com.wallstop-studios.unity-helpers
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<!doctype html><html lang=en class=no-js> <head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta name=description content="Production-ready Unity utilities: 10-15x faster PRNGs, O(log n) spatial queries, zero-allocation pooling, Odin-level inspector tooling, and data-driven effects."><meta name=author content="Wallstop Studios"><link href=https://wallstop.github.io/unity-helpers/features/utilities/math-and-extensions/ rel=canonical><link href=../../serialization/serialization-types/ rel=prev><link href=../data-structures/ rel=next><link rel=icon href=../../../assets/images/favicon.png><meta name=generator content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.7.3"><title>Math & Extensions - Unity Helpers</title><link rel=stylesheet href=../../../assets/stylesheets/main.484c7ddc.min.css><link rel=stylesheet 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data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_3_4_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_3_4> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Effects System </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../effects/effects-system/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Overview </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../effects/effects-system-tutorial/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Tutorial </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle md-toggle--indeterminate" type=checkbox id=__nav_3_5> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_3_5 id=__nav_3_5_label tabindex> <span class=md-ellipsis> Serialization </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_3_5_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_3_5> <span 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class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type=checkbox id=__toc> <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for=__toc> <span class=md-ellipsis> Math & Extensions </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <a href=./ class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active"> <span class=md-ellipsis> Math & Extensions </span> </a> <nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents"> <label class=md-nav__title for=__toc> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Table of contents </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-component=toc data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#tldr-why-use-these class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> TL;DR — Why Use These </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#numeric-helpers class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Numeric Helpers </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#geometry class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Geometry </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label=Geometry> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#line2d-2d-line-segment-operations class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Line2D — 2D line segment operations </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#line3d-3d-line-segment-operations class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Line3D — 3D line segment operations </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#range-numeric-ranges-with-flexible-boundaries class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Range — Numeric ranges with flexible boundaries </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#parabola-projectile-trajectories-and-smooth-curves class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Parabola — Projectile trajectories and smooth curves </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#point-in-polygon-test-if-points-are-inside-shapes class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Point-in-Polygon — Test if points are inside shapes </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> 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<label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_7> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Project </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../project/license/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> License </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../project/third-party-notices/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Third-Party Notices </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../project/llms-txt/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> LLMs.txt </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class=md-content data-md-component=content> <nav class=md-path aria-label=Navigation> <ol class=md-path__list> <li class=md-path__item> <a href=../../.. class=md-path__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Home </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-path__item> <a href=../../inspector/inspector-overview/ class=md-path__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Features </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-path__item> <a href=./ class=md-path__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Utilities </span> </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset"> <a href=https://github.com/wallstop/unity-helpers/edit/main/docs/features/utilities/math-and-extensions.md title="Edit this page" class="md-content__button md-icon" rel=edit> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20.71 7.04c.39-.39.39-1.04 0-1.41l-2.34-2.34c-.37-.39-1.02-.39-1.41 0l-1.84 1.83 3.75 3.75M3 17.25V21h3.75L17.81 9.93l-3.75-3.75z"/></svg> </a> <a href=https://github.com/wallstop/unity-helpers/raw/main/docs/features/utilities/math-and-extensions.md title="View source of this page" class="md-content__button md-icon"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 9a3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3m0 8a5 5 0 0 1-5-5 5 5 0 0 1 5-5 5 5 0 0 1 5 5 5 5 0 0 1-5 5m0-12.5C7 4.5 2.73 7.61 1 12c1.73 4.39 6 7.5 11 7.5s9.27-3.11 11-7.5c-1.73-4.39-6-7.5-11-7.5"/></svg> </a> <h1 id=core-math-extensions>Core Math & Extensions<a class=headerlink href=#core-math-extensions title="Permanent link">¶</a></h1> <h2 id=tldr-why-use-these>TL;DR — Why Use These<a class=headerlink href=#tldr-why-use-these title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <ul> <li>Small helpers that fix everyday math and Unity annoyances: safe modulo, wrapped indices, approximate equality, bounds math, color utilities, and more.</li> <li>Copy/paste examples and diagrams show intent; use as building blocks in hot paths.</li> </ul> <p>This guide summarizes the math primitives and extension helpers in this package and shows how to apply them effectively, with examples, performance notes, and practical scenarios.</p> <p>Contents</p> <ul> <li><a href=#numeric-helpers>Numeric helpers</a> — Positive modulo, wrapped arithmetic, approximate equality, clamping</li> <li><a href=#geometry>Geometry</a> — Lines, ranges, parabolas, point-in-polygon, polyline simplification</li> <li><a href=#unity-extensions>Unity extensions</a> — Rect/Bounds conversions, RectTransform bounds, camera bounds, bounds aggregation</li> <li><a href=#color-utilities>Color utilities</a> — Averaging (LAB/HSV/Weighted/Dominant), hex conversion</li> <li><a href=#collections>Collections</a> — IEnumerable helpers, buffering, infinite sequences</li> <li><a href=#strings>Strings</a> — Casing, encoding/decoding, distance</li> <li><a href=#directions>Direction helpers</a> — Enum conversions and operations</li> <li><a href=#enum-helpers>Enum helpers</a> — Zero-allocation flag checks, cached names, display names</li> <li><a href=#random-generators>Random generators</a> — Weighted selection, vector generation, subset sampling</li> <li><a href=#asynccoroutine-interop>Async/Coroutine interop</a> — Bridge Unity AsyncOperation with async/await</li> <li><a href=#best-practices>Best Practices</a></li> </ul> <p><a id=numeric-helpers></a></p> <h2 id=numeric-helpers>Numeric Helpers<a class=headerlink href=#numeric-helpers title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <ul> <li>Positive modulo and wrap-around arithmetic</li> <li>Use <code>PositiveMod</code> to ensure non-negative modulo results for indices and cyclic counters.</li> <li>Use <code>WrappedAdd</code>/<code>WrappedIncrement</code> for ring buffer indexes and cursor navigation.</li> </ul> <p>Example:</p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-0-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-0-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-0-3>3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-0-4>4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-0-5>5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-0-6>6</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-0-7>7</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-0-8>8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-0-1><a id=__codelineno-0-1 name=__codelineno-0-1></a><span class=k>using</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nn>WallstopStudios.UnityHelpers.Core.Helper</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-0-2><a id=__codelineno-0-2 name=__codelineno-0-2></a>
</span><span id=__span-0-3><a id=__codelineno-0-3 name=__codelineno-0-3></a><span class=kt>int</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>i</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>-</span><span class=mi>1</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-0-4><a id=__codelineno-0-4 name=__codelineno-0-4></a><span class=n>i</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>i</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>PositiveMod</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>5</span><span class=p>);</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// 4</span>
</span><span id=__span-0-5><a id=__codelineno-0-5 name=__codelineno-0-5></a><span class=n>i</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>i</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>WrappedAdd</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>2</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>5</span><span class=p>);</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// 1</span>
</span><span id=__span-0-6><a id=__codelineno-0-6 name=__codelineno-0-6></a>
</span><span id=__span-0-7><a id=__codelineno-0-7 name=__codelineno-0-7></a><span class=kt>float</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>angle</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>-</span><span class=mf>30f</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-0-8><a id=__codelineno-0-8 name=__codelineno-0-8></a><span class=kt>float</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>normalized</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>angle</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>PositiveMod</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mf>360f</span><span class=p>);</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// 330f</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p>Diagram (wrap-around on a ring of size 5):</p> <div class="language-text highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>Text Only</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-1-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-1-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-1-3>3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-1-4>4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-1-5>5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-1-1><a id=__codelineno-1-1 name=__codelineno-1-1></a>Index: 0 1 2 3 4
</span><span id=__span-1-2><a id=__codelineno-1-2 name=__codelineno-1-2></a> ↖ ↙
</span><span id=__span-1-3><a id=__codelineno-1-3 name=__codelineno-1-3></a> \ +2 from 4 => 1
</span><span id=__span-1-4><a id=__codelineno-1-4 name=__codelineno-1-4></a>
</span><span id=__span-1-5><a id=__codelineno-1-5 name=__codelineno-1-5></a>Start at 4, add 2 → 6 → 6 % 5 = 1
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <ul> <li>Approximate equality</li> <li><code>float.Approximately(rhs, tolerance)</code> and <code>double.Approximately</code> add a magnitude-scaled fudge factor.</li> </ul> <p>Example:</p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-2-1>1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-2-1><a id=__codelineno-2-1 name=__codelineno-2-1></a><span class=kt>bool</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>close</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mf>0.1f</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Approximately</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mf>0.10001f</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mf>0.0001f</span><span class=p>);</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// true</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <ul> <li>Generic <code>Clamp</code></li> <li><code>Clamp<T>(min, max)</code> works for any <code>IComparable<T></code>.</li> </ul> <p><a id=geometry></a></p> <h2 id=geometry>Geometry<a class=headerlink href=#geometry title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <h3 id=line2d-2d-line-segment-operations>Line2D — 2D line segment operations<a class=headerlink href=#line2d-2d-line-segment-operations title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p><strong>Why it exists:</strong> Provides 2D line segment math for collision detection, ray-casting, and geometric queries.</p> <p><strong>When to use:</strong></p> <ul> <li>Ray-casting for bullets, lasers, or line-of-sight checks</li> <li>Detecting if paths cross obstacles</li> <li>Click detection near edges or borders</li> <li>Finding closest points on paths or walls</li> </ul> <p><strong>When NOT to use:</strong></p> <ul> <li>For 3D geometry (use Line3D instead)</li> <li>For curves or arcs (lines are always straight)</li> </ul> <p>Example:</p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-3-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-3-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-3-3>3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-3-4>4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-3-1><a id=__codelineno-3-1 name=__codelineno-3-1></a><span class=k>using</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nn>WallstopStudios.UnityHelpers.Core.Math</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-3-2><a id=__codelineno-3-2 name=__codelineno-3-2></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>a</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Line2D</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=k>new</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Vector2</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>),</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Vector2</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>2</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>));</span>
</span><span id=__span-3-3><a id=__codelineno-3-3 name=__codelineno-3-3></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>b</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Line2D</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=k>new</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Vector2</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>1</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=o>-</span><span class=mi>1</span><span class=p>),</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Vector2</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>1</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=mi>1</span><span class=p>));</span>
</span><span id=__span-3-4><a id=__codelineno-3-4 name=__codelineno-3-4></a><span class=kt>bool</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>hit</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>a</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Intersects</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>b</span><span class=p>);</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// true</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p>Diagram (segment intersection):</p> <div class="language-text highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>Text Only</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-4-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-4-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-4-3>3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-4-4>4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-4-5>5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-4-6>6</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-4-7>7</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-4-8>8</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-4-9>9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-4-1><a id=__codelineno-4-1 name=__codelineno-4-1></a>y↑ b.to (1,1)
</span><span id=__span-4-2><a id=__codelineno-4-2 name=__codelineno-4-2></a> | │
</span><span id=__span-4-3><a id=__codelineno-4-3 name=__codelineno-4-3></a> | │ b
</span><span id=__span-4-4><a id=__codelineno-4-4 name=__codelineno-4-4></a> | a ────────┼────────▶ x
</span><span id=__span-4-5><a id=__codelineno-4-5 name=__codelineno-4-5></a> | (1,0)× ← intersection
</span><span id=__span-4-6><a id=__codelineno-4-6 name=__codelineno-4-6></a> | │
</span><span id=__span-4-7><a id=__codelineno-4-7 name=__codelineno-4-7></a> | │
</span><span id=__span-4-8><a id=__codelineno-4-8 name=__codelineno-4-8></a> +─────────────┼────────
</span><span id=__span-4-9><a id=__codelineno-4-9 name=__codelineno-4-9></a> b.from (1,-1)
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p><strong>Getting the exact intersection point:</strong></p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-5-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-5-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-5-3>3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-5-4>4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-5-5>5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-5-6>6</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-5-7>7</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-5-8>8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-5-1><a id=__codelineno-5-1 name=__codelineno-5-1></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>wall</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Line2D</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=k>new</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Vector2</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>),</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Vector2</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>10</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>));</span>
</span><span id=__span-5-2><a id=__codelineno-5-2 name=__codelineno-5-2></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ray</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Line2D</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>playerPos</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>targetPos</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-5-3><a id=__codelineno-5-3 name=__codelineno-5-3></a>
</span><span id=__span-5-4><a id=__codelineno-5-4 name=__codelineno-5-4></a><span class=k>if</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>wall</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>TryGetIntersectionPoint</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>ray</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>out</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Vector2</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>hitPoint</span><span class=p>))</span>
</span><span id=__span-5-5><a id=__codelineno-5-5 name=__codelineno-5-5></a><span class=p>{</span>
</span><span id=__span-5-6><a id=__codelineno-5-6 name=__codelineno-5-6></a><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// Spawn bullet impact effect at exact hitPoint</span>
</span><span id=__span-5-7><a id=__codelineno-5-7 name=__codelineno-5-7></a><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Instantiate</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>sparksPrefab</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>hitPoint</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Quaternion</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>identity</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-5-8><a id=__codelineno-5-8 name=__codelineno-5-8></a><span class=p>}</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p><strong>Circle intersection (bullets hitting circular enemies):</strong></p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-6-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-6-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-6-3>3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-6-4>4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-6-5>5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-6-6>6</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-6-7>7</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-6-8>8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-6-1><a id=__codelineno-6-1 name=__codelineno-6-1></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>bulletPath</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Line2D</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>bulletStart</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>bulletEnd</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-6-2><a id=__codelineno-6-2 name=__codelineno-6-2></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>enemy</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Circle</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>enemyPosition</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>enemyRadius</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-6-3><a id=__codelineno-6-3 name=__codelineno-6-3></a>
</span><span id=__span-6-4><a id=__codelineno-6-4 name=__codelineno-6-4></a><span class=k>if</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>bulletPath</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Intersects</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>enemy</span><span class=p>))</span>
</span><span id=__span-6-5><a id=__codelineno-6-5 name=__codelineno-6-5></a><span class=p>{</span>
</span><span id=__span-6-6><a id=__codelineno-6-6 name=__codelineno-6-6></a><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// Bullet hit the enemy</span>
</span><span id=__span-6-7><a id=__codelineno-6-7 name=__codelineno-6-7></a><span class=w> </span><span class=n>enemy</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>TakeDamage</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>bulletDamage</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-6-8><a id=__codelineno-6-8 name=__codelineno-6-8></a><span class=p>}</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p><strong>Closest point on line (snapping to paths):</strong></p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-7-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-7-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-7-3>3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-7-1><a id=__codelineno-7-1 name=__codelineno-7-1></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>path</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Line2D</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>pathStart</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>pathEnd</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-7-2><a id=__codelineno-7-2 name=__codelineno-7-2></a><span class=n>Vector2</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>snappedPosition</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>path</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>ClosestPointOnLine</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>mouseWorldPos</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-7-3><a id=__codelineno-7-3 name=__codelineno-7-3></a><span class=c1>// Use for UI snapping, path following, or grid alignment</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p><strong>Performance tip:</strong> Use <code>DistanceSquaredToPoint</code> instead of <code>DistanceToPoint</code> when comparing distances (avoids expensive square root):</p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-8-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-8-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-8-3>3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-8-4>4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-8-5>5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-8-6>6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-8-1><a id=__codelineno-8-1 name=__codelineno-8-1></a><span class=c1>// Fast distance comparison (no sqrt)</span>
</span><span id=__span-8-2><a id=__codelineno-8-2 name=__codelineno-8-2></a><span class=kt>float</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>distSq</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>line</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>DistanceSquaredToPoint</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>point</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-8-3><a id=__codelineno-8-3 name=__codelineno-8-3></a><span class=k>if</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>distSq</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o><</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>thresholdSquared</span><span class=p>)</span>
</span><span id=__span-8-4><a id=__codelineno-8-4 name=__codelineno-8-4></a><span class=p>{</span>
</span><span id=__span-8-5><a id=__codelineno-8-5 name=__codelineno-8-5></a><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// Point is within threshold</span>
</span><span id=__span-8-6><a id=__codelineno-8-6 name=__codelineno-8-6></a><span class=p>}</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <hr> <h3 id=line3d-3d-line-segment-operations>Line3D — 3D line segment operations<a class=headerlink href=#line3d-3d-line-segment-operations title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p><strong>Why it exists:</strong> Extends Line2D concepts to 3D space for sphere intersection, bounding box clipping, and skew line distance.</p> <p><strong>When to use:</strong></p> <ul> <li>3D ray-casting for weapons, lasers, or grappling hooks</li> <li>Visibility checks between 3D objects</li> <li>Cable/rope collision detection</li> <li>Finding closest approach between moving objects</li> </ul> <p><strong>When NOT to use:</strong></p> <ul> <li>For 2D games (use Line2D instead)</li> <li>For complex curved paths (lines are always straight)</li> </ul> <p>Basic operations:</p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-9-1> 1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-9-2> 2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-9-3> 3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-9-4> 4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-9-5> 5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-9-6> 6</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-9-7> 7</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-9-8> 8</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-9-9> 9</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-9-10>10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-9-1><a id=__codelineno-9-1 name=__codelineno-9-1></a><span class=k>using</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nn>WallstopStudios.UnityHelpers.Core.Math</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-9-2><a id=__codelineno-9-2 name=__codelineno-9-2></a>
</span><span id=__span-9-3><a id=__codelineno-9-3 name=__codelineno-9-3></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ray</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Line3D</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>gunBarrel</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>position</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>hitPoint</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-9-4><a id=__codelineno-9-4 name=__codelineno-9-4></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>enemyBounds</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>BoundingBox3D</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>enemy</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>bounds</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-9-5><a id=__codelineno-9-5 name=__codelineno-9-5></a>
</span><span id=__span-9-6><a id=__codelineno-9-6 name=__codelineno-9-6></a><span class=c1>// Check if ray hits enemy bounding box</span>
</span><span id=__span-9-7><a id=__codelineno-9-7 name=__codelineno-9-7></a><span class=k>if</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>ray</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Intersects</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>enemyBounds</span><span class=p>))</span>
</span><span id=__span-9-8><a id=__codelineno-9-8 name=__codelineno-9-8></a><span class=p>{</span>
</span><span id=__span-9-9><a id=__codelineno-9-9 name=__codelineno-9-9></a><span class=w> </span><span class=n>enemy</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>TakeDamage</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>bulletDamage</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-9-10><a id=__codelineno-9-10 name=__codelineno-9-10></a><span class=p>}</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p><strong>Closest points between two 3D lines (skew lines):</strong></p> <p><em>Problem:</em> In 3D, two lines might not actually intersect (imagine two pipes that pass by each other). This finds the closest approach.</p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-10-1> 1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-10-2> 2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-10-3> 3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-10-4> 4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-10-5> 5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-10-6> 6</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-10-7> 7</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-10-8> 8</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-10-9> 9</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-10-10>10</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-10-11>11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-10-1><a id=__codelineno-10-1 name=__codelineno-10-1></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ropeA</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Line3D</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>ropeAStart</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ropeAEnd</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-10-2><a id=__codelineno-10-2 name=__codelineno-10-2></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ropeB</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Line3D</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>ropeBStart</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ropeBEnd</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-10-3><a id=__codelineno-10-3 name=__codelineno-10-3></a>
</span><span id=__span-10-4><a id=__codelineno-10-4 name=__codelineno-10-4></a><span class=k>if</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>ropeA</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>TryGetClosestPoints</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>ropeB</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>out</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Vector3</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>pointOnA</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>out</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Vector3</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>pointOnB</span><span class=p>))</span>
</span><span id=__span-10-5><a id=__codelineno-10-5 name=__codelineno-10-5></a><span class=p>{</span>
</span><span id=__span-10-6><a id=__codelineno-10-6 name=__codelineno-10-6></a><span class=w> </span><span class=kt>float</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>separation</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Vector3</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Distance</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>pointOnA</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>pointOnB</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-10-7><a id=__codelineno-10-7 name=__codelineno-10-7></a><span class=w> </span><span class=k>if</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>separation</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o><</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mf>0.1f</span><span class=p>)</span>
</span><span id=__span-10-8><a id=__codelineno-10-8 name=__codelineno-10-8></a><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{</span>
</span><span id=__span-10-9><a id=__codelineno-10-9 name=__codelineno-10-9></a><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// Ropes are touching or tangled</span>
</span><span id=__span-10-10><a id=__codelineno-10-10 name=__codelineno-10-10></a><span class=w> </span><span class=p>}</span>
</span><span id=__span-10-11><a id=__codelineno-10-11 name=__codelineno-10-11></a><span class=p>}</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p><strong>Sphere intersection (force fields, explosions):</strong></p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-11-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-11-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-11-3>3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-11-4>4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-11-5>5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-11-6>6</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-11-7>7</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-11-8>8</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-11-9>9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-11-1><a id=__codelineno-11-1 name=__codelineno-11-1></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>laserBeam</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Line3D</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>laserStart</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>laserEnd</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-11-2><a id=__codelineno-11-2 name=__codelineno-11-2></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>shield</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Sphere</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>shieldCenter</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>shieldRadius</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-11-3><a id=__codelineno-11-3 name=__codelineno-11-3></a>
</span><span id=__span-11-4><a id=__codelineno-11-4 name=__codelineno-11-4></a><span class=k>if</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>laserBeam</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Intersects</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>shield</span><span class=p>))</span>
</span><span id=__span-11-5><a id=__codelineno-11-5 name=__codelineno-11-5></a><span class=p>{</span>
</span><span id=__span-11-6><a id=__codelineno-11-6 name=__codelineno-11-6></a><span class=w> </span><span class=kt>float</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>distance</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>laserBeam</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>DistanceToSphere</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>shield</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-11-7><a id=__codelineno-11-7 name=__codelineno-11-7></a><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// distance == 0 means line passes through sphere</span>
</span><span id=__span-11-8><a id=__codelineno-11-8 name=__codelineno-11-8></a><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// distance > 0 means line misses sphere</span>
</span><span id=__span-11-9><a id=__codelineno-11-9 name=__codelineno-11-9></a><span class=p>}</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <hr> <h3 id=range-numeric-ranges-with-flexible-boundaries>Range<t> — Numeric ranges with flexible boundaries<a class=headerlink href=#range-numeric-ranges-with-flexible-boundaries title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p><strong>Why it exists:</strong> Solves the "is this value in a valid range" problem with clear, readable code and support for different boundary conditions.</p> <p><strong>When to use:</strong></p> <ul> <li>Validating user input (is health between 0-100?)</li> <li>Time windows (is this event during business hours?)</li> <li>Array bounds checking with custom inclusivity</li> <li>Overlap detection (do these time slots conflict?)</li> </ul> <p><strong>When NOT to use:</strong></p> <ul> <li>For single comparisons (just use <code>if (x >= min && x <= max)</code>)</li> <li>When you don't care about boundary inclusivity</li> </ul> <p>Example:</p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-12-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-12-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-12-3>3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-12-1><a id=__codelineno-12-1 name=__codelineno-12-1></a><span class=k>using</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nn>WallstopStudios.UnityHelpers.Core.Math</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-12-2><a id=__codelineno-12-2 name=__codelineno-12-2></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>r</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Range</span><span class=o><</span><span class=kt>int</span><span class=o>></span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Inclusive</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>10</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-12-3><a id=__codelineno-12-3 name=__codelineno-12-3></a><span class=kt>bool</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>inside</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>r</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Contains</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>10</span><span class=p>);</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// true (10 is included)</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p><strong>Choosing the right inclusivity:</strong></p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-13-1> 1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-13-2> 2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-13-3> 3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-13-4> 4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-13-5> 5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-13-6> 6</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-13-7> 7</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-13-8> 8</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-13-9> 9</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-13-10>10</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-13-11>11</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-13-12>12</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-13-13>13</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-13-14>14</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-13-15>15</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-13-1><a id=__codelineno-13-1 name=__codelineno-13-1></a><span class=c1>// [0, 10] - both endpoints included (closed interval)</span>
</span><span id=__span-13-2><a id=__codelineno-13-2 name=__codelineno-13-2></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>healthRange</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Range</span><span class=o><</span><span class=kt>int</span><span class=o>></span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Inclusive</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>10</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-13-3><a id=__codelineno-13-3 name=__codelineno-13-3></a><span class=n>healthRange</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Contains</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>);</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// true</span>
</span><span id=__span-13-4><a id=__codelineno-13-4 name=__codelineno-13-4></a><span class=n>healthRange</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Contains</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>10</span><span class=p>);</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// true</span>
</span><span id=__span-13-5><a id=__codelineno-13-5 name=__codelineno-13-5></a>
</span><span id=__span-13-6><a id=__codelineno-13-6 name=__codelineno-13-6></a><span class=c1>// [0, 10) - start included, end excluded (common for indices)</span>
</span><span id=__span-13-7><a id=__codelineno-13-7 name=__codelineno-13-7></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>arrayRange</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Range</span><span class=o><</span><span class=kt>int</span><span class=o>></span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>InclusiveExclusive</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>10</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-13-8><a id=__codelineno-13-8 name=__codelineno-13-8></a><span class=n>arrayRange</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Contains</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>);</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// true</span>
</span><span id=__span-13-9><a id=__codelineno-13-9 name=__codelineno-13-9></a><span class=n>arrayRange</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Contains</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>10</span><span class=p>);</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// false (typical for array[0..10))</span>
</span><span id=__span-13-10><a id=__codelineno-13-10 name=__codelineno-13-10></a>
</span><span id=__span-13-11><a id=__codelineno-13-11 name=__codelineno-13-11></a><span class=c1>// (0, 1) - neither endpoint included (open interval)</span>
</span><span id=__span-13-12><a id=__codelineno-13-12 name=__codelineno-13-12></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>normalized</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Range</span><span class=o><</span><span class=kt>float</span><span class=o>></span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Exclusive</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mf>0f</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mf>1f</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-13-13><a id=__codelineno-13-13 name=__codelineno-13-13></a><span class=n>normalized</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Contains</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mf>0f</span><span class=p>);</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// false</span>
</span><span id=__span-13-14><a id=__codelineno-13-14 name=__codelineno-13-14></a><span class=n>normalized</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Contains</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mf>0.5f</span><span class=p>);</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// true</span>
</span><span id=__span-13-15><a id=__codelineno-13-15 name=__codelineno-13-15></a><span class=n>normalized</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Contains</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mf>1f</span><span class=p>);</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// false</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p><strong>Overlap detection:</strong></p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-14-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-14-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-14-3>3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-14-4>4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-14-1><a id=__codelineno-14-1 name=__codelineno-14-1></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>morningShift</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Range</span><span class=o><</span><span class=kt>int</span><span class=o>></span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Inclusive</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>9</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>13</span><span class=p>);</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// 9am-1pm</span>
</span><span id=__span-14-2><a id=__codelineno-14-2 name=__codelineno-14-2></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>afternoonShift</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Range</span><span class=o><</span><span class=kt>int</span><span class=o>></span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Inclusive</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>13</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>17</span><span class=p>);</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// 1pm-5pm</span>
</span><span id=__span-14-3><a id=__codelineno-14-3 name=__codelineno-14-3></a>
</span><span id=__span-14-4><a id=__codelineno-14-4 name=__codelineno-14-4></a><span class=kt>bool</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>conflict</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>morningShift</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Overlaps</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>afternoonShift</span><span class=p>);</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// true (overlap at 1pm)</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p><strong>Date ranges:</strong></p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-15-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-15-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-15-3>3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-15-4>4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-15-5>5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-15-6>6</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-15-7>7</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-15-8>8</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-15-9>9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-15-1><a id=__codelineno-15-1 name=__codelineno-15-1></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>january</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Range</span><span class=o><</span><span class=n>DateTime</span><span class=o>></span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Inclusive</span><span class=p>(</span>
</span><span id=__span-15-2><a id=__codelineno-15-2 name=__codelineno-15-2></a><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nf>DateTime</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>2025</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>1</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>1</span><span class=p>),</span>
</span><span id=__span-15-3><a id=__codelineno-15-3 name=__codelineno-15-3></a><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nf>DateTime</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>2025</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>1</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>31</span><span class=p>)</span>
</span><span id=__span-15-4><a id=__codelineno-15-4 name=__codelineno-15-4></a><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-15-5><a id=__codelineno-15-5 name=__codelineno-15-5></a>
</span><span id=__span-15-6><a id=__codelineno-15-6 name=__codelineno-15-6></a><span class=k>if</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>january</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Contains</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>someDate</span><span class=p>))</span>
</span><span id=__span-15-7><a id=__codelineno-15-7 name=__codelineno-15-7></a><span class=p>{</span>
</span><span id=__span-15-8><a id=__codelineno-15-8 name=__codelineno-15-8></a><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// Event happened in January</span>
</span><span id=__span-15-9><a id=__codelineno-15-9 name=__codelineno-15-9></a><span class=p>}</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <hr> <h3 id=parabola-projectile-trajectories-and-smooth-curves>Parabola — Projectile trajectories and smooth curves<a class=headerlink href=#parabola-projectile-trajectories-and-smooth-curves title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p><strong>Why it exists:</strong> Provides parabolic math for projectile motion, jump arcs, and smooth animation curves without writing quadratic equations by hand.</p> <p><strong>When to use:</strong></p> <ul> <li>Throwing/shooting projectiles (grenades, arrows, basketballs)</li> <li>Character jump arcs</li> <li>Camera dolly movements along smooth paths</li> <li>Particle fountain effects</li> </ul> <p><strong>When NOT to use:</strong></p> <ul> <li>For straight-line motion (use Vector3.Lerp)</li> <li>For complex curves with multiple peaks (parabola has only one peak)</li> <li>When gravity/physics simulation is already handling it</li> </ul> <p>Example:</p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-16-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-16-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-16-3>3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-16-4>4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-16-5>5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-16-6>6</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-16-7>7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-16-1><a id=__codelineno-16-1 name=__codelineno-16-1></a><span class=k>using</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nn>WallstopStudios.UnityHelpers.Core.Math</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-16-2><a id=__codelineno-16-2 name=__codelineno-16-2></a>
</span><span id=__span-16-3><a id=__codelineno-16-3 name=__codelineno-16-3></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>p</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Parabola</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>maxHeight</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mf>5f</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>length</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mf>10f</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-16-4><a id=__codelineno-16-4 name=__codelineno-16-4></a><span class=k>if</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>p</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>TryGetValueAtNormalized</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mf>0.5f</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>out</span><span class=w> </span><span class=kt>float</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>y</span><span class=p>))</span>
</span><span id=__span-16-5><a id=__codelineno-16-5 name=__codelineno-16-5></a><span class=p>{</span>
</span><span id=__span-16-6><a id=__codelineno-16-6 name=__codelineno-16-6></a><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// y == 5 (at the peak)</span>
</span><span id=__span-16-7><a id=__codelineno-16-7 name=__codelineno-16-7></a><span class=p>}</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p>Diagram (normalized parabola):</p> <div class="language-text highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>Text Only</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-17-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-17-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-17-3>3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-17-4>4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-17-5>5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-17-6>6</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-17-7>7</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-17-8>8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-17-1><a id=__codelineno-17-1 name=__codelineno-17-1></a>y↑ * vertex (0.5, 5)
</span><span id=__span-17-2><a id=__codelineno-17-2 name=__codelineno-17-2></a> | *
</span><span id=__span-17-3><a id=__codelineno-17-3 name=__codelineno-17-3></a> | *
</span><span id=__span-17-4><a id=__codelineno-17-4 name=__codelineno-17-4></a> | *
</span><span id=__span-17-5><a id=__codelineno-17-5 name=__codelineno-17-5></a> | *
</span><span id=__span-17-6><a id=__codelineno-17-6 name=__codelineno-17-6></a> |* *
</span><span id=__span-17-7><a id=__codelineno-17-7 name=__codelineno-17-7></a> +────────*────────▶ x (t from 0..1)
</span><span id=__span-17-8><a id=__codelineno-17-8 name=__codelineno-17-8></a> 0 0.5 1
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p><strong>Custom coefficients (when you have a specific equation):</strong></p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-18-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-18-2>2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-18-1><a id=__codelineno-18-1 name=__codelineno-18-1></a><span class=c1>// Create parabola from equation y = -0.5x² + 5x</span>
</span><span id=__span-18-2><a id=__codelineno-18-2 name=__codelineno-18-2></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>p</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Parabola</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>FromCoefficients</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>a</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>-</span><span class=mf>0.5f</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>b</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mf>5f</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>length</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mf>10f</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p><strong>Performance tip:</strong> Use <code>GetValueAtUnchecked</code> when you know the input is in range (skips bounds checking):</p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-19-1> 1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-19-2> 2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-19-3> 3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-19-4> 4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-19-5> 5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-19-6> 6</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-19-7> 7</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-19-8> 8</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-19-9> 9</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-19-10>10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-19-1><a id=__codelineno-19-1 name=__codelineno-19-1></a><span class=c1>// In a tight loop updating many projectiles</span>
</span><span id=__span-19-2><a id=__codelineno-19-2 name=__codelineno-19-2></a><span class=k>for</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>(</span><span class=kt>int</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>i</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>i</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o><</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>projectiles</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Length</span><span class=p>;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>i</span><span class=o>++</span><span class=p>)</span>
</span><span id=__span-19-3><a id=__codelineno-19-3 name=__codelineno-19-3></a><span class=p>{</span>
</span><span id=__span-19-4><a id=__codelineno-19-4 name=__codelineno-19-4></a><span class=w> </span><span class=kt>float</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>x</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>projectiles</span><span class=p>[</span><span class=n>i</span><span class=p>].</span><span class=n>distanceTraveled</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-19-5><a id=__codelineno-19-5 name=__codelineno-19-5></a><span class=w> </span><span class=k>if</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>x</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&&</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>x</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o><=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>parabola</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Length</span><span class=p>)</span>
</span><span id=__span-19-6><a id=__codelineno-19-6 name=__codelineno-19-6></a><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{</span>
</span><span id=__span-19-7><a id=__codelineno-19-7 name=__codelineno-19-7></a><span class=w> </span><span class=kt>float</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>y</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>parabola</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>GetValueAtUnchecked</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>x</span><span class=p>);</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// No bounds check</span>
</span><span id=__span-19-8><a id=__codelineno-19-8 name=__codelineno-19-8></a><span class=w> </span><span class=n>projectiles</span><span class=p>[</span><span class=n>i</span><span class=p>].</span><span class=n>position</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>y</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>y</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-19-9><a id=__codelineno-19-9 name=__codelineno-19-9></a><span class=w> </span><span class=p>}</span>
</span><span id=__span-19-10><a id=__codelineno-19-10 name=__codelineno-19-10></a><span class=p>}</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p><strong>Normalized vs Absolute coordinates:</strong></p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-20-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-20-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-20-3>3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-20-4>4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-20-5>5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-20-6>6</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-20-7>7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-20-1><a id=__codelineno-20-1 name=__codelineno-20-1></a><span class=c1>// Normalized: Use when working with 0-1 interpolation (animations)</span>
</span><span id=__span-20-2><a id=__codelineno-20-2 name=__codelineno-20-2></a><span class=kt>float</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>t</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>animationTime</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>/</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>totalDuration</span><span class=p>;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// 0-1</span>
</span><span id=__span-20-3><a id=__codelineno-20-3 name=__codelineno-20-3></a><span class=n>parabola</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>TryGetValueAtNormalized</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>t</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>out</span><span class=w> </span><span class=kt>float</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>y</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-20-4><a id=__codelineno-20-4 name=__codelineno-20-4></a>
</span><span id=__span-20-5><a id=__codelineno-20-5 name=__codelineno-20-5></a><span class=c1>// Absolute: Use when working with world-space coordinates</span>
</span><span id=__span-20-6><a id=__codelineno-20-6 name=__codelineno-20-6></a><span class=kt>float</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>worldX</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>transform</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>position</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>x</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-20-7><a id=__codelineno-20-7 name=__codelineno-20-7></a><span class=n>parabola</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>TryGetValueAt</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>worldX</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>out</span><span class=w> </span><span class=kt>float</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>worldY</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <hr> <h3 id=point-in-polygon-test-if-points-are-inside-shapes>Point-in-Polygon — Test if points are inside shapes<a class=headerlink href=#point-in-polygon-test-if-points-are-inside-shapes title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p><strong>Why it exists:</strong> Detects whether a point lies inside an irregular polygon, solving the "did the player click this shape" problem.</p> <p><strong>When to use:</strong></p> <ul> <li>Click detection in irregular UI shapes or game zones</li> <li>Testing if characters are inside territory boundaries</li> <li>Checking if waypoints are in walkable areas</li> <li>Testing if 3D points project inside mesh faces</li> </ul> <p><strong>When NOT to use:</strong></p> <ul> <li>For circles (use <code>Vector2.Distance(point, center) <= radius</code>)</li> <li>For rectangles (use <code>Rect.Contains</code>)</li> <li>For complex 3D volumes (use Collider.bounds or raycasts)</li> </ul> <p><strong>Important:</strong> This uses the ray-casting algorithm — it counts how many times a ray from the point crosses polygon edges. Odd count = inside, even count = outside.</p> <p>2D polygon test:</p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-21-1> 1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-21-2> 2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-21-3> 3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-21-4> 4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-21-5> 5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-21-6> 6</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-21-7> 7</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-21-8> 8</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-21-9> 9</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-21-10>10</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-21-11>11</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-21-12>12</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-21-13>13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-21-1><a id=__codelineno-21-1 name=__codelineno-21-1></a><span class=k>using</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nn>WallstopStudios.UnityHelpers.Core.Math</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-21-2><a id=__codelineno-21-2 name=__codelineno-21-2></a>
</span><span id=__span-21-3><a id=__codelineno-21-3 name=__codelineno-21-3></a><span class=n>Vector2</span><span class=p>[]</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>zoneShape</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Vector2</span><span class=p>[]</span>
</span><span id=__span-21-4><a id=__codelineno-21-4 name=__codelineno-21-4></a><span class=p>{</span>
</span><span id=__span-21-5><a id=__codelineno-21-5 name=__codelineno-21-5></a><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>),</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>10</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>),</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>10</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>5</span><span class=p>),</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>5</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>10</span><span class=p>),</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>5</span><span class=p>)</span>
</span><span id=__span-21-6><a id=__codelineno-21-6 name=__codelineno-21-6></a><span class=p>};</span>
</span><span id=__span-21-7><a id=__codelineno-21-7 name=__codelineno-21-7></a>
</span><span id=__span-21-8><a id=__codelineno-21-8 name=__codelineno-21-8></a><span class=n>Vector2</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>clickPos</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Camera</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>main</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>ScreenToWorldPoint</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>Input</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>mousePosition</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-21-9><a id=__codelineno-21-9 name=__codelineno-21-9></a>
</span><span id=__span-21-10><a id=__codelineno-21-10 name=__codelineno-21-10></a><span class=k>if</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>PointPolygonCheck</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>IsPointInsidePolygon</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>clickPos</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>zoneShape</span><span class=p>))</span>
</span><span id=__span-21-11><a id=__codelineno-21-11 name=__codelineno-21-11></a><span class=p>{</span>
</span><span id=__span-21-12><a id=__codelineno-21-12 name=__codelineno-21-12></a><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Debug</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Log</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=s>"Clicked inside the zone!"</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-21-13><a id=__codelineno-21-13 name=__codelineno-21-13></a><span class=p>}</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p>3D polygon with plane projection:</p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-22-1> 1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-22-2> 2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-22-3> 3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-22-4> 4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-22-5> 5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-22-6> 6</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-22-7> 7</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-22-8> 8</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-22-9> 9</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-22-10>10</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-22-11>11</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-22-12>12</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-22-13>13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-22-1><a id=__codelineno-22-1 name=__codelineno-22-1></a><span class=c1>// Test if 3D point is inside a 3D triangle (projects onto plane)</span>
</span><span id=__span-22-2><a id=__codelineno-22-2 name=__codelineno-22-2></a><span class=n>Vector3</span><span class=p>[]</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>triangleFace</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Vector3</span><span class=p>[]</span>
</span><span id=__span-22-3><a id=__codelineno-22-3 name=__codelineno-22-3></a><span class=p>{</span>
</span><span id=__span-22-4><a id=__codelineno-22-4 name=__codelineno-22-4></a><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>),</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>5</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>),</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mf>2.5f</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>5</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>)</span>
</span><span id=__span-22-5><a id=__codelineno-22-5 name=__codelineno-22-5></a><span class=p>};</span>
</span><span id=__span-22-6><a id=__codelineno-22-6 name=__codelineno-22-6></a><span class=n>Vector3</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>faceNormal</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Vector3</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>forward</span><span class=p>;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// Must be normalized</span>
</span><span id=__span-22-7><a id=__codelineno-22-7 name=__codelineno-22-7></a>
</span><span id=__span-22-8><a id=__codelineno-22-8 name=__codelineno-22-8></a><span class=n>Vector3</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>testPoint</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Vector3</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mf>2.5f</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mf>2f</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mf>1f</span><span class=p>);</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// Will project onto z=0 plane</span>
</span><span id=__span-22-9><a id=__codelineno-22-9 name=__codelineno-22-9></a>
</span><span id=__span-22-10><a id=__codelineno-22-10 name=__codelineno-22-10></a><span class=k>if</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>PointPolygonCheck</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>IsPointInsidePolygon</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>testPoint</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>triangleFace</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>faceNormal</span><span class=p>))</span>
</span><span id=__span-22-11><a id=__codelineno-22-11 name=__codelineno-22-11></a><span class=p>{</span>
</span><span id=__span-22-12><a id=__codelineno-22-12 name=__codelineno-22-12></a><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Debug</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Log</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=s>"Point projects inside triangle"</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-22-13><a id=__codelineno-22-13 name=__codelineno-22-13></a><span class=p>}</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p><strong>Zero-allocation version for hot paths:</strong></p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-23-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-23-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-23-3>3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-23-4>4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-23-5>5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-23-6>6</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-23-7>7</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-23-8>8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-23-1><a id=__codelineno-23-1 name=__codelineno-23-1></a><span class=c1>// Use ReadOnlySpan to avoid heap allocations</span>
</span><span id=__span-23-2><a id=__codelineno-23-2 name=__codelineno-23-2></a><span class=n>Span</span><span class=o><</span><span class=n>Vector2</span><span class=o>></span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>vertices</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>stackalloc</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Vector2</span><span class=p>[</span><span class=mi>4</span><span class=p>]</span>
</span><span id=__span-23-3><a id=__codelineno-23-3 name=__codelineno-23-3></a><span class=p>{</span>
</span><span id=__span-23-4><a id=__codelineno-23-4 name=__codelineno-23-4></a><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>),</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>1</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>),</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>1</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>1</span><span class=p>),</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>1</span><span class=p>)</span>
</span><span id=__span-23-5><a id=__codelineno-23-5 name=__codelineno-23-5></a><span class=p>};</span>
</span><span id=__span-23-6><a id=__codelineno-23-6 name=__codelineno-23-6></a>
</span><span id=__span-23-7><a id=__codelineno-23-7 name=__codelineno-23-7></a><span class=kt>bool</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>inside</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>PointPolygonCheck</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>IsPointInsidePolygon</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>clickPos</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>vertices</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-23-8><a id=__codelineno-23-8 name=__codelineno-23-8></a><span class=c1>// No GC allocations when using ReadOnlySpan</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p><strong>Edge cases to know:</strong></p> <ul> <li>Points exactly on polygon edges may return inconsistent results (floating-point precision issues)</li> <li>Assumes simple (non-self-intersecting) polygons</li> <li>Winding order (clockwise vs counter-clockwise) doesn't matter</li> <li>For 3D: all polygon vertices must be coplanar for accurate results</li> </ul> <hr> <ul> <li>Polyline simplification (Douglas–Peucker)</li> <li><code>Simplify</code> (float epsilon) and <code>SimplifyPrecise</code> (double tolerance) reduce vertex count while preserving shape.</li> </ul> <p>Example:</p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-24-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-24-2>2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-24-1><a id=__codelineno-24-1 name=__codelineno-24-1></a><span class=k>using</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nn>WallstopStudios.UnityHelpers.Core.Helper</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-24-2><a id=__codelineno-24-2 name=__codelineno-24-2></a><span class=n>List</span><span class=o><</span><span class=n>Vector2</span><span class=o>></span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>simplified</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>LineHelper</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Simplify</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>points</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>epsilon</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mf>0.1f</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p>Diagram (original vs simplified):</p> <div class="language-text highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>Text Only</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-25-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-25-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-25-3>3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-25-4>4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-25-1><a id=__codelineno-25-1 name=__codelineno-25-1></a>Original: *----*--*---*--*-----*
</span><span id=__span-25-2><a id=__codelineno-25-2 name=__codelineno-25-2></a>Simplified: *-----------*--------*
</span><span id=__span-25-3><a id=__codelineno-25-3 name=__codelineno-25-3></a>
</span><span id=__span-25-4><a id=__codelineno-25-4 name=__codelineno-25-4></a>Fewer vertices within epsilon of the original polyline.
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p>Visual: <img alt="Polyline Simplification" src=../../../images/utilities/math/polyline-simplify.svg></p> <p>Convex hull (monotone chain / Jarvis examples used by helpers):</p> <div class="language-text highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>Text Only</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-26-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-26-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-26-3>3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-26-4>4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-26-5>5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-26-6>6</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-26-7>7</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-26-8>8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-26-1><a id=__codelineno-26-1 name=__codelineno-26-1></a>Points: · · ·
</span><span id=__span-26-2><a id=__codelineno-26-2 name=__codelineno-26-2></a> · · ·
</span><span id=__span-26-3><a id=__codelineno-26-3 name=__codelineno-26-3></a> · ·
</span><span id=__span-26-4><a id=__codelineno-26-4 name=__codelineno-26-4></a>
</span><span id=__span-26-5><a id=__codelineno-26-5 name=__codelineno-26-5></a>Hull: ┌───────────┐
</span><span id=__span-26-6><a id=__codelineno-26-6 name=__codelineno-26-6></a> │ │
</span><span id=__span-26-7><a id=__codelineno-26-7 name=__codelineno-26-7></a> └───────┬───┘
</span><span id=__span-26-8><a id=__codelineno-26-8 name=__codelineno-26-8></a> └─┐
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p>Visual: <img alt="Convex Hull" src=../../../images/spatial/convex-hull.svg></p> <p>Edge Cases Gallery</p> <p><img alt="Geometry Edge Cases" src=../../../images/utilities/math/geometry-edge-cases.svg></p> <p><a id=unity-extensions></a></p> <h2 id=unity-extensions>Unity Extensions<a class=headerlink href=#unity-extensions title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <ul> <li>Rect/Bounds conversions, RectTransform world bounds</li> <li>Camera <code>OrthographicBounds</code></li> <li>Bounds aggregation from collections</li> </ul> <p>Example:</p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-27-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-27-2>2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-27-1><a id=__codelineno-27-1 name=__codelineno-27-1></a><span class=n>Rect</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>r</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>rectTransform</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>GetWorldRect</span><span class=p>();</span>
</span><span id=__span-27-2><a id=__codelineno-27-2 name=__codelineno-27-2></a><span class=n>Bounds</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>view</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Camera</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>main</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>OrthographicBounds</span><span class=p>();</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p>Diagrams:</p> <ul> <li>RectTransform world rect (axis-aligned bounds of rotated UI):</li> </ul> <div class="language-text highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>Text Only</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-28-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-28-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-28-3>3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-28-4>4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-28-5>5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-28-6>6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-28-1><a id=__codelineno-28-1 name=__codelineno-28-1></a> • corner ┌───────────────┐
</span><span id=__span-28-2><a id=__codelineno-28-2 name=__codelineno-28-2></a> ╲ │ AABB (r) │
</span><span id=__span-28-3><a id=__codelineno-28-3 name=__codelineno-28-3></a> ╲ rotated │ ┌──────┐ │
</span><span id=__span-28-4><a id=__codelineno-28-4 name=__codelineno-28-4></a> ╲ rectangle │ ╱│ UI ╱│ │
</span><span id=__span-28-5><a id=__codelineno-28-5 name=__codelineno-28-5></a> • │ ╱ └────╱─┘ │
</span><span id=__span-28-6><a id=__codelineno-28-6 name=__codelineno-28-6></a> └───────────────┘
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <ul> <li>Orthographic camera bounds (centered on camera):</li> </ul> <div class="language-text highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>Text Only</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-29-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-29-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-29-3>3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-29-4>4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-29-5>5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-29-6>6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-29-1><a id=__codelineno-29-1 name=__codelineno-29-1></a> ┌──────── view (Bounds) ────────┐
</span><span id=__span-29-2><a id=__codelineno-29-2 name=__codelineno-29-2></a> │ height=2*size │
</span><span id=__span-29-3><a id=__codelineno-29-3 name=__codelineno-29-3></a> │ ┌────────────────┐ │
</span><span id=__span-29-4><a id=__codelineno-29-4 name=__codelineno-29-4></a> near ───▶│ │ camera FOV │ │◀── far
</span><span id=__span-29-5><a id=__codelineno-29-5 name=__codelineno-29-5></a> │ └────────────────┘ │
</span><span id=__span-29-6><a id=__codelineno-29-6 name=__codelineno-29-6></a> └────────────────────────────────┘
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p><a id=color-utilities></a></p> <h2 id=color-utilities>Color Utilities<a class=headerlink href=#color-utilities title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <ul> <li>Averaging methods:</li> <li>LAB: perceptually accurate</li> <li>HSV: preserves vibrancy</li> <li>Weighted: luminance-aware</li> <li>Dominant: bucket-based mode</li> </ul> <p>Example:</p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-30-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-30-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-30-3>3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-30-1><a id=__codelineno-30-1 name=__codelineno-30-1></a><span class=k>using</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nn>WallstopStudios.UnityHelpers.Core.Extension</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-30-2><a id=__codelineno-30-2 name=__codelineno-30-2></a><span class=n>Color</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>avg</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>sprite</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>GetAverageColor</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>ColorAveragingMethod</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>LAB</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-30-3><a id=__codelineno-30-3 name=__codelineno-30-3></a><span class=kt>string</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>html</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>avg</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>ToHex</span><span class=p>();</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p>Dominant color example (bucket-based):</p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-31-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-31-2>2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-31-1><a id=__codelineno-31-1 name=__codelineno-31-1></a><span class=c1>// Emphasize palette extraction (posterized sprites, UI swatches)</span>
</span><span id=__span-31-2><a id=__codelineno-31-2 name=__codelineno-31-2></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>dominant</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>pixels</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>GetAverageColor</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>ColorAveragingMethod</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Dominant</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>alphaCutoff</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mf>0.05f</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p>Diagram (dominant buckets):</p> <div class="language-text highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>Text Only</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-32-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-32-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-32-3>3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-32-1><a id=__codelineno-32-1 name=__codelineno-32-1></a>RGB space buckets → counts
</span><span id=__span-32-2><a id=__codelineno-32-2 name=__codelineno-32-2></a> [R][G][B] … [R+Δ][G][B] … [R][G+Δ][B] …
</span><span id=__span-32-3><a id=__codelineno-32-3 name=__codelineno-32-3></a> ↑ pick max bucket centroid as dominant
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p><a id=collections></a></p> <h2 id=collections>Collections<a class=headerlink href=#collections title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <h3 id=ienumerable-helpers>IEnumerable Helpers<a class=headerlink href=#ienumerable-helpers title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p><strong>Infinite cycling:</strong></p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-33-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-33-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-33-3>3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-33-4>4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-33-5>5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-33-6>6</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-33-7>7</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-33-8>8</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-33-9>9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-33-1><a id=__codelineno-33-1 name=__codelineno-33-1></a><span class=k>using</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nn>WallstopStudios.UnityHelpers.Core.Extension</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-33-2><a id=__codelineno-33-2 name=__codelineno-33-2></a>
</span><span id=__span-33-3><a id=__codelineno-33-3 name=__codelineno-33-3></a><span class=c1>// Cycle through elements endlessly for repeating patterns</span>
</span><span id=__span-33-4><a id=__codelineno-33-4 name=__codelineno-33-4></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>colors</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=p>[]</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Color</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>red</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Color</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>blue</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Color</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>green</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>};</span>
</span><span id=__span-33-5><a id=__codelineno-33-5 name=__codelineno-33-5></a><span class=k>foreach</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>(</span><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>color</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>in</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>colors</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Infinite</span><span class=p>())</span>
</span><span id=__span-33-6><a id=__codelineno-33-6 name=__codelineno-33-6></a><span class=p>{</span>
</span><span id=__span-33-7><a id=__codelineno-33-7 name=__codelineno-33-7></a><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// Loops forever: red, blue, green, red, blue, green...</span>
</span><span id=__span-33-8><a id=__codelineno-33-8 name=__codelineno-33-8></a><span class=w> </span><span class=k>if</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>shouldStop</span><span class=p>)</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>break</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-33-9><a id=__codelineno-33-9 name=__codelineno-33-9></a><span class=p>}</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p><strong>Partition into chunks:</strong></p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-34-1> 1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-34-2> 2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-34-3> 3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-34-4> 4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-34-5> 5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-34-6> 6</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-34-7> 7</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-34-8> 8</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-34-9> 9</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-34-10>10</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-34-11>11</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-34-12>12</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-34-13>13</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-34-14>14</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-34-15>15</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-34-16>16</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-34-1><a id=__codelineno-34-1 name=__codelineno-34-1></a><span class=c1>// Split large collections into fixed-size batches</span>
</span><span id=__span-34-2><a id=__codelineno-34-2 name=__codelineno-34-2></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>items</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Enumerable</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Range</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>100</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-34-3><a id=__codelineno-34-3 name=__codelineno-34-3></a><span class=k>foreach</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>(</span><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>batch</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>in</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>items</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Partition</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>10</span><span class=p>))</span>
</span><span id=__span-34-4><a id=__codelineno-34-4 name=__codelineno-34-4></a><span class=p>{</span>
</span><span id=__span-34-5><a id=__codelineno-34-5 name=__codelineno-34-5></a><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// Process 10 items at a time</span>
</span><span id=__span-34-6><a id=__codelineno-34-6 name=__codelineno-34-6></a><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ProcessBatch</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>batch</span><span class=p>);</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// batch is a List<int> of size 10</span>
</span><span id=__span-34-7><a id=__codelineno-34-7 name=__codelineno-34-7></a><span class=p>}</span>
</span><span id=__span-34-8><a id=__codelineno-34-8 name=__codelineno-34-8></a>
</span><span id=__span-34-9><a id=__codelineno-34-9 name=__codelineno-34-9></a><span class=c1>// Zero-allocation version for hot paths</span>
</span><span id=__span-34-10><a id=__codelineno-34-10 name=__codelineno-34-10></a><span class=k>using</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>(</span><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>batchBuffer</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>items</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>PartitionPooled</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>10</span><span class=p>))</span>
</span><span id=__span-34-11><a id=__codelineno-34-11 name=__codelineno-34-11></a><span class=p>{</span>
</span><span id=__span-34-12><a id=__codelineno-34-12 name=__codelineno-34-12></a><span class=w> </span><span class=k>foreach</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>(</span><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>batch</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>in</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>batchBuffer</span><span class=p>)</span>
</span><span id=__span-34-13><a id=__codelineno-34-13 name=__codelineno-34-13></a><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{</span>
</span><span id=__span-34-14><a id=__codelineno-34-14 name=__codelineno-34-14></a><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// batch is reused from pool, no allocations</span>
</span><span id=__span-34-15><a id=__codelineno-34-15 name=__codelineno-34-15></a><span class=w> </span><span class=p>}</span>
</span><span id=__span-34-16><a id=__codelineno-34-16 name=__codelineno-34-16></a><span class=p>}</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// Automatically returns buffer to pool</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p><strong>Shuffled (non-destructive):</strong></p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-35-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-35-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-35-3>3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-35-1><a id=__codelineno-35-1 name=__codelineno-35-1></a><span class=c1>// Get shuffled copy without modifying original</span>
</span><span id=__span-35-2><a id=__codelineno-35-2 name=__codelineno-35-2></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>shuffled</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>items</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Shuffled</span><span class=p>();</span>
</span><span id=__span-35-3><a id=__codelineno-35-3 name=__codelineno-35-3></a><span class=c1>// Original list unchanged</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <h3 id=ilist-operations>IList Operations<a class=headerlink href=#ilist-operations title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p><strong>Remove O(1) by swapping with last element:</strong></p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-36-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-36-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-36-3>3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-36-4>4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-36-1><a id=__codelineno-36-1 name=__codelineno-36-1></a><span class=c1>// Fast removal when order doesn't matter (particle systems, entity lists)</span>
</span><span id=__span-36-2><a id=__codelineno-36-2 name=__codelineno-36-2></a><span class=n>List</span><span class=o><</span><span class=n>Enemy</span><span class=o>></span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>enemies</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>GetActiveEnemies</span><span class=p>();</span>
</span><span id=__span-36-3><a id=__codelineno-36-3 name=__codelineno-36-3></a><span class=n>enemies</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>RemoveAtSwapBack</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>3</span><span class=p>);</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// Swaps enemy[3] with last enemy, then removes</span>
</span><span id=__span-36-4><a id=__codelineno-36-4 name=__codelineno-36-4></a><span class=c1>// Avoids O(n) shift operation of List.RemoveAt by swapping with last element</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p><strong>Partition (split by predicate):</strong></p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-37-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-37-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-37-3>3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-37-4>4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-37-1><a id=__codelineno-37-1 name=__codelineno-37-1></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>numbers</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>List</span><span class=o><</span><span class=kt>int</span><span class=o>></span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>1</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>2</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>3</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>4</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>5</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>6</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>};</span>
</span><span id=__span-37-2><a id=__codelineno-37-2 name=__codelineno-37-2></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>evens</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>odds</span><span class=p>)</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>numbers</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Partition</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>n</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=></span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>n</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>%</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>2</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>==</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-37-3><a id=__codelineno-37-3 name=__codelineno-37-3></a><span class=c1>// evens: [2, 4, 6]</span>
</span><span id=__span-37-4><a id=__codelineno-37-4 name=__codelineno-37-4></a><span class=c1>// odds: [1, 3, 5]</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p><strong>Custom sorting:</strong></p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-38-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-38-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-38-3>3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-38-4>4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-38-5>5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-38-1><a id=__codelineno-38-1 name=__codelineno-38-1></a><span class=c1>// GhostSort: Hybrid sort algorithm for medium-sized lists</span>
</span><span id=__span-38-2><a id=__codelineno-38-2 name=__codelineno-38-2></a><span class=n>largeList</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>GhostSort</span><span class=p>();</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// Uses IComparable<T></span>
</span><span id=__span-38-3><a id=__codelineno-38-3 name=__codelineno-38-3></a>
</span><span id=__span-38-4><a id=__codelineno-38-4 name=__codelineno-38-4></a><span class=c1>// Custom comparison function</span>
</span><span id=__span-38-5><a id=__codelineno-38-5 name=__codelineno-38-5></a><span class=n>list</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Sort</span><span class=p>((</span><span class=n>a</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>b</span><span class=p>)</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=></span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>a</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>priority</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>CompareTo</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>b</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>priority</span><span class=p>));</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <h3 id=dictionary-helpers>Dictionary Helpers<a class=headerlink href=#dictionary-helpers title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p><strong>Thread-safe get-or-create:</strong></p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-39-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-39-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-39-3>3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-39-4>4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-39-5>5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-39-6>6</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-39-7>7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-39-1><a id=__codelineno-39-1 name=__codelineno-39-1></a><span class=k>using</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nn>WallstopStudios.UnityHelpers.Core.Extension</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-39-2><a id=__codelineno-39-2 name=__codelineno-39-2></a>
</span><span id=__span-39-3><a id=__codelineno-39-3 name=__codelineno-39-3></a><span class=c1>// Thread-safe for ConcurrentDictionary</span>
</span><span id=__span-39-4><a id=__codelineno-39-4 name=__codelineno-39-4></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>value</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>dict</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>GetOrAdd</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>key</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>()</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=></span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ExpensiveObject</span><span class=p>());</span>
</span><span id=__span-39-5><a id=__codelineno-39-5 name=__codelineno-39-5></a>
</span><span id=__span-39-6><a id=__codelineno-39-6 name=__codelineno-39-6></a><span class=c1>// Read-only version (doesn't modify dict)</span>
</span><span id=__span-39-7><a id=__codelineno-39-7 name=__codelineno-39-7></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>value</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>readOnlyDict</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>GetOrElse</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>key</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>defaultValue</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p><strong>Merge dictionaries:</strong></p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-40-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-40-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-40-3>3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-40-4>4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-40-5>5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-40-1><a id=__codelineno-40-1 name=__codelineno-40-1></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>defaults</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Dictionary</span><span class=o><</span><span class=kt>string</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=kt>int</span><span class=o>></span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>[</span><span class=s>"health"</span><span class=p>]</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>100</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>[</span><span class=s>"mana"</span><span class=p>]</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>50</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>};</span>
</span><span id=__span-40-2><a id=__codelineno-40-2 name=__codelineno-40-2></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>overrides</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Dictionary</span><span class=o><</span><span class=kt>string</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=kt>int</span><span class=o>></span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>[</span><span class=s>"health"</span><span class=p>]</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>150</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>};</span>
</span><span id=__span-40-3><a id=__codelineno-40-3 name=__codelineno-40-3></a>
</span><span id=__span-40-4><a id=__codelineno-40-4 name=__codelineno-40-4></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>merged</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>defaults</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Merge</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>overrides</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-40-5><a id=__codelineno-40-5 name=__codelineno-40-5></a><span class=c1>// Result: { ["health"] = 150, ["mana"] = 50 }</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p><strong>Deep equality:</strong></p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-41-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-41-2>2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-41-1><a id=__codelineno-41-1 name=__codelineno-41-1></a><span class=c1>// Compare dictionary contents (not just references)</span>
</span><span id=__span-41-2><a id=__codelineno-41-2 name=__codelineno-41-2></a><span class=kt>bool</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>same</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>dict1</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>ContentEquals</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>dict2</span><span class=p>);</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// Compares all key-value pairs</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <h3 id=bounds-from-collections>Bounds from Collections<a class=headerlink href=#bounds-from-collections title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p>Bounds from points example:</p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-42-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-42-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-42-3>3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-42-4>4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-42-5>5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-42-6>6</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-42-7>7</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-42-8>8</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-42-9>9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-42-1><a id=__codelineno-42-1 name=__codelineno-42-1></a><span class=k>using</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nn>WallstopStudios.UnityHelpers.Core.Extension</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-42-2><a id=__codelineno-42-2 name=__codelineno-42-2></a>
</span><span id=__span-42-3><a id=__codelineno-42-3 name=__codelineno-42-3></a><span class=c1>// Compute BoundsInt for occupied grid cells</span>
</span><span id=__span-42-4><a id=__codelineno-42-4 name=__codelineno-42-4></a><span class=n>Vector3Int</span><span class=p>[]</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>positions</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>GetOccupiedCells</span><span class=p>();</span>
</span><span id=__span-42-5><a id=__codelineno-42-5 name=__codelineno-42-5></a><span class=n>BoundsInt</span><span class=o>?</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>area</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>positions</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>GetBounds</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>inclusive</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>false</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-42-6><a id=__codelineno-42-6 name=__codelineno-42-6></a><span class=k>if</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>area</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>is</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>BoundsInt</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>b</span><span class=p>)</span>
</span><span id=__span-42-7><a id=__codelineno-42-7 name=__codelineno-42-7></a><span class=p>{</span>
</span><span id=__span-42-8><a id=__codelineno-42-8 name=__codelineno-42-8></a><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// b contains all positions</span>
</span><span id=__span-42-9><a id=__codelineno-42-9 name=__codelineno-42-9></a><span class=p>}</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p>Bounds aggregation example:</p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-43-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-43-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-43-3>3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-43-4>4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-43-5>5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-43-6>6</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-43-7>7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-43-1><a id=__codelineno-43-1 name=__codelineno-43-1></a><span class=c1>// Merge many Bounds (e.g., from Renderers)</span>
</span><span id=__span-43-2><a id=__codelineno-43-2 name=__codelineno-43-2></a><span class=n>Renderer</span><span class=p>[]</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>renderers</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>GetComponentsInChildren</span><span class=o><</span><span class=n>Renderer</span><span class=o>></span><span class=p>();</span>
</span><span id=__span-43-3><a id=__codelineno-43-3 name=__codelineno-43-3></a><span class=n>Bounds</span><span class=o>?</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>merged</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>renderers</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Select</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>r</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=></span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>r</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>bounds</span><span class=p>).</span><span class=n>GetBounds</span><span class=p>();</span>
</span><span id=__span-43-4><a id=__codelineno-43-4 name=__codelineno-43-4></a><span class=k>if</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>merged</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>is</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Bounds</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>totalBounds</span><span class=p>)</span>
</span><span id=__span-43-5><a id=__codelineno-43-5 name=__codelineno-43-5></a><span class=p>{</span>
</span><span id=__span-43-6><a id=__codelineno-43-6 name=__codelineno-43-6></a><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// totalBounds encompasses all renderers</span>
</span><span id=__span-43-7><a id=__codelineno-43-7 name=__codelineno-43-7></a><span class=p>}</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p><a id=strings></a></p> <h2 id=strings>Strings<a class=headerlink href=#strings title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <h3 id=case-conversions>Case Conversions<a class=headerlink href=#case-conversions title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p><strong>Why it exists:</strong> Automatically convert between common programming case styles without writing regex or manual parsing.</p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-44-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-44-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-44-3>3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-44-4>4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-44-5>5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-44-6>6</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-44-7>7</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-44-8>8</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-44-9>9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-44-1><a id=__codelineno-44-1 name=__codelineno-44-1></a><span class=k>using</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nn>WallstopStudios.UnityHelpers.Core.Extension</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-44-2><a id=__codelineno-44-2 name=__codelineno-44-2></a>
</span><span id=__span-44-3><a id=__codelineno-44-3 name=__codelineno-44-3></a><span class=kt>string</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>input</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=s>"XMLHttpRequest"</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-44-4><a id=__codelineno-44-4 name=__codelineno-44-4></a>
</span><span id=__span-44-5><a id=__codelineno-44-5 name=__codelineno-44-5></a><span class=n>input</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>ToPascalCase</span><span class=p>();</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// "XmlHttpRequest"</span>
</span><span id=__span-44-6><a id=__codelineno-44-6 name=__codelineno-44-6></a><span class=n>input</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>ToCamelCase</span><span class=p>();</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// "xmlHttpRequest"</span>
</span><span id=__span-44-7><a id=__codelineno-44-7 name=__codelineno-44-7></a><span class=n>input</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>ToSnakeCase</span><span class=p>();</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// "xml_http_request"</span>
</span><span id=__span-44-8><a id=__codelineno-44-8 name=__codelineno-44-8></a><span class=n>input</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>ToKebabCase</span><span class=p>();</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// "xml-http-request"</span>
</span><span id=__span-44-9><a id=__codelineno-44-9 name=__codelineno-44-9></a><span class=n>input</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>ToTitleCase</span><span class=p>();</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// "Xml Http Request"</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p>Smart tokenization handles mixed cases intelligently.</p> <h3 id=string-utilities>String Utilities<a class=headerlink href=#string-utilities title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p><strong>Levenshtein Distance (edit distance):</strong></p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-45-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-45-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-45-3>3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-45-4>4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-45-5>5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-45-1><a id=__codelineno-45-1 name=__codelineno-45-1></a><span class=c1>// Calculate how many edits to transform one string into another</span>
</span><span id=__span-45-2><a id=__codelineno-45-2 name=__codelineno-45-2></a><span class=kt>string</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>a</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=s>"kitten"</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-45-3><a id=__codelineno-45-3 name=__codelineno-45-3></a><span class=kt>string</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>b</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=s>"sitting"</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-45-4><a id=__codelineno-45-4 name=__codelineno-45-4></a><span class=kt>int</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>distance</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>a</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>LevenshteinDistance</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>b</span><span class=p>);</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// 3 edits</span>
</span><span id=__span-45-5><a id=__codelineno-45-5 name=__codelineno-45-5></a><span class=c1>// Use for: fuzzy matching, spell correction, search suggestions</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p><strong>Base64 encoding:</strong></p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-46-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-46-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-46-3>3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-46-1><a id=__codelineno-46-1 name=__codelineno-46-1></a><span class=kt>string</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>text</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=s>"Hello, World!"</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-46-2><a id=__codelineno-46-2 name=__codelineno-46-2></a><span class=kt>string</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>encoded</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>text</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>ToBase64</span><span class=p>();</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// "SGVsbG8sIFdvcmxkIQ=="</span>
</span><span id=__span-46-3><a id=__codelineno-46-3 name=__codelineno-46-3></a><span class=kt>string</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>decoded</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>encoded</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>FromBase64</span><span class=p>();</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// "Hello, World!"</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p><strong>String analysis:</strong></p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-47-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-47-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-47-3>3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-47-1><a id=__codelineno-47-1 name=__codelineno-47-1></a><span class=kt>bool</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>isNum</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=s>"12345"</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>IsNumeric</span><span class=p>();</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// true</span>
</span><span id=__span-47-2><a id=__codelineno-47-2 name=__codelineno-47-2></a><span class=kt>bool</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>isAlpha</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=s>"Hello"</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>IsAlphabetic</span><span class=p>();</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// true</span>
</span><span id=__span-47-3><a id=__codelineno-47-3 name=__codelineno-47-3></a><span class=kt>bool</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>isAlphaNum</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=s>"Hello123"</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>IsAlphanumeric</span><span class=p>();</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// true</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p><strong>Truncate with ellipsis:</strong></p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-48-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-48-2>2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-48-1><a id=__codelineno-48-1 name=__codelineno-48-1></a><span class=kt>string</span><span class=w> </span><span class=kt>long</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=s>"This is a very long string"</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-48-2><a id=__codelineno-48-2 name=__codelineno-48-2></a><span class=kt>string</span><span class=w> </span><span class=kt>short</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=kt>long</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Truncate</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>10</span><span class=p>);</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// "This is a..."</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <h3 id=encoding-helpers>Encoding Helpers<a class=headerlink href=#encoding-helpers title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-49-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-49-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-49-3>3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-49-1><a id=__codelineno-49-1 name=__codelineno-49-1></a><span class=c1>// UTF-8 conversions</span>
</span><span id=__span-49-2><a id=__codelineno-49-2 name=__codelineno-49-2></a><span class=kt>byte</span><span class=p>[]</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>bytes</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=s>"Hello"</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>GetBytes</span><span class=p>();</span>
</span><span id=__span-49-3><a id=__codelineno-49-3 name=__codelineno-49-3></a><span class=kt>string</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>text</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>bytes</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>GetString</span><span class=p>();</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p><a id=directions></a></p> <h2 id=directions>Directions<a class=headerlink href=#directions title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <ul> <li>Conversions between enum and vectors; splitting flag sets; combining</li> </ul> <p>Example:</p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-50-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-50-2>2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-50-1><a id=__codelineno-50-1 name=__codelineno-50-1></a><span class=k>using</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nn>WallstopStudios.UnityHelpers.Core.Extension</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-50-2><a id=__codelineno-50-2 name=__codelineno-50-2></a><span class=n>Vector2Int</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>v</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Direction</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>NorthWest</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>AsVector2Int</span><span class=p>();</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// (-1, 1)</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p><a id=enum-helpers></a></p> <h2 id=enum-helpers>Enum Helpers<a class=headerlink href=#enum-helpers title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p><strong>Why it exists:</strong> Standard C# enum operations cause boxing allocations and are slow in hot paths. These helpers solve performance problems.</p> <h3 id=zero-allocation-flag-checking>Zero-Allocation Flag Checking<a class=headerlink href=#zero-allocation-flag-checking title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p><strong>The problem:</strong> Standard <code>HasFlag()</code> boxes both enums, causing GC pressure.</p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-51-1> 1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-51-2> 2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-51-3> 3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-51-4> 4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-51-5> 5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-51-6> 6</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-51-7> 7</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-51-8> 8</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-51-9> 9</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-51-10>10</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-51-11>11</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-51-12>12</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-51-13>13</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-51-14>14</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-51-15>15</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-51-16>16</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-51-17>17</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-51-18>18</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-51-1><a id=__codelineno-51-1 name=__codelineno-51-1></a><span class=k>using</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nn>WallstopStudios.UnityHelpers.Core.Extension</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-51-2><a id=__codelineno-51-2 name=__codelineno-51-2></a>
</span><span id=__span-51-3><a id=__codelineno-51-3 name=__codelineno-51-3></a><span class=na>[Flags]</span>
</span><span id=__span-51-4><a id=__codelineno-51-4 name=__codelineno-51-4></a><span class=k>public</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>enum</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Permissions</span>
</span><span id=__span-51-5><a id=__codelineno-51-5 name=__codelineno-51-5></a><span class=p>{</span>
</span><span id=__span-51-6><a id=__codelineno-51-6 name=__codelineno-51-6></a><span class=w> </span><span class=n>None</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>,</span>
</span><span id=__span-51-7><a id=__codelineno-51-7 name=__codelineno-51-7></a><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Read</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>1</span><span class=p>,</span>
</span><span id=__span-51-8><a id=__codelineno-51-8 name=__codelineno-51-8></a><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Write</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>2</span><span class=p>,</span>
</span><span id=__span-51-9><a id=__codelineno-51-9 name=__codelineno-51-9></a><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Execute</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>4</span>
</span><span id=__span-51-10><a id=__codelineno-51-10 name=__codelineno-51-10></a><span class=p>}</span>
</span><span id=__span-51-11><a id=__codelineno-51-11 name=__codelineno-51-11></a>
</span><span id=__span-51-12><a id=__codelineno-51-12 name=__codelineno-51-12></a><span class=n>Permissions</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>userPerms</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Permissions</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Read</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>|</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Permissions</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Write</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-51-13><a id=__codelineno-51-13 name=__codelineno-51-13></a>
</span><span id=__span-51-14><a id=__codelineno-51-14 name=__codelineno-51-14></a><span class=c1>// ❌ BAD: Causes boxing allocations</span>
</span><span id=__span-51-15><a id=__codelineno-51-15 name=__codelineno-51-15></a><span class=k>if</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>userPerms</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>HasFlag</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>Permissions</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Write</span><span class=p>))</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>}</span>
</span><span id=__span-51-16><a id=__codelineno-51-16 name=__codelineno-51-16></a>
</span><span id=__span-51-17><a id=__codelineno-51-17 name=__codelineno-51-17></a><span class=c1>// ✅ GOOD: Zero allocations</span>
</span><span id=__span-51-18><a id=__codelineno-51-18 name=__codelineno-51-18></a><span class=k>if</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>userPerms</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>HasFlagNoAlloc</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>Permissions</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Write</span><span class=p>))</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>}</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p>Use <code>HasFlagNoAlloc</code> in:</p> <ul> <li>Per-frame checks</li> <li>Hot loops</li> <li>Frequently-called methods</li> <li>Performance-critical code paths</li> </ul> <h3 id=fast-enum-to-string-conversion>Fast Enum-to-String Conversion<a class=headerlink href=#fast-enum-to-string-conversion title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p><strong>The problem:</strong> <code>enum.ToString()</code> is slow (reflection) and allocates every call.</p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-52-1> 1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-52-2> 2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-52-3> 3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-52-4> 4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-52-5> 5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-52-6> 6</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-52-7> 7</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-52-8> 8</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-52-9> 9</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-52-10>10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-52-1><a id=__codelineno-52-1 name=__codelineno-52-1></a><span class=k>public</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>enum</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>GameState</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>MainMenu</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Playing</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Paused</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>GameOver</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>}</span>
</span><span id=__span-52-2><a id=__codelineno-52-2 name=__codelineno-52-2></a>
</span><span id=__span-52-3><a id=__codelineno-52-3 name=__codelineno-52-3></a><span class=n>GameState</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>state</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>GameState</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Playing</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-52-4><a id=__codelineno-52-4 name=__codelineno-52-4></a>
</span><span id=__span-52-5><a id=__codelineno-52-5 name=__codelineno-52-5></a><span class=c1>// ❌ SLOW: Uses reflection every time</span>
</span><span id=__span-52-6><a id=__codelineno-52-6 name=__codelineno-52-6></a><span class=kt>string</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>name</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>state</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>ToString</span><span class=p>();</span>
</span><span id=__span-52-7><a id=__codelineno-52-7 name=__codelineno-52-7></a>
</span><span id=__span-52-8><a id=__codelineno-52-8 name=__codelineno-52-8></a><span class=c1>// ✅ FAST: Cached in array/dictionary after first call</span>
</span><span id=__span-52-9><a id=__codelineno-52-9 name=__codelineno-52-9></a><span class=kt>string</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>cached</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>state</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>ToCachedName</span><span class=p>();</span>
</span><span id=__span-52-10><a id=__codelineno-52-10 name=__codelineno-52-10></a><span class=c1>// Subsequent calls are O(1) lookups with zero allocation</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p>Performance: ToCachedName uses cached lookups to avoid repeated allocations and string conversions after the first call.</p> <h3 id=display-names-for-ui>Display Names for UI<a class=headerlink href=#display-names-for-ui title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p><strong>The problem:</strong> Enum values often need different names in UI than in code.</p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-53-1> 1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-53-2> 2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-53-3> 3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-53-4> 4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-53-5> 5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-53-6> 6</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-53-7> 7</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-53-8> 8</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-53-9> 9</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-53-10>10</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-53-11>11</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-53-12>12</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-53-13>13</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-53-14>14</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-53-15>15</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-53-16>16</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-53-17>17</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-53-1><a id=__codelineno-53-1 name=__codelineno-53-1></a><span class=k>using</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nn>WallstopStudios.UnityHelpers.Core.Attribute</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-53-2><a id=__codelineno-53-2 name=__codelineno-53-2></a>
</span><span id=__span-53-3><a id=__codelineno-53-3 name=__codelineno-53-3></a><span class=k>public</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>enum</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Difficulty</span>
</span><span id=__span-53-4><a id=__codelineno-53-4 name=__codelineno-53-4></a><span class=p>{</span>
</span><span id=__span-53-5><a id=__codelineno-53-5 name=__codelineno-53-5></a><span class=w> </span><span class=na>[EnumDisplayName("Easy Mode")]</span>
</span><span id=__span-53-6><a id=__codelineno-53-6 name=__codelineno-53-6></a><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Easy</span><span class=p>,</span>
</span><span id=__span-53-7><a id=__codelineno-53-7 name=__codelineno-53-7></a>
</span><span id=__span-53-8><a id=__codelineno-53-8 name=__codelineno-53-8></a><span class=w> </span><span class=na>[EnumDisplayName("Normal")]</span>
</span><span id=__span-53-9><a id=__codelineno-53-9 name=__codelineno-53-9></a><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Medium</span><span class=p>,</span>
</span><span id=__span-53-10><a id=__codelineno-53-10 name=__codelineno-53-10></a>
</span><span id=__span-53-11><a id=__codelineno-53-11 name=__codelineno-53-11></a><span class=w> </span><span class=na>[EnumDisplayName("NIGHTMARE MODE!!!")]</span>
</span><span id=__span-53-12><a id=__codelineno-53-12 name=__codelineno-53-12></a><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Hard</span>
</span><span id=__span-53-13><a id=__codelineno-53-13 name=__codelineno-53-13></a><span class=p>}</span>
</span><span id=__span-53-14><a id=__codelineno-53-14 name=__codelineno-53-14></a>
</span><span id=__span-53-15><a id=__codelineno-53-15 name=__codelineno-53-15></a><span class=n>Difficulty</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>current</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Difficulty</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Hard</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-53-16><a id=__codelineno-53-16 name=__codelineno-53-16></a><span class=kt>string</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>displayName</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>current</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>ToDisplayName</span><span class=p>();</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// "NIGHTMARE MODE!!!"</span>
</span><span id=__span-53-17><a id=__codelineno-53-17 name=__codelineno-53-17></a><span class=c1>// Falls back to enum name if attribute not present</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p>Use for:</p> <ul> <li>Dropdown labels in UI</li> <li>Localization keys</li> <li>User-facing text that doesn't match code names</li> </ul> <p><a id=random-generators></a></p> <h2 id=random-generators>Random Generators<a class=headerlink href=#random-generators title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p><strong>Why it exists:</strong> Unity's <code>Random</code> class is limited and not suitable for all scenarios. These extensions provide additional random generation capabilities.</p> <p><img alt="Random Generators Overview" src=../../../images/utilities/random/random-generators.svg></p> <h3 id=weighted-random-selection>Weighted Random Selection<a class=headerlink href=#weighted-random-selection title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p><strong>The problem:</strong> Selecting items based on probability weights (loot tables, spawn chances).</p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-54-1> 1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-54-2> 2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-54-3> 3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-54-4> 4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-54-5> 5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-54-6> 6</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-54-7> 7</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-54-8> 8</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-54-9> 9</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-54-10>10</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-54-11>11</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-54-12>12</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-54-13>13</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-54-14>14</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-54-15>15</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-54-16>16</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-54-1><a id=__codelineno-54-1 name=__codelineno-54-1></a><span class=k>using</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nn>WallstopStudios.UnityHelpers.Core.Extension</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-54-2><a id=__codelineno-54-2 name=__codelineno-54-2></a>
</span><span id=__span-54-3><a id=__codelineno-54-3 name=__codelineno-54-3></a><span class=c1>// Items with different drop chances</span>
</span><span id=__span-54-4><a id=__codelineno-54-4 name=__codelineno-54-4></a><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>loot</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=p>[]</span>
</span><span id=__span-54-5><a id=__codelineno-54-5 name=__codelineno-54-5></a><span class=p>{</span>
</span><span id=__span-54-6><a id=__codelineno-54-6 name=__codelineno-54-6></a><span class=w> </span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>item</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=s>"Common Sword"</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>weight</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>50</span><span class=p>),</span>
</span><span id=__span-54-7><a id=__codelineno-54-7 name=__codelineno-54-7></a><span class=w> </span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>item</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=s>"Rare Shield"</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>weight</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>30</span><span class=p>),</span>
</span><span id=__span-54-8><a id=__codelineno-54-8 name=__codelineno-54-8></a><span class=w> </span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>item</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=s>"Epic Helmet"</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>weight</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>15</span><span class=p>),</span>
</span><span id=__span-54-9><a id=__codelineno-54-9 name=__codelineno-54-9></a><span class=w> </span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>item</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=s>"Legendary Ring"</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>weight</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>5</span><span class=p>)</span>
</span><span id=__span-54-10><a id=__codelineno-54-10 name=__codelineno-54-10></a><span class=p>};</span>
</span><span id=__span-54-11><a id=__codelineno-54-11 name=__codelineno-54-11></a>
</span><span id=__span-54-12><a id=__codelineno-54-12 name=__codelineno-54-12></a><span class=n>IRandom</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>rng</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>PRNG</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Instance</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-54-13><a id=__codelineno-54-13 name=__codelineno-54-13></a><span class=kt>string</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>drop</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>rng</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>NextWeighted</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>loot</span><span class=p>);</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// More likely to get Common Sword</span>
</span><span id=__span-54-14><a id=__codelineno-54-14 name=__codelineno-54-14></a>
</span><span id=__span-54-15><a id=__codelineno-54-15 name=__codelineno-54-15></a><span class=c1>// Get index instead of value</span>
</span><span id=__span-54-16><a id=__codelineno-54-16 name=__codelineno-54-16></a><span class=kt>int</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>dropIndex</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>rng</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>NextWeightedIndex</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>loot</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Select</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>x</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=></span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>x</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>weight</span><span class=p>));</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <h3 id=vector-and-quaternion-generation>Vector and Quaternion Generation<a class=headerlink href=#vector-and-quaternion-generation title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p><strong>Uniform random vectors:</strong></p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-55-1> 1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-55-2> 2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-55-3> 3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-55-4> 4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-55-5> 5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-55-6> 6</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-55-7> 7</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-55-8> 8</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-55-9> 9</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-55-10>10</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-55-11>11</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-55-12>12</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-55-13>13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-55-1><a id=__codelineno-55-1 name=__codelineno-55-1></a><span class=c1>// Random point in rectangle</span>
</span><span id=__span-55-2><a id=__codelineno-55-2 name=__codelineno-55-2></a><span class=n>Vector2</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>point</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>rng</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>NextVector2</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>minX</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>maxX</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>minY</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>maxY</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-55-3><a id=__codelineno-55-3 name=__codelineno-55-3></a>
</span><span id=__span-55-4><a id=__codelineno-55-4 name=__codelineno-55-4></a><span class=c1>// Random point inside circle</span>
</span><span id=__span-55-5><a id=__codelineno-55-5 name=__codelineno-55-5></a><span class=n>Vector2</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>inCircle</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>rng</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>NextVector2InRange</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>radius</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-55-6><a id=__codelineno-55-6 name=__codelineno-55-6></a>
</span><span id=__span-55-7><a id=__codelineno-55-7 name=__codelineno-55-7></a><span class=c1>// Random point ON sphere surface (uniform distribution)</span>
</span><span id=__span-55-8><a id=__codelineno-55-8 name=__codelineno-55-8></a><span class=n>Vector3</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>onSphere</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>rng</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>NextVector3OnSphere</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>radius</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-55-9><a id=__codelineno-55-9 name=__codelineno-55-9></a><span class=c1>// Uses Marsaglia's method for true uniform distribution</span>
</span><span id=__span-55-10><a id=__codelineno-55-10 name=__codelineno-55-10></a>
</span><span id=__span-55-11><a id=__codelineno-55-11 name=__codelineno-55-11></a><span class=c1>// Random rotation (uniform distribution)</span>
</span><span id=__span-55-12><a id=__codelineno-55-12 name=__codelineno-55-12></a><span class=n>Quaternion</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>rotation</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>rng</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>NextQuaternion</span><span class=p>();</span>
</span><span id=__span-55-13><a id=__codelineno-55-13 name=__codelineno-55-13></a><span class=c1>// Uses Shoemake's algorithm</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <h3 id=color-generation>Color Generation<a class=headerlink href=#color-generation title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-56-1> 1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-56-2> 2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-56-3> 3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-56-4> 4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-56-5> 5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-56-6> 6</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-56-7> 7</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-56-8> 8</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-56-9> 9</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-56-10>10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-56-1><a id=__codelineno-56-1 name=__codelineno-56-1></a><span class=c1>// Random opaque color</span>
</span><span id=__span-56-2><a id=__codelineno-56-2 name=__codelineno-56-2></a><span class=n>Color</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>color</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>rng</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>NextColor</span><span class=p>();</span>
</span><span id=__span-56-3><a id=__codelineno-56-3 name=__codelineno-56-3></a>
</span><span id=__span-56-4><a id=__codelineno-56-4 name=__codelineno-56-4></a><span class=c1>// Random color in HSV range (for similar hues)</span>
</span><span id=__span-56-5><a id=__codelineno-56-5 name=__codelineno-56-5></a><span class=n>Color</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>tint</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>rng</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>NextColorInRange</span><span class=p>(</span>
</span><span id=__span-56-6><a id=__codelineno-56-6 name=__codelineno-56-6></a><span class=w> </span><span class=n>baseColor</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Color</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>red</span><span class=p>,</span>
</span><span id=__span-56-7><a id=__codelineno-56-7 name=__codelineno-56-7></a><span class=w> </span><span class=n>hueVariance</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mf>0.1f</span><span class=p>,</span>
</span><span id=__span-56-8><a id=__codelineno-56-8 name=__codelineno-56-8></a><span class=w> </span><span class=n>saturationVariance</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mf>0.2f</span><span class=p>,</span>
</span><span id=__span-56-9><a id=__codelineno-56-9 name=__codelineno-56-9></a><span class=w> </span><span class=n>valueVariance</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mf>0.2f</span>
</span><span id=__span-56-10><a id=__codelineno-56-10 name=__codelineno-56-10></a><span class=p>);</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <h3 id=subset-sampling>Subset Sampling<a class=headerlink href=#subset-sampling title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p><strong>Reservoir sampling</strong> — Pick k random items from a large collection without loading it all into memory:</p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-57-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-57-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-57-3>3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-57-4>4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-57-1><a id=__codelineno-57-1 name=__codelineno-57-1></a><span class=c1>// Select 5 random enemies from potentially huge list</span>
</span><span id=__span-57-2><a id=__codelineno-57-2 name=__codelineno-57-2></a><span class=n>IEnumerable</span><span class=o><</span><span class=n>Enemy</span><span class=o>></span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>allEnemies</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>GetAllEnemiesInWorld</span><span class=p>();</span>
</span><span id=__span-57-3><a id=__codelineno-57-3 name=__codelineno-57-3></a><span class=n>List</span><span class=o><</span><span class=n>Enemy</span><span class=o>></span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>randomFive</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>rng</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>NextSubset</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>allEnemies</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>k</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>5</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-57-4><a id=__codelineno-57-4 name=__codelineno-57-4></a><span class=c1>// O(n) time, uses reservoir sampling for uniform probability</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <h3 id=random-utilities>Random Utilities<a class=headerlink href=#random-utilities title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-58-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-58-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-58-3>3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-58-1><a id=__codelineno-58-1 name=__codelineno-58-1></a><span class=kt>bool</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>coinFlip</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>rng</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>NextBool</span><span class=p>();</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// 50/50</span>
</span><span id=__span-58-2><a id=__codelineno-58-2 name=__codelineno-58-2></a><span class=kt>bool</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>biasedFlip</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>rng</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>NextBool</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mf>0.7f</span><span class=p>);</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// 70% true</span>
</span><span id=__span-58-3><a id=__codelineno-58-3 name=__codelineno-58-3></a><span class=kt>int</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>sign</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>rng</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>NextSign</span><span class=p>();</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// Randomly -1 or +1</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <h2 id=asynccoroutine-interop>Async/Coroutine Interop<a class=headerlink href=#asynccoroutine-interop title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p><strong>Why it exists:</strong> Unity's <code>AsyncOperation</code> and coroutines don't natively support modern async/await patterns. This bridges the gap.</p> <h3 id=await-asyncoperation-unity-20231>Await AsyncOperation (Unity < 2023.1)<a class=headerlink href=#await-asyncoperation-unity-20231 title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p><strong>The problem:</strong> Unity's AsyncOperations (scene loading, asset loading) don't support <code>await</code>.</p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-59-1> 1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-59-2> 2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-59-3> 3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-59-4> 4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-59-5> 5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-59-6> 6</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-59-7> 7</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-59-8> 8</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-59-9> 9</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-59-10>10</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-59-11>11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-59-1><a id=__codelineno-59-1 name=__codelineno-59-1></a><span class=k>using</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nn>WallstopStudios.UnityHelpers.Core.Extension</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-59-2><a id=__codelineno-59-2 name=__codelineno-59-2></a><span class=k>using</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nn>UnityEngine.SceneManagement</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-59-3><a id=__codelineno-59-3 name=__codelineno-59-3></a>
</span><span id=__span-59-4><a id=__codelineno-59-4 name=__codelineno-59-4></a><span class=c1>// ✅ Now you can await scene loading</span>
</span><span id=__span-59-5><a id=__codelineno-59-5 name=__codelineno-59-5></a><span class=k>async</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Task</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nf>LoadGameScene</span><span class=p>()</span>
</span><span id=__span-59-6><a id=__codelineno-59-6 name=__codelineno-59-6></a><span class=p>{</span>
</span><span id=__span-59-7><a id=__codelineno-59-7 name=__codelineno-59-7></a><span class=w> </span><span class=kt>var</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>operation</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>SceneManager</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>LoadSceneAsync</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=s>"GameLevel"</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-59-8><a id=__codelineno-59-8 name=__codelineno-59-8></a><span class=w> </span><span class=k>await</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>operation</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-59-9><a id=__codelineno-59-9 name=__codelineno-59-9></a>
</span><span id=__span-59-10><a id=__codelineno-59-10 name=__codelineno-59-10></a><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Debug</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Log</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=s>"Scene loaded!"</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-59-11><a id=__codelineno-59-11 name=__codelineno-59-11></a><span class=p>}</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p><strong>Note:</strong> Unity 2023.1+ has built-in await support, but this works in older versions.</p> <h3 id=convert-asyncoperation-to-task>Convert AsyncOperation to Task<a class=headerlink href=#convert-asyncoperation-to-task title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-60-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-60-2>2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-60-3>3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-60-4>4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-60-5>5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-60-6>6</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-60-7>7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-60-1><a id=__codelineno-60-1 name=__codelineno-60-1></a><span class=c1>// As Task</span>
</span><span id=__span-60-2><a id=__codelineno-60-2 name=__codelineno-60-2></a><span class=n>Task</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>task</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>asyncOperation</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>AsTask</span><span class=p>();</span>
</span><span id=__span-60-3><a id=__codelineno-60-3 name=__codelineno-60-3></a><span class=k>await</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>task</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-60-4><a id=__codelineno-60-4 name=__codelineno-60-4></a>
</span><span id=__span-60-5><a id=__codelineno-60-5 name=__codelineno-60-5></a><span class=c1>// As ValueTask (reduces allocations for short operations)</span>
</span><span id=__span-60-6><a id=__codelineno-60-6 name=__codelineno-60-6></a><span class=n>ValueTask</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>valueTask</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>asyncOperation</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>AsValueTask</span><span class=p>();</span>
</span><span id=__span-60-7><a id=__codelineno-60-7 name=__codelineno-60-7></a><span class=k>await</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>valueTask</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <h3 id=run-task-as-coroutine>Run Task as Coroutine<a class=headerlink href=#run-task-as-coroutine title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p><strong>The problem:</strong> You have async/await code (from a library, or your own), but need to run it in a Unity coroutine context.</p> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-61-1> 1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-61-2> 2</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-61-3> 3</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-61-4> 4</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-61-5> 5</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-61-6> 6</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-61-7> 7</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-61-8> 8</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-61-9> 9</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-61-10>10</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-61-11>11</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-61-12>12</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-61-13>13</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-61-14>14</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-61-15>15</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-61-1><a id=__codelineno-61-1 name=__codelineno-61-1></a><span class=k>using</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nn>WallstopStudios.UnityHelpers.Core.Extension</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-61-2><a id=__codelineno-61-2 name=__codelineno-61-2></a>
</span><span id=__span-61-3><a id=__codelineno-61-3 name=__codelineno-61-3></a><span class=k>async</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Task</span><span class=o><</span><span class=kt>string</span><span class=o>></span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>DownloadDataAsync</span><span class=p>()</span>
</span><span id=__span-61-4><a id=__codelineno-61-4 name=__codelineno-61-4></a><span class=p>{</span>
</span><span id=__span-61-5><a id=__codelineno-61-5 name=__codelineno-61-5></a><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// Some async operation (HttpClient, database, etc.)</span>
</span><span id=__span-61-6><a id=__codelineno-61-6 name=__codelineno-61-6></a><span class=w> </span><span class=k>await</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Task</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Delay</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>1000</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-61-7><a id=__codelineno-61-7 name=__codelineno-61-7></a><span class=w> </span><span class=k>return</span><span class=w> </span><span class=s>"Downloaded data"</span><span class=p>;</span>
</span><span id=__span-61-8><a id=__codelineno-61-8 name=__codelineno-61-8></a><span class=p>}</span>
</span><span id=__span-61-9><a id=__codelineno-61-9 name=__codelineno-61-9></a>
</span><span id=__span-61-10><a id=__codelineno-61-10 name=__codelineno-61-10></a><span class=c1>// In MonoBehaviour</span>
</span><span id=__span-61-11><a id=__codelineno-61-11 name=__codelineno-61-11></a><span class=n>IEnumerator</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nf>Start</span><span class=p>()</span>
</span><span id=__span-61-12><a id=__codelineno-61-12 name=__codelineno-61-12></a><span class=p>{</span>
</span><span id=__span-61-13><a id=__codelineno-61-13 name=__codelineno-61-13></a><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// ✅ Convert Task to IEnumerator</span>
</span><span id=__span-61-14><a id=__codelineno-61-14 name=__codelineno-61-14></a><span class=w> </span><span class=k>return</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nf>DownloadDataAsync</span><span class=p>().</span><span class=n>AsCoroutine</span><span class=p>();</span>
</span><span id=__span-61-15><a id=__codelineno-61-15 name=__codelineno-61-15></a><span class=p>}</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <h3 id=chain-continuations>Chain Continuations<a class=headerlink href=#chain-continuations title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <div class="language-csharp highlight"><table class=highlighttable><tr><th colspan=2 class=filename><span class=filename>C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class=linenos><div class=linenodiv><pre><span></span><span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-62-1>1</a></span>
<span class=normal><a href=#__codelineno-62-2>2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class=code><div><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-62-1><a id=__codelineno-62-1 name=__codelineno-62-1></a><span class=c1>// Chain operations on ValueTask</span>
</span><span id=__span-62-2><a id=__codelineno-62-2 name=__codelineno-62-2></a><span class=k>await</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>myValueTask</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>WithContinuation</span><span class=p>(()</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=></span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Debug</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>Log</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=s>"Done!"</span><span class=p>));</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div> <p><strong>When to use:</strong></p> <ul> <li>Integrating third-party async libraries with Unity</li> <li>Mixing async/await code with existing coroutine systems</li> <li>Background operations that need to update Unity objects on completion</li> <li>Modernizing legacy coroutine code</li> </ul> <p><strong>When NOT to use:</strong></p> <ul> <li>Unity 2023.1+ (use built-in await support)</li> <li>Simple fire-and-forget operations (just use coroutines)</li> <li>When you have control over both ends (just use all-async or all-coroutines)</li> </ul> <h2 id=best-practices>Best Practices<a class=headerlink href=#best-practices title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <ul> <li>Use <code>PositiveMod</code> instead of <code>%</code> for indices and angles when negatives are possible.</li> <li>Prefer <code>SimplifyPrecise</code> for offline tooling; use <code>Simplify</code> during gameplay for speed.</li> <li>Choose color averaging method per goal: LAB 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