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A reference client implementation for the playback of MPEG DASH via Javascript and compliant browsers.

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btn-default" id="search-submit"><i class="glyphicon glyphicon-search"></i></button> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container" id="toc-content"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div id="main"> <h1 class="page-title">Source: streaming/rules/abr/L2ARule.js</h1> <section> <article> <pre class="sunlight-highlight-javascript linenums">/** * The copyright in this software is being made available under the BSD License, * included below. This software may be subject to other third party and contributor * rights, including patent rights, and no such rights are granted under this license. * * Copyright (c) 2020, Unified Streaming. * All rights reserved. * * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, * are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this * list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, * this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or * other materials provided with the distribution. * * Neither the name of Dash Industry Forum nor the names of its * contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software * without specific prior written permission. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS AS IS AND ANY * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED * WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, * INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR * PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, * WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. */ // For a description of the Learn2Adapt-LowLatency (L2A-LL) bitrate adaptation algorithm, see https://github.com/unifiedstreaming/Learn2Adapt-LowLatency/blob/master/Online_learning_for_bitrate_adaptation_in_low_latency_live_streaming_CR.pdf import MetricsConstants from '../../constants/MetricsConstants'; import SwitchRequest from '../SwitchRequest'; import FactoryMaker from '../../../core/FactoryMaker'; import {HTTPRequest} from '../../vo/metrics/HTTPRequest'; import EventBus from '../../../core/EventBus'; import Events from '../../../core/events/Events'; import Debug from '../../../core/Debug'; import Constants from '../../constants/Constants'; const L2A_STATE_ONE_BITRATE = 0; // If there is only one bitrate (or initialization failed), always return NO_CHANGE. const L2A_STATE_STARTUP = 1; // Set placeholder buffer such that we download fragments at most recently measured throughput. const L2A_STATE_STEADY = 2; // Buffer primed, we switch to steady operation. function L2ARule(config) { config = config || {}; const context = this.context; const dashMetrics = config.dashMetrics; const eventBus = EventBus(context).getInstance(); let instance, l2AStateDict, l2AParameterDict, logger; /** * Setup function to initialize L2ARule */ function setup() { logger = Debug(context).getInstance().getLogger(instance); _resetInitialSettings(); eventBus.on(Events.PLAYBACK_SEEKING, _onPlaybackSeeking, instance); eventBus.on(Events.MEDIA_FRAGMENT_LOADED, _onMediaFragmentLoaded, instance); eventBus.on(Events.METRIC_ADDED, _onMetricAdded, instance); eventBus.on(Events.QUALITY_CHANGE_REQUESTED, _onQualityChangeRequested, instance); } /** * Sets the initial state of the algorithm. Calls the initialize function for the paramteters. * @param {object} rulesContext * @return {object} initialState * @private */ function _getInitialL2AState(rulesContext) { const initialState = {}; const mediaInfo = rulesContext.getMediaInfo(); const bitrates = mediaInfo.bitrateList.map((b) => { return b.bandwidth / 1000; }); initialState.state = L2A_STATE_STARTUP; initialState.bitrates = bitrates; initialState.lastQuality = 0; _initializeL2AParameters(mediaInfo); _clearL2AStateOnSeek(initialState); return initialState; } /** * Initializes the parameters of the algorithm. This will be done once for each media type. * @param {object} mediaInfo * @private */ function _initializeL2AParameters(mediaInfo) { if (!mediaInfo || !mediaInfo.type) { return; } l2AParameterDict[mediaInfo.type] = {}; l2AParameterDict[mediaInfo.type].w = []; //Vector of probabilities associated with bitrate decisions l2AParameterDict[mediaInfo.type].prev_w = []; //Vector of probabilities associated with bitrate decisions calculated in the previous step l2AParameterDict[mediaInfo.type].Q = 0; //Initialization of Lagrangian multiplier (This keeps track of the buffer displacement) l2AParameterDict[mediaInfo.type].segment_request_start_s = 0; l2AParameterDict[mediaInfo.type].segment_download_finish_s = 0; l2AParameterDict[mediaInfo.type].B_target = 1.5; //Target buffer level } /** * Clears the state object * @param {object} l2AState * @private */ function _clearL2AStateOnSeek(l2AState) { l2AState.placeholderBuffer = 0; l2AState.mostAdvancedSegmentStart = NaN; l2AState.lastSegmentWasReplacement = false; l2AState.lastSegmentStart = NaN; l2AState.lastSegmentDurationS = NaN; l2AState.lastSegmentRequestTimeMs = NaN; l2AState.lastSegmentFinishTimeMs = NaN; } /** * Returns the state object for a fiven media type. If the state object is not yet defined _getInitialL2AState is called * @param {object} rulesContext * @return {object} l2AState * @private */ function _getL2AState(rulesContext) { const mediaType = rulesContext.getMediaType(); let l2AState = l2AStateDict[mediaType]; if (!l2AState) { l2AState = _getInitialL2AState(rulesContext); l2AStateDict[mediaType] = l2AState; } return l2AState; } /** * Event handler for the seeking event. * @private */ function _onPlaybackSeeking() { for (const mediaType in l2AStateDict) { if (l2AStateDict.hasOwnProperty(mediaType)) { const l2aState = l2AStateDict[mediaType]; if (l2aState.state !== L2A_STATE_ONE_BITRATE) { l2aState.state = L2A_STATE_STARTUP; _clearL2AStateOnSeek(l2aState); } } } } /** * Event handler for the mediaFragmentLoaded event * @param {object} e * @private */ function _onMediaFragmentLoaded(e) { if (e &amp;&amp; e.chunk &amp;&amp; e.chunk.mediaInfo) { const l2AState = l2AStateDict[e.chunk.mediaInfo.type]; const l2AParameters = l2AParameterDict[e.chunk.mediaInfo.type]; if (l2AState &amp;&amp; l2AState.state !== L2A_STATE_ONE_BITRATE) { const start = e.chunk.start; if (isNaN(l2AState.mostAdvancedSegmentStart) || start > l2AState.mostAdvancedSegmentStart) { l2AState.mostAdvancedSegmentStart = start; l2AState.lastSegmentWasReplacement = false; } else { l2AState.lastSegmentWasReplacement = true; } l2AState.lastSegmentStart = start; l2AState.lastSegmentDurationS = e.chunk.duration; l2AState.lastQuality = e.chunk.quality; _checkNewSegment(l2AState, l2AParameters); } } } /** * Event handler for the metricAdded event * @param {object} e * @private */ function _onMetricAdded(e) { if (e &amp;&amp; e.metric === MetricsConstants.HTTP_REQUEST &amp;&amp; e.value &amp;&amp; e.value.type === HTTPRequest.MEDIA_SEGMENT_TYPE &amp;&amp; e.value.trace &amp;&amp; e.value.trace.length) { const l2AState = l2AStateDict[e.mediaType]; const l2AParameters = l2AParameterDict[e.mediaType]; if (l2AState &amp;&amp; l2AState.state !== L2A_STATE_ONE_BITRATE) { l2AState.lastSegmentRequestTimeMs = e.value.trequest.getTime(); l2AState.lastSegmentFinishTimeMs = e.value._tfinish.getTime(); _checkNewSegment(l2AState, l2AParameters); } } } /** * When a new metric has been added or a media fragment has been loaded the state is adjusted accordingly * @param {object} L2AState * @param {object} l2AParameters * @private */ function _checkNewSegment(L2AState, l2AParameters) { if (!isNaN(L2AState.lastSegmentStart) &amp;&amp; !isNaN(L2AState.lastSegmentRequestTimeMs)) { l2AParameters.segment_request_start_s = 0.001 * L2AState.lastSegmentRequestTimeMs; l2AParameters.segment_download_finish_s = 0.001 * L2AState.lastSegmentFinishTimeMs; L2AState.lastSegmentStart = NaN; L2AState.lastSegmentRequestTimeMs = NaN; } } /** * Event handler for the qualityChangeRequested event * @param {object} e * @private */ function _onQualityChangeRequested(e) { // Useful to store change requests when abandoning a download. if (e &amp;&amp; e.mediaType) { const L2AState = l2AStateDict[e.mediaType]; if (L2AState &amp;&amp; L2AState.state !== L2A_STATE_ONE_BITRATE) { L2AState.abrQuality = e.newQuality; } } } /** * Dot multiplication of two arrays * @param {array} arr1 * @param {array} arr2 * @return {number} sumdot * @private */ function _dotmultiplication(arr1, arr2) { if (arr1.length !== arr2.length) { return -1; } let sumdot = 0; for (let i = 0; i &lt; arr1.length; i++) { sumdot = sumdot + arr1[i] * arr2[i]; } return sumdot; } /** * Project an n-dim vector y to the simplex Dn * Dn = { x : x n-dim, 1 >= x >= 0, sum(x) = 1} * Algorithm is explained at http://arxiv.org/abs/1101.6081 * @param {array} arr * @return {array} */ function euclideanProjection(arr) { const m = arr.length; let bget = false; let arr2 = []; for (let ii = 0; ii &lt; m; ++ii) { arr2[ii] = arr[ii]; } let s = arr.sort(function (a, b) { return b - a; }); let tmpsum = 0; let tmax = 0; let x = []; for (let ii = 0; ii &lt; m - 1; ++ii) { tmpsum = tmpsum + s[ii]; tmax = (tmpsum - 1) / (ii + 1); if (tmax >= s[ii + 1]) { bget = true; break; } } if (!bget) { tmax = (tmpsum + s[m - 1] - 1) / m; } for (let ii = 0; ii &lt; m; ++ii) { x[ii] = Math.max(arr2[ii] - tmax, 0); } return x; } /** * Returns a switch request object indicating which quality is to be played * @param {object} rulesContext * @return {object} */ function getMaxIndex(rulesContext) { const switchRequest = SwitchRequest(context).create(); const horizon = 4; // Optimization horizon (The amount of steps required to achieve convergence) const vl = Math.pow(horizon, 0.99);// Cautiousness parameter, used to control aggressiveness of the bitrate decision process. const alpha = Math.max(Math.pow(horizon, 1), vl * Math.sqrt(horizon));// Step size, used for gradient descent exploration granularity const mediaInfo = rulesContext.getMediaInfo(); const mediaType = rulesContext.getMediaType(); const bitrates = mediaInfo.bitrateList.map(b => b.bandwidth); const bitrateCount = bitrates.length; const scheduleController = rulesContext.getScheduleController(); const streamInfo = rulesContext.getStreamInfo(); const abrController = rulesContext.getAbrController(); const throughputHistory = abrController.getThroughputHistory(); const isDynamic = streamInfo &amp;&amp; streamInfo.manifestInfo &amp;&amp; streamInfo.manifestInfo.isDynamic; const useL2AABR = rulesContext.useL2AABR(); const bufferLevel = dashMetrics.getCurrentBufferLevel(mediaType, true); const safeThroughput = throughputHistory.getSafeAverageThroughput(mediaType, isDynamic); const throughput = throughputHistory.getAverageThroughput(mediaType, isDynamic); // In kbits/s const react = 2; // Reactiveness to volatility (abrupt throughput drops), used to re-calibrate Lagrangian multiplier Q const latency = throughputHistory.getAverageLatency(mediaType); const videoModel = rulesContext.getVideoModel(); let quality; let currentPlaybackRate = videoModel.getPlaybackRate(); if (!rulesContext || !rulesContext.hasOwnProperty('getMediaInfo') || !rulesContext.hasOwnProperty('getMediaType') || !rulesContext.hasOwnProperty('getScheduleController') || !rulesContext.hasOwnProperty('getStreamInfo') || !rulesContext.hasOwnProperty('getAbrController') || !rulesContext.hasOwnProperty('useL2AABR')) { return switchRequest; } switchRequest.reason = switchRequest.reason || {}; if ((!useL2AABR) || (mediaType === Constants.AUDIO)) {// L2A decides bitrate only for video. Audio to be included in decision process in a later stage return switchRequest; } scheduleController.setTimeToLoadDelay(0); const l2AState = _getL2AState(rulesContext); if (l2AState.state === L2A_STATE_ONE_BITRATE) { // shouldn't even have been called return switchRequest; } const l2AParameter = l2AParameterDict[mediaType]; if (!l2AParameter) { return switchRequest; } switchRequest.reason.state = l2AState.state; switchRequest.reason.throughput = throughput; switchRequest.reason.latency = latency; if (isNaN(throughput)) { // still starting up - not enough information return switchRequest; } switch (l2AState.state) { case L2A_STATE_STARTUP: quality = abrController.getQualityForBitrate(mediaInfo, safeThroughput, streamInfo.id, latency);//During strat-up phase abr.controller is responsible for bitrate decisions. switchRequest.quality = quality; switchRequest.reason.throughput = safeThroughput; l2AState.lastQuality = quality; if (!isNaN(l2AState.lastSegmentDurationS) &amp;&amp; bufferLevel >= l2AParameter.B_target) { l2AState.state = L2A_STATE_STEADY; l2AParameter.Q = vl;// Initialization of Q langrangian multiplier // Update of probability vector w, to be used in main adaptation logic of L2A below (steady state) for (let i = 0; i &lt; bitrateCount; ++i) { if (i === l2AState.lastQuality) { l2AParameter.prev_w[i] = 1; } else { l2AParameter.prev_w[i] = 0; } } } break; // L2A_STATE_STARTUP case L2A_STATE_STEADY: let diff1 = [];//Used to calculate the difference between consecutive decisions (w-w_prev) // Manual calculation of latency and throughput during previous request let throughputMeasureTime = dashMetrics.getCurrentHttpRequest(mediaType).trace.reduce((a, b) => a + b.d, 0); const downloadBytes = dashMetrics.getCurrentHttpRequest(mediaType).trace.reduce((a, b) => a + b.b[0], 0); let lastthroughput = Math.round((8 * downloadBytes) / throughputMeasureTime); // bits/ms = kbits/s if (lastthroughput &lt; 1) { lastthroughput = 1; }//To avoid division with 0 (avoid infinity) in case of an absolute network outage let V = l2AState.lastSegmentDurationS; let sign = 1; //Main adaptation logic of L2A-LL for (let i = 0; i &lt; bitrateCount; ++i) { bitrates[i] = bitrates[i] / 1000; // Originally in bps, now in Kbps if (currentPlaybackRate * bitrates[i] > lastthroughput) {// In this case buffer would deplete, leading to a stall, which increases latency and thus the particular probability of selsection of bitrate[i] should be decreased. sign = -1; } // The objective of L2A is to minimize the overall latency=request-response time + buffer length after download+ potential stalling (if buffer less than chunk downlad time) l2AParameter.w[i] = l2AParameter.prev_w[i] + sign * (V / (2 * alpha)) * ((l2AParameter.Q + vl) * (currentPlaybackRate * bitrates[i] / lastthroughput));//Lagrangian descent } // Apply euclidean projection on w to ensure w expresses a probability distribution l2AParameter.w = euclideanProjection(l2AParameter.w); for (let i = 0; i &lt; bitrateCount; ++i) { diff1[i] = l2AParameter.w[i] - l2AParameter.prev_w[i]; l2AParameter.prev_w[i] = l2AParameter.w[i]; } // Lagrangian multiplier Q calculation: l2AParameter.Q = Math.max(0, l2AParameter.Q - V + V * currentPlaybackRate * ((_dotmultiplication(bitrates, l2AParameter.prev_w) + _dotmultiplication(bitrates, diff1)) / lastthroughput)); // Quality is calculated as argmin of the absolute difference between available bitrates (bitrates[i]) and bitrate estimation (dotmultiplication(w,bitrates)). let temp = []; for (let i = 0; i &lt; bitrateCount; ++i) { temp[i] = Math.abs(bitrates[i] - _dotmultiplication(l2AParameter.w, bitrates)); } // Quality is calculated based on the probability distribution w (the output of L2A) quality = temp.indexOf(Math.min(...temp)); // We employ a cautious -stepwise- ascent if (quality > l2AState.lastQuality) { if (bitrates[l2AState.lastQuality + 1] &lt;= lastthroughput) { quality = l2AState.lastQuality + 1; } } // Provision against bitrate over-estimation, by re-calibrating the Lagrangian multiplier Q, to be taken into account for the next chunk if (bitrates[quality] >= lastthroughput) { l2AParameter.Q = react * Math.max(vl, l2AParameter.Q); } switchRequest.quality = quality; switchRequest.reason.throughput = throughput; switchRequest.reason.latency = latency; switchRequest.reason.bufferLevel = bufferLevel; l2AState.lastQuality = switchRequest.quality; break; default: // should not arrive here, try to recover logger.debug('L2A ABR rule invoked in bad state.'); switchRequest.quality = abrController.getQualityForBitrate(mediaInfo, safeThroughput, streamInfo.id, latency); switchRequest.reason.state = l2AState.state; switchRequest.reason.throughput = safeThroughput; switchRequest.reason.latency = latency; l2AState.state = L2A_STATE_STARTUP; _clearL2AStateOnSeek(l2AState); } return switchRequest; } /** * Reset objects to their initial state * @private */ function _resetInitialSettings() { l2AStateDict = {}; l2AParameterDict = {}; } /** * Reset the rule */ function reset() { _resetInitialSettings(); eventBus.off(Events.PLAYBACK_SEEKING, _onPlaybackSeeking, instance); eventBus.off(Events.MEDIA_FRAGMENT_LOADED, _onMediaFragmentLoaded, instance); eventBus.off(Events.METRIC_ADDED, _onMetricAdded, instance); eventBus.off(Events.QUALITY_CHANGE_REQUESTED, _onQualityChangeRequested, instance); } instance = { getMaxIndex: getMaxIndex, reset: reset }; setup(); return instance; } L2ARule.__dashjs_factory_name = 'L2ARule'; export default FactoryMaker.getClassFactory(L2ARule); </pre> </article> </section> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal fade" id="searchResults"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">&times;</span></button> <h4 class="modal-title">Search results</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default" data-dismiss="modal">Close</button> </div> </div><!-- /.modal-content --> </div><!-- /.modal-dialog --> </div> <footer> <span class="copyright"> <h3>DASH Industry Forum</h3> </span> <span class="jsdoc-message"> Documentation generated by <a href="https://github.com/jsdoc3/jsdoc">JSDoc 3.6.7</a> on Wed Sep 28th 2022 using the <a href="https://github.com/docstrap/docstrap">DocStrap template</a>. </span> </footer> <script src="scripts/docstrap.lib.js"></script> <script src="scripts/toc.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="scripts/fulltext-search-ui.js"></script> <script> $( function () { $( "[id*='$']" ).each( function () { var $this = $( this ); 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