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[
{
"ADH1B": "*2*2",
"ALDH2": "*2*2",
"Outcome": "Increased",
"Phenotype": "This individual has two increased functioning ADH1B alleles and two non-functioning ALDH2 alleles.",
"Interpretation": "<p>The genetic finding results in:</p><ul><li>Increased alcohol processing to acetaldehyde by 40-fold <sup>1</sup> due to the ADH1B finding.</li><li>Blockage in the clearance of acetaldehyde from the body due to the ALDH2 finding.</li><li>Unpleasant symptoms which include palpitations, a red skin flushing reaction on the face, neck and shoulders, nausea and headaches. The symptoms are expected to be so severe, the individual may find that it is nearly impossible to drink alcohol.</li><li>Worse hangover symptoms from a smaller amount of alcohol compared to normal individuals <sup>2</sup> due to the ALDH2 finding.</li><li>About half the risk for binge drinking based on the ADH1B finding.</li>",
"Recommendation": "<p>Due to unpleasant symptoms, this genetic finding is associated with:</p><ul><li>A reduced risk of alcohol dependence. There are no reported cases of alcohol dependence with this genetic finding <sup>1,3</sup>.</li><li>Adverse health outcomes such as oesophageal cancer. The risk depends on alcohol consumption.<ul><li>Non-drinkers are likely not to have an increased risk of cancer.</li><li>In light drinkers, the risk of oesophageal cancer is increased by about 3-fold <sup>1</sup><li>In heavy drinkers, the risk of oesophageal cancer is increased by about 22-fold based on having at least one ALDH2*2 finding <sup>1</sup>.</li></ul></li></ul><p>It is therefore advisable for the individual to limit or avoid alcohol intake.</p>"
},
{
"ADH1B": "*2*2",
"ALDH2": "*1*2",
"Outcome": "Increased",
"Phenotype": "This individual has two increased functioning ADH1B alleles; one non-functioning ALDH2 allele and one normal ALDH2 allele.",
"Interpretation": "<p>The genetic finding results in:</p><ul><li>Increased alcohol processing to acetaldehyde by 40-fold <sup>1</sup> due to the ADH1B finding.</li><li>Slower clearance of acetaldehyde from the body due to the ALDH2 finding.</li><li>Unpleasant symptoms which include palpitations, a red skin flushing reaction on the face, neck and shoulders, nausea and headaches.</li><li>Worse hangover symptoms from a smaller amount of alcohol compared to normal individuals <sup>2</sup> due to the ALDH2 finding.</li><li>About half the risk for binge drinking based on the ADH1B finding.</li>",
"Recommendation": "<p>Due to unpleasant symptoms, this genetic finding is associated with:</p><ul><li>A reduced risk of alcohol dependence. The risk is 25-fold less compared to those with the normal ADH1B and ALDH2 results <sup>3</sup>.</li><li>Adverse health outcomes such as oesophageal cancer. The risk depends on alcohol consumption.<ul><li>Non-drinkers are likely not to have an increased risk</li><li>In light drinkers, the risk of oesophageal cancer is increased by about 3-fold <sup>1</sup><li>In heavy drinkers, the risk of oesophageal cancer is increased by about 22-fold based on having at least one ALDH2*2 finding <sup>1</sup>.</li></ul></li></ul><p>It is therefore advisable for the individual to limit or avoid alcohol intake.</p>"
},
{
"ADH1B": "*2*2",
"ALDH2": "*1*1",
"Outcome": "Increased",
"Phenotype": "This individual has two increased functioning ADH1B alleles and two normal ALDH2 alleles.",
"Interpretation": "<p>The genetic finding results in:</p><ul><li>Increased alcohol processing to acetaldehyde by 40-fold <sup>1</sup> due to the ADH1B finding.</li><li>The ALDH2 finding predicts a normal clearance of acetaldehyde from the body.</li><li>Drinking alcohol may or may not result in unpleasant symptoms which include palpitations, a red skin flushing reaction on the face, neck and shoulders, nausea and headaches.</li><li>About half the risk for binge drinking based on the ADH1B finding.</li>",
"Recommendation": "<p>Due to the possibility of unpleasant symptoms, this genetic finding is associated with:</p><ul><li>A reduced risk of alcohol dependence. The risk is 8-fold less compared to those with the normal ADH1B and ADLH2 results <sup>3</sup>.</li><li>Adverse health outcomes such as cancer occur with heavy alcohol consumption.<ul><li>The risk of cancer has not been demonstrated to be increased for light drinking.</li><li>Heavy drinking could double the risk of head and neck cancer (both in the Caucasian population and the East Asian population). This is based on having at least one ADH1B*2 finding <sup>5</sup>.</li><li>Individuals of East Asian ethnicity, who are heavy drinkers could also have 3½-6 times the risk of oesophageal cancer <sup>1,4</sup>.</li><li>Non-drinkers are likely not to have an increased risk of cancer.</li></ul></li></ul><p>It is therefore advisable for the individual to limit or avoid alcohol intake.</p>"
},
{
"ADH1B": "*1*2",
"ALDH2": "*2*2",
"Outcome": "Increased",
"Phenotype": "This individual has one increased functioning ADH1B allele and one normal allele for ADH1B; and two non-functioning ALDH2 alleles.",
"Interpretation": "<p>The genetic finding results in:</p><ul><li>Increased alcohol processing to acetaldehyde due to the ADH1B finding.</li><li>Blockage in the clearance of acetaldehyde from the body due to the ALDH2 finding.</li><li>Unpleasant symptoms which include palpitations, a red skin flushing reaction on the face, neck and shoulders, nausea and headaches. Symptoms are expected to be so severe, the individual may find it is nearly impossible to drink alcohol.</li><li>Worse hangover symptoms from a smaller amount of alcohol compared to normal individuals <sup>2</sup> due to the ALDH2 finding.</li><li>About half the risk for binge drinking based on the ADH1B finding.</li>",
"Recommendation": "<p>Due to unpleasant symptoms, this genetic finding is associated with:</p><ul><li>A reduced risk of alcohol dependence compared to those with the normal ADH1B and ALDH2 results. No reported cases of alcohol dependence <sup>1, 3</sup>.</li><li>Adverse health outcomes such as oesophageal cancer. The risk depends on alcohol consumption.<ul><li>Non-drinkers are likely not to have an increased risk</li><li>In light drinkers, the risk is increased between 7-13 fold depending on the ethnicity <sup>1,6</sup></li><li>In heavy drinkers, the risk is increased by about 22-fold based on having at least one ALDH2*2 finding <sup>1</sup>.</li></ul></li></ul><p>It is therefore advisable for this individual to limit or avoid alcohol intake.</p>"
},
{
"ADH1B": "*1*2",
"ALDH2": "*1*2",
"Outcome": "Increased",
"Phenotype": "This individual has one increased function allele and one normal allele for ADH1B gene; one non-functioning allele and one normal allele for ALDH2 gene.",
"Interpretation": "<p>The genetic finding results in:</p><ul><li>Increased alcohol processing to acetaldehyde due to the ADH1B finding.</li><li>Slower clearance of acetaldehyde from the body due to the ALDH2 finding.</li><li>Unpleasant symptoms which include palpitations, a red skin flushing reaction on the face, neck and shoulders, nausea and headaches.</li><li>Worse hangover symptoms from a smaller amount of alcohol compared to normal individuals <sup>2</sup> due to the ALDH2 finding.</li><li>About half the risk for binge drinking based on the ADH1B finding.</li></ul>",
"Recommendation": "<p>Due to unpleasant symptoms, this genetic finding is associated with:</p><ul><li>A reduced risk of alcohol dependence. The risk is 20-fold less compared to those with the normal ADH1B and ALDH2 results <sup>3</sup>.</li><li>Adverse health outcomes such as oesophageal cancer. The risk depends on alcohol consumption.<ul><li>Non-drinkers are likely not to have an increased risk of cancer.</li><li>In light drinkers, the risk is increased between 7-13 fold depending on the ethnicity <sup>1,6</sup></li><li>In heavy drinkers, the risk is increased by about 22-fold based on having at least one ALDH2*2 finding. <sup>1</sup>.</li></ul></li></ul><p>It is therefore advisable for this individual to limit or avoid alcohol intake.</p>"
},
{
"ADH1B": "*1*2",
"ALDH2": "*1*1",
"Outcome": "Mild",
"Phenotype": "This individual has one normal ADH1B allele and one increased functioning ADH1B allele; and two normal ALDH2 alleles.",
"Interpretation": "<p>The genetic finding results in:</p><ul><li>Increased alcohol processing to acetaldehyde due to the ADH1B finding.</li><li>The ALDH2 finding predicts normal clearance of acetaldehyde from the body.</li><li>About half the risk for binge drinking based on the ADH1B finding.</li></ul><p>Drinking alcohol may or may not result in unpleasant symptoms which include palpitations, a red skin flushing reaction on the face, neck and shoulders, nausea and headaches.</p>",
"Recommendation": "<p>This genetic finding is associated with:</p><ul><li>A reduced risk of alcohol dependence. TThe risk is 5-fold less than those with the normal ADH1B and ALDH2 results <sup>3</sup>.<li>Adverse health outcomes such as an orsophageal cancer. The risk depends on alcohol consumption.<ul><li>In the Caucasian population, the risk of head and neck cancer has not been demonstrated to be increased for light drinkers. For heavy drinkers, the risk of head and neck cancer is approximately doubled. This is based on having at least one ADH1B*2 finding <sup>5</sup>.</li><li>In the East Asian population, the risk of oesophageal cancer is increased by about 4 times in light drinkers and up to 6 times in heavy drinkers <sup>1,4</sup>.</li><li>Non-drinkers are likely not to have an increased risk of cancer.</li></ul></li></ul><p>Consideration should be given before alcohol consumption as any amount may lead to health risks.</p>"
},
{
"ADH1B": "*1*1",
"ALDH2": "*2*2",
"Outcome": "Increased",
"Phenotype": "This individual has two normal ADH1B alleles and two non-functioning ALDH2 alleles.",
"Interpretation": "<p>The genetic finding results in:</p><ul><li>Blockage in the clearance of acetaldehyde from the body due to the ALDH2 finding.</li><li>Unpleasant symptoms which include palpitations, a red skin flushing reaction on the face, neck and shoulders, nausea and headaches. The symptoms are expected to be so severe, the individual may find that it is nearly impossible to drink alcohol.</li><li>Worse hangover symptoms from a smaller amount of alcohol compared to normal individuals <sup>2</sup> due to the ALDH2 finding.</li><li>Less likely to binge drink</li></ul>",
"Recommendation": "<p>Due to unpleasant symptoms, this genetic finding is associated with:</p><ul><li>A reduced risk of alcohol dependence. No reported case of alcohol dependence with this genetic combination <sup>1,3</sup>.</li><li>Adverse health outcomes such as oesophageal cancer. The risk depends on alcohol consumption.<ul><li>Non-drinkers are likely not to have an increased risk of cancer.</li><li>In light drinkers, the risk is increased between 7-13 fold <sup>1,6</sup>.</li><li>In heavy drinkers, the risk of oesophageal cancer is increased by about 22-fold based on having at least one ALDH2*2 finding <sup>1</sup>.</li></ul></li></ul><p>It is therefore advisable for this individual to limit or avoid alcohol intake.</p>"
},
{
"ADH1B": "*1*1",
"ALDH2": "*1*2",
"Outcome": "Increased",
"Phenotype": "This individual has two normal ADH1B alleles; one normal ALDH2 allele and one non-functioning ALDH2 allele.",
"Interpretation": "<p>The genetic finding results in:</p><ul><li>Slower clearance of acetaldehyde from the body due to ALDH2 finding.</li><li>Unpleasant symptoms which may include palpitations.</li><li>Increased risk to drinking as flushing only occur in some individuals as the ADH1B finding tends to mask flushing <sup>2</sup>.</li><li>Less likely to binge drink.</li><li>Worse hangover symptoms from a smaller amount of alcohol compared to normal individuals <sup>2</sup> due to the ALDH2 finding.</li></ul>",
"Recommendation": "<p>This genetic finding is associated with:</p><ul><li>Reduced risk of alcohol dependence. The risk is 3-fold less compared to those with the normal ADH1B and ALDH2 results <sup>3</sup>.</li><li>Adverse health outcomes such as oesophageal cancer. The risk depends on with alcohol consumption.<ul><li>Non-drinkers are likely not to have an increased risk of cancer.</li><li>In light drinkers, the risk is increased between 7-13 fold <sup>1,6</sup></li><li>In heavy drinkers, the risk of oesophageal cancer is increased by about 22-fold based on having at least one ALDH2*2 finding <sup>1</sup>.</li></ul></li></ul><p>It is therefore advisable for this individual to limit or avoid alcohol intake.</p>"
},
{
"ADH1B": "*1*1",
"ALDH2": "*1*1",
"Outcome": "Normal",
"Phenotype": "This individual has two normal ADH1B alleles and two normal ALDH2 alleles.",
"Interpretation": "<p>The metabolism of alcohol is expected to be normal. Therefore, unpleasant symptoms are not expected after alcohol ingestion. This can lead to the consumption of more alcohol and a higher chance of binge drinking than someone with a genetic change that leads to adverse effects from alcohol.</p>",
"Recommendation": "<p>This genetic finding is associated with:</p><ul><li>A risk of alcohol dependence</li><li>Alcohol induced health effects because of lack of negative symptoms on drinking.</li><li>Drinking more alcohol may result in adverse health outcomes such as oesophageal cancer, upper gastrointestinal tract or head and neck cancers. The actual risk will depend on the ethnicity and the amount of alcohol consumed.</li><ul><li>In the Caucasian population, light drinking increases the risk of head and neck cancer by about 1½ times.</li><li>In the East Asian population, light drinking increases the risk of oesophageal cancer by up to 4 times.</li><li>Heavy drinking increases the head and neck cancer risk up to 4 times in both populations <sup>1,4,5</sup>.</li><li>Non-drinkers are likely not to have an increased risk of cancer.</li></ul></li></ul><p>The Australian NHMRC recommends no more than 2 standard drinks of alcohol per day.</p>"
}
]