise p => (p b c -> p b a -> p b c) -> p b c -> [p b a] -> p b c ``` This is equivalent to `Array.reduce`. ```javascript import {of, fold} from "dashp"; const f = (acc, x) => of(acc + x); const xs = [...Array(5).keys()]; fold(f, 0, xs).then(console.log); // Prints 10 ``` ### `collect` Map a function over every element of a list. ```hs collect :: Promise p => (p b a -> p b a) -> [p b a] -> p b [a] ``` This is equivalent to `Array.map`. In it's standard version it only resolves one promise at a time. ```javascript import {of, collect} from "dashp"; const f = x => of(x + 1); const xs = [...Array(5).keys()]; collect(f, xs).then(console.log); // Prints [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] ``` ### `collect2` Map a function over every element of a list, resolve two promises in parallel. ```hs collect :: Promise p => (p b a -> p b a) -> [p b a] -> p b [a] ``` This functions works like `collect`, with the only difference that two promises are resolved at the same time. ### `collect3` Map a function over every element of a list, resolve three promises in parallel. ```hs collect3 :: Promise p => (p b a -> p b a) -> [p b a] -> p b [a] ``` This functions works like `collect`, with the only difference that three promises are resolved at the same time. ### `collect4` Map a function over every element of a list, resolve four promises in parallel. ```hs collect4 :: Promise p => (p b a -> p b a) -> [p b a] -> p b [a] ``` This functions works like `collect`, with the only difference that four promises are resolved at the same time. ### `collect5` Map a function over every element of a list, resolve five promises in parallel. ```hs collect5 :: Promise p => (p b a -> p b a) -> [p b a] -> p b [a] ``` This functions works like `collect`, with the only difference that five promises are resolved at the same time. ### `collect6` Map a function over every element of a list, resolve six promises in parallel. ```hs collect6 :: Promise p => (p b a -> p b a) -> [p b a] -> p b [a] ``` This functions works like `collect`, with the only difference that six promises are resolved at the same time. ### `collect7` Map a function over every element of a list, resolve seven promises in parallel. ```hs collect7 :: Promise p => (p b a -> p b a) -> [p b a] -> p b [a] ``` This functions works like `collect`, with the only difference that seven promises are resolved at the same time. ### `collect8` Map a function over every element of a list, resolve eight promises in parallel. ```hs collect8 :: Promise p => (p b a -> p b a) -> [p b a] -> p b [a] ``` This functions works like `collect`, with the only difference that eight promises are resolved at the same time. ### `flatmap` Map a function over every element of a list and concatenate the results. ```hs flatmap :: Promise p => (p b a -> p b [a]) -> [p b a] -> p b [a] ``` This is equivalent to calling `collect` and flattening the resulting list of lists into a single list. In it's standard version it only resolves one promise at a time. ```javascript import {flatmap} from "dashp"; const f = x => [x, x]; const xs = [1, 2]; flatmap(f, xs).then(console.log); // Prints [1, 1, 2, 2] ``` ### `flatmap2` Map a function over every element of a list and concatenate the results, resolve two promises at the same time. ```hs flatmap2 :: Promise p => (p b a -> p b [a]) -> [p b a] -> p b [a] ``` This is equivalent to `flatmap`, only that it resolves two promises in parallel. ### `flatmap3` Map a function over every element of a list and concatenate the results, resolve three promises at the same time. ```hs flatmap3 :: Promise p => (p b a -> p b [a]) -> [p b a] -> p b [a] ``` This is equivalent to `flatmap`, only that it resolves three promises in parallel. ### `flatmap4` Map a function over every element of a list and concatenate the results, resolve four promises at the same time. ```hs flatmap4 :: Promise p => (p b a -> p b [a]) -> [p b a] -> p b [a] ``` This is equivalent to `flatmap`, only that it resolves four promises in parallel. ### `flatmap5` Map a function over every element of a list and concatenate the results, resolve five promises at the same time. ```hs flatmap5 :: Promise p => (p b a -> p b [a]) -> [p b a] -> p b [a] ``` This is equivalent to `flatmap`, only that it resolves five promises in parallel. ### `flatmap6` Map a function over every element of a list and concatenate the results, resolve six promises at the same time. ```hs flatmap6 :: Promise p => (p b a -> p b [a]) -> [p b a] -> p b [a] ``` This is equivalent to `flatmap`, only that it resolves six promises in parallel. ### `flatmap7` Map a function over every element of a list and concatenate the results, resolve seven promises at the same time. ```hs flatmap7 :: Promise p => (p b a -> p b [a]) -> [p b a] -> p b [a] ``` This is equivalent to `flatmap`, only that it resolves seven promises in parallel. ### `flatmap8` Map a function over every element of a list and concatenate the results, resolve eight promises at the same time. ```hs flatmap8 :: Promise p => (p b a -> p b [a]) -> [p b a] -> p b [a] ``` This is equivalent to `flatmap`, only that it resolves eight promises in parallel. ### `isPromise` Determine whether an object is a promise. ```hs isPromise :: a -> Boolean ``` ```javascript import {of, isPromise} from "dashp"; const p = of(23); isPromise(p); // Prints true ``` ### `tap` Call a function for side effect and return the original value. ```hs tap :: Promise p => (p b a -> ()) -> p b a -> p b a ``` ```javascript import {of, flow, tap} from "dashp"; const f = a => of(a); flow([f, tap(console.log)])(23); // Print "23" ``` ### `tapClone` Call a function for side effect and return the original value. ```hs tap :: Promise p => (p b a -> ()) -> p b a -> p b a ``` This function is like `tap`, but makes a deep clone of the value before applying it to the function. ```javascript import {of, flow, tapClone} from "dashp"; const f = a => of(a); flow([f, tapClone(console.log)])(23); // Print "23" ``` ### `caught` Catch an exception on a promise and call a handler. ```hs caught :: Promise p => (p b -> p b a) -> p b -> p b a ``` This is equivalent to `Promise.catch`. ```javascript import {caught, flow} from "dashp"; const f = () => new Error("Boom"); flow([f, caught(console.err)]); // Prints the exception ``` ### `spread` Call a variadic function with the value of a promise as it's arguments. ```hs spread :: Promise p => (a -> b) -> p b [a] -> p b a ``` If the value is an array, flatten it to the formal parameters of the fulfillment handler. ```javascript import {of, flow, spread} from "dashp"; const plus = (x, y) => x + y; const p = of([1, 2]); spread(plus, p).then(console.log); // Prints 3 ``` ### `flow` Compose functions into a chain. ```hs flow :: Promise p => [(a -> c)] -> p b a -> p b c ``` Create a function out of a list of functions, where each successive invocation is supplied the return value of the previous function call. The new function forms a pipe where the results flow from left to right so to speak. This is equivalent to Lodash's `flow` function. It's a shortcut for composing more than two functions. ```javascript import {of, flow} from "dashp"; const f = (x) -> (y) => of(x + y); const fs = [...Array(5).keys()].map(f); flow(fs, 0).then(console.log); // Prints 10 ``` `flow` treats any occurrence of `caught` as a special case by rewriting the function chains to wrap relevant parts in an exception handler. In order to support a syntax like: ``` import {flow, caught} from "dashp"; const boom = () => { throw new Error; }; const notBoom = () => 23; flow([ boom, notBoom, caught(console.error), notBoom, ]); ``` `flow` will parse the function chain for any occurrence of `caught` and rewrite the function chain accordingly to look like this: ``` flow([ x => caught(console.error, flow([boom, notBoom], x)), notBoom, ]); ``` ### `flow2` Lift a composed function chain over two arguments. ```hs flow2 :: Promise p => [(a -> a -> c) (c -> d)] -> p b a -> p b a -> p b d ``` This function works like `flow`, but it accepts two arguments, that are lifted into the first function of the chain. ### `flow3` Lift a composed function chain over three arguments. ```hs flow3 :: Promise p => [(a -> a -> a -> c) (c -> d)] -> p b a -> p b a -> p b a -> p b d ``` This function works like `flow`, but it accepts three arguments, that are lifted into the first function of the chain. ### `flow4` Lift a composed function chain over four arguments. ```hs flow4 :: Promise p => [(a -> a -> a -> a -> c) (c -> d)] -> p b a -> p b a -> p b a -> p b a -> p b d ``` This function works like `flow`, but it accepts four arguments, that are lifted into the first function of the chain. ### `flow5` Lift a composed function chain over five arguments. ```hs flow5 :: Promise p => [(a -> a -> a -> a -> a -> c) (c -> d)] -> p b a -> p b a -> p b a -> p b a -> p b a -> p b d ``` This function works like `flow`, but it accepts five arguments, that are lifted into the first function of the chain. ### `flow6` Lift a composed function chain over six arguments. ```hs flow6 :: Promise p => [(a -> a -> a -> a -> a -> a -> c) (c -> d)] -> p b a -> p b a -> p b a -> p b a -> p b a -> p b a -> p b d ``` This function works like `flow`, but it accepts six arguments, that are lifted into the first function of the chain. ### `flow7` Lift a composed function chain over seven arguments. ```hs flow7 :: Promise p => [(a -> a -> a -> a -> a -> a -> a -> c) (c -> d)] -> p b a -> p b a -> p b a -> p b a -> p b a -> p b a -> p b a -> p b d ``` This function works like `flow`, but it accepts seven arguments, that are lifted into the first function of the chain. ### `flow8` Lift a composed function chain over eight arguments. ```hs flow8 :: Promise p => [(a -> a -> a -> a -> a -> a -> a -> a -> c) (c -> d)] -> p b a -> p b a -> p b a -> p b a -> p b a -> p b a -> p b a -> p b a -> p b d ``` This function works like `flow`, but it accepts eight arguments, that are lifted into the first function of the chain. ### `constant` Create a function that always returns the same value. ```hs constant :: a -> (b -> Promise a) ``` ```javascript import {constant} from "dashp"; const f = constant("Hello"); f().then(console.log); // Prints "Hello" ``` ### `lift2` Lift a binary function over two promises. ```hs lift2 :: Promise p => (a -> a -> a) -> p b a -> p b a -> p b a ``` ```javascript import {of, lift2} from "dashp"; const f = (x, y) => x + y; lift2(f, of(1), of(2)).then(console.log); // Prints 3 ``` ### `lift3` Lift a ternary function over three promises. ```hs lift3 :: Promise p => (a -> a -> a -> a) -> p b a -> p b a -> p b a -> p b a ``` ```javascript import {of, lift3} from "dashp"; const f = (x, y, z) => x + y + z; lift3(f, of(1), of(2), of(3)).then(console.log); // Prints 6 ``` ### `lift4` Lift a quartary function over four promises. ```hs lift4 :: Promise p => (a -> a -> a -> a -> a) -> p b a -> p b a -> p b a -> p b a -> p b a ``` ```javascript import {of, lift4} from "dashp"; const f = (w, x, y, z) => w + x + y + z; lift4(f, of(1), of(2), of(3), of(4)).then(console.log); // Prints 10 ``` ### `delay` Delay the resolution of a promise chain. ```hs delay :: Promise p => x -> p b a -> p b a ``` The first arguments is the delay in milliseconds. ```javascript import {of, delay} from "dashp"; delay(100, of(23)).then(console.log); // Waits 100 ms and print 23. ``` ### `retry` Call an action, and retry it in case it fails. ```hs retry :: Promise p => p b a -> p b a ``` An action is retried up to five times with an increasing timeout. The action can be a function as well. In it's standard version, the action function doesn't receive any arguments. ```javascript import {retry} from "dashp"; // Retries `fetchUser` in case of failure. retry(fetchUser).then(console.log).catch(console.error); ``` ## License [GPL 3.0 licensed](LICENSE) <!-- References --> [SL]: https://github.com/rpominov/static-land [SL:functor]: https://github.com/rpominov/static-land/blob/master/docs/spec.md#functor [SL:chain]: https://github.com/rpominov/static-land/blob/master/docs/spec.md#chain [SL:apply]: https://github.com/rpominov/static-land/blob/master/docs/spec.md#apply [SL:applicative]: https://github.com/rpominov/static-land/blob/master/docs/spec.md#applicative [SL:bifunctor]: https://github.com/rpominov/static-land/blob/master/docs/spec.md#bifunctor