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<h2>Barack Obama</h2>
<p>From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</p>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#p-search">Jump to search</a></p>
<p><i>"Barack" and "Obama" redirect here. For other uses, see </i><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_(disambiguation)"><i>Barack (disambiguation)</i></a><i>, </i><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_(disambiguation)"><i>Obama (disambiguation)</i></a><i>, and </i><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_(disambiguation)"><i>Barack Obama
(disambiguation)</i></a><i>.</i></p>
<p> </p>
<figure class="table">
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><strong>Barack Obama</strong></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2">
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/220px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg"
alt="Obama standing with his arms folded and smiling"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/330px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/440px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"> </th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2">44th <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States">President of
the United States</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><strong>In office</strong><br>January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Vice President</th>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden">Joe Biden</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Preceded by</th>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Succeeded by</th>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump">Donald Trump</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate">United States
Senator</a><br>from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois">Illinois</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><strong>In office</strong><br>January 3, 2005 – November 16, 2008</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Preceded by</th>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fitzgerald_(politician)">Peter Fitzgerald</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Succeeded by</th>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Burris">Roland Burris</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2">Member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate">Illinois
Senate</a><br>from the 13th district</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><strong>In office</strong><br>January 8, 1997 – November 4, 2004</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Preceded by</th>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Palmer_(politician)">Alice Palmer</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Succeeded by</th>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Raoul">Kwame Raoul</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2">Personal details</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Born</th>
<th>
<p>Barack Hussein Obama II</p>
<p>August 4, 1961 (age 58)<br><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, U.S.</p>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Political party</th>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)">Democratic</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Spouse(s)</th>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Robinson">Michelle Robinson</a> (m. 1992)</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Children</th>
<th>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malia_Obama">Malia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Obama">Sasha</a></li>
</ul>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Mother</th>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Dunham">Ann Dunham</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Father</th>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_Sr.">Barack Obama Sr.</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Relatives</th>
<th><i>See </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_family"><i>Obama family</i></a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Residence</th>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalorama_(Washington,_D.C.)">Kalorama (Washington, D.C.)</a>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Education</th>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punahou_School">Punahou School</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_mater">Alma mater</a></th>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University">Columbia University</a> (<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts">BA</a>) <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University">Harvard University</a> (<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor">JD</a>)</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Awards</th>
<th>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> (<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize">2009</a>)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profile_in_Courage_Award">Profile in Courage
Award</a> (2017)</li>
</ul>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Signature</th>
<th>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Barack_Obama_signature.svg/128px-Barack_Obama_signature.svg.png"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Barack_Obama_signature.svg/192px-Barack_Obama_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Barack_Obama_signature.svg/256px-Barack_Obama_signature.svg.png 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="128"></figure>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Website</th>
<th><a href="http://barackobama.com/">Official website</a><br><a href="http://obama.org/">Obama
Foundation</a><br><a href="http://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/">White House Archives</a></th>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</figure>
<figure class="table">
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/75px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg"
alt="President Barack Obama, 2012 portrait crop.jpg"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/113px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/150px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="75"></figure>
<p>This article is part of<br>a series about</p>
<p><strong>Barack Obama</strong></p>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_positions_of_Barack_Obama">Political
positions</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Barack_Obama">Electoral
history</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Barack_Obama">Early life and
career</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama">Family</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_image_of_Barack_Obama">Public image</a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Pre-presidency</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama">Illinois
State Senator</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention_keynote_address">2004
DNC keynote address</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama">U.S.
Senator from Illinois</a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>President of the United States</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama">Presidency</a>
<ul>
<li><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency">Timeline</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Policies</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration">Economy</a>
</li>
<li><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration">Energy</a>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration">Foreign
policy</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_Doctrine">Obama Doctrine</a></li>
<li><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama">Foreign
trips</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_by_Barack_Obama">Pardons</a>
</li>
<li><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration">Social</a>
</li>
<li><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration">Space</a>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Appointments</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama#Personnel">Cabinet</a>
</li>
<li><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Barack_Obama">Judges</a>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>First term</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign">Campaign for
the Presidency</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election">2008
general election</a></li>
<li><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_primary_campaign">Primaries</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama">Transition</a>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama">1st
inauguration</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_100_days_of_Barack_Obama%27s_presidency">First
100 days</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act">Affordable
Care Act</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Iraq">Iraq
Withdrawal</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden">Death of Osama bin
Laden</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Benghazi_attack">Benghazi attack</a></li>
<li>Timeline<ul>
<li><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2009)">'09</a>
</li>
<li><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2010)">'10</a>
</li>
<li><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2011)">'11</a>
</li>
<li><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2012)">'12</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Second term</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign">Reelection
campaign</a><br>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election">2012
general election</a></li>
<li><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election">Reactions</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama">2nd
inauguration</a></li>
<li><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_reform_in_the_United_States#Obama's_executive_actions_of_November_2014">Immigration
executive action</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action">Iran deal</a>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_thaw">Cuban thaw</a></li>
<li>Timeline<ul>
<li><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2013)">'13</a>
</li>
<li><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2014)">'14</a>
</li>
<li><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2015)">'15</a>
</li>
<li><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2016)">'16</a>
</li>
<li><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2017)">'17</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Post-presidency</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_Presidential_Center">Planned Library</a>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_Foundation">Obama Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_America_Appeal">One America Appeal</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father"><i>Dreams from My
Father</i></a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope"><i>The Audacity of Hope</i></a>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></li>
</ul>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="70"></figure>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Barack_Obama_series">v</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Barack_Obama_series">t</a></li>
<li><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Barack_Obama_series&action=edit">e</a>
</li>
</ul>
</th>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</figure>
<figure class="table">
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Part of a series on</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democrats">New Democrats</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_and_Bill_Clinton_%28cropped1%29.jpg/180px-Barack_Obama_and_Bill_Clinton_%28cropped1%29.jpg"
alt="Barack Obama and Bill Clinton"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_and_Bill_Clinton_%28cropped1%29.jpg/270px-Barack_Obama_and_Bill_Clinton_%28cropped1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_and_Bill_Clinton_%28cropped1%29.jpg/360px-Barack_Obama_and_Bill_Clinton_%28cropped1%29.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="180"></figure>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
<p><strong>Ideology</strong><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#"><strong>[show]</strong></a></p>
<p> </p>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
<p><strong>People</strong><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#"><strong>[show]</strong></a></p>
<p> </p>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
<p><strong>Organizations</strong><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#"><strong>[show]</strong></a></p>
<p> </p>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"><strong>Politics portal</strong></a>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png"
alt="A coloured voting box.svg"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="16"></figure>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:New_Democrats">v</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:New_Democrats">t</a></li>
<li><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:New_Democrats&action=edit">e</a>
</li>
</ul>
</th>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</figure>
<p><strong>Barack Hussein Obama II</strong> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English">/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn
oʊˈbɑːmə/</a> (</p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png"
alt="About this sound"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="11"></figure>
<p><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg">listen</a>);<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-1">[1]</a> born August 4, 1961) is an American
attorney and politician who served as the 44th <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States">president of the United States</a> from 2009
to 2017. A member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)">Democratic
Party</a>, he was the first <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American">African American</a>
president of the United States. He previously served as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._senator">U.S.
senator</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois">Illinois</a> from 2005 to 2008 and an <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate">Illinois state senator</a> from 1997 to 2004.</p>
<p>Obama was born in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii">Hawaii</a>. After graduating from <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University">Columbia University</a> in 1983, he worked as a
community organizer in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago">Chicago</a>. In 1988, he enrolled in <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School">Harvard Law School</a>, where he was the first black
president of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review"><i>Harvard Law Review</i></a>. After
graduating, he became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teaching constitutional law at the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School">University of Chicago Law School</a> from
1992 to 2004. He <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama">represented the 13th
district for three terms</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate">Illinois Senate</a>
from 1997 until 2004, when he <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois,_2004">ran for the U.S.
Senate</a>. He received national attention in 2004 with his March primary win, his well-received July <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention">Democratic National Convention</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention_keynote_address">keynote address</a>,
and his landslide November election to the Senate. In 2008, he was nominated for president a year after <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign">his campaign</a> began, after <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2008">a close primary campaign</a>
against <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>. He was <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election">elected</a> over <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)">Republican</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain">John McCain</a> and was <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama">inaugurated</a> on January 20, 2009.
Nine months later, he was named the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize">2009 Nobel Peace
Prize</a> laureate.</p>
<p>Regarded as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrist">centrist</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democrat">New Democrat</a>, Obama signed many landmark bills into law
during his first two years in office. The main reforms that were passed include the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act">Patient Protection and
Affordable Care Act</a> (commonly referred to as the "Affordable Care Act" or "Obamacare"), the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act">Dodd–Frank
Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act</a>, and the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Ask,_Don%27t_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010">Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal
Act of 2010</a>. The <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009">American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act of 2009</a> and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorization,_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2010">Tax
Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010</a> served as economic stimulus
amidst the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession">Great Recession</a>. After a lengthy debate over
the national debt limit, he signed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_Control_Act_of_2011">Budget
Control</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Taxpayer_Relief_Act_of_2012">American
Taxpayer Relief Acts</a>. In foreign policy, he increased U.S. troop levels in <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)">Afghanistan</a>, reduced nuclear
weapons with the United States–Russia <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_START">New START</a> treaty, and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Iraq">ended military involvement</a> in the
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War">Iraq War</a>. He ordered <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya">military involvement in Libya</a>,
contributing to the overthrow of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>. He
also ordered the military operations that resulted in <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden">the deaths of Osama bin Laden</a> and suspected
Yemeni <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> operative <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a>.</p>
<p>After winning <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election">re-election</a> by
defeating Republican opponent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney">Mitt Romney</a>, Obama was <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama">sworn in for a second term</a> in 2013.
During this term, he promoted inclusion for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_American">LGBT
Americans</a>. His administration filed briefs that urged the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States">Supreme Court</a> to strike down <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States">same-sex marriage</a> bans as
unconstitutional (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Windsor"><i>United States v.
Windsor</i></a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges"><i>Obergefell v.
Hodges</i></a>); same-sex marriage was <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States">legalized</a> nationwide in 2015
after the Court ruled in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges"><i>Obergefell</i></a>. He
advocated for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States">gun control</a> in response
to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting">Sandy Hook Elementary School
shooting</a>, indicating support for a ban on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_weapons">assault
weapons</a>, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming">global warming</a> and immigration. In foreign policy, he
ordered <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)">military
intervention in Iraq</a> in response to gains made by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISIL">ISIL</a>
after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, continued the process of <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ending_U.S._combat_operations_in_Afghanistan">ending U.S. combat operations
in Afghanistan</a> in 2016, promoted discussions that led to the 2015 <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> on global climate change, initiated <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Ukrainian_crisis">sanctions against
Russia</a> following the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_Ukraine_(2014%E2%80%93present)">invasion in
Ukraine</a> and again after <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections">Russian
interference in the 2016 United States elections</a>, brokered a <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action">nuclear deal with Iran</a>, and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Cuban_Thaw">normalized U.S. relations with Cuba</a>.
Obama nominated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_Supreme_Court_candidates">three justices to the
Supreme Court</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> were confirmed as justices, while <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrick_Garland">Merrick Garland</a> faced unprecedented partisan <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrick_Garland_Supreme_Court_nomination">obstruction</a> and was ultimately
not confirmed. During his term in office, America's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_power">soft
power</a> and reputation abroad significantly improved.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-2">[2]</a></p>
<p>Obama's presidency has generally been regarded favorably, and evaluations of his presidency among historians,
political scientists, and the general public place him among <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States#Notable_scholar_surveys">the
upper tier</a> of American presidents. Obama left office and retired in January 2017 and currently resides in <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best%E2%80%94and_Worst%E2%80%94Presidents?-4">[4]</a>
A December 2019 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup%27s_most_admired_man_and_woman_poll">Gallup poll</a>
found that Obama was the most admired man in America for a record 12th consecutive year.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-5">[5]</a></p>
<h2><strong>Contents</strong></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Early_life_and_career">1Early life and career</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Education">1.1Education</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Family_and_personal_life">1.2Family and personal
life</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Religious_views">1.2.1Religious views</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Law_career">1.3Law career</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Community_organizer_and_Harvard_Law_School">1.3.1Community
organizer and Harvard Law School</a></li>
<li><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Chicago_Law_School_and_civil_rights_attorney">1.3.2Chicago
Law School and civil rights attorney</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Legislative_career">1.4Legislative career</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Illinois_State_Senator_(1997%E2%80%932004)">1.4.1Illinois
State Senator (1997–2004)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#2004_U.S._Senate_campaign">1.4.22004 U.S.
Senate campaign</a></li>
<li><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#U.S._Senator_from_Illinois_(2005%E2%80%9308)">1.4.3U.S.
Senator from Illinois (2005–08)</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Presidential_campaigns">2Presidential campaigns</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#2008">2.12008</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#2012">2.22012</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Presidency_(2009%E2%80%932017)">3Presidency (2009–2017)</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#First_100_days">3.1First 100 days</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Domestic_policy">3.2Domestic policy</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#LGBT_rights">3.2.1LGBT rights</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#White_House_advisory_and_oversight_groups">3.2.2White
House advisory and oversight groups</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Economic_policy">3.2.3Economic policy</a>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Environmental_policy">3.2.4Environmental
policy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Health_care_reform">3.2.5Health care
reform</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Energy_policy">3.2.6Energy policy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Gun_control">3.2.7Gun control</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#2010_midterm_elections">3.2.82010 midterm
elections</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Cybersecurity_and_Internet_policy">3.2.9Cybersecurity
and Internet policy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Government_mass_surveillance">3.2.10Government
mass surveillance</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Foreign_policy">3.3Foreign policy</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#War_in_Iraq">3.3.1War in Iraq</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#War_in_Afghanistan">3.3.2War in
Afghanistan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Israel">3.3.3Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Libya">3.3.4Libya</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Syrian_Civil_War">3.3.5Syrian Civil War</a>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden">3.3.6Death of
Osama bin Laden</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Iran_nuclear_talks">3.3.7Iran nuclear
talks</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Relations_with_Cuba">3.3.8Relations with
Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Africa">3.3.9Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Hiroshima_speech">3.3.10Hiroshima speech</a>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Russia">3.3.11Russia</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Cultural_and_political_image">3.4Cultural and
political image</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Post-presidency_(2017%E2%80%93present)">4Post-presidency
(2017–present)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Legacy">5Legacy</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Presidential_library">5.1Presidential library</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Bibliography">6Bibliography</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Audiobooks">6.1Audiobooks</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#See_also">7See also</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Politics">7.1Politics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Other">7.2Other</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Lists">7.3Lists</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Notes_and_references">8Notes and references</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Notes">8.1Notes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#References">8.2References</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Further_reading">9Further reading</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#External_links">10External links</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Official">10.1Official</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Other_2">10.2Other</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>Early life and career</h2>
<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Barack_Obama"><i>Early life and
career of Barack Obama</i></a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Obama was born on August 4, 1961,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-biography-6">[6]</a>
at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapiolani_Medical_Center_for_Women_and_Children">Kapiolani Medical Center
for Women and Children</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, Hawaii.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-birth-certificate-7">[7]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-maraniss-8">[8]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-9">[9]</a> He is the only president born outside the
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguous_United_States">contiguous</a> 48 states.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-BarretoO'Bryant2013-10">[10]</a> He was born to an
American mother of European descent and an African father. His mother, <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Dunham">Ann Dunham</a> (1942–1995), was born in <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a>; she was mostly of English descent,<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-11">[11]</a> with some German, Irish, Scottish,
Swiss, and Welsh ancestry.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-12">[12]</a> His father, <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_Sr.">Barack Obama Sr.</a> (1936–1982),<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-13">[13]</a> was a married<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-autogenerated2-14">[14]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luo_people_of_Kenya_and_Tanzania">Luo Kenyan</a> from <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyang%27oma_Kogelo">Nyang'oma Kogelo</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-autogenerated2-14">[14]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Obama's parents met in 1960 in a <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language">Russian language</a> class at the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_at_Manoa">University of Hawaii at Manoa</a>, where his
father was a foreign student on a scholarship.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Jones_2007-18">[18]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9%E2%80%9310-19">[19]</a> The
couple married in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wailuku,_Hawaii">Wailuku, Hawaii</a>, on February 2, 1961,
six months before Obama was born.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Ripley_2008-20">[20]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-21">[21]</a></p>
<p>In late August 1961, a few weeks after he was born, Barack and his mother moved to the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington">University of Washington</a> in <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle">Seattle</a>, where they lived for a year. During that time, the
elder Obama completed his undergraduate degree in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics">economics</a> in
Hawaii, graduating in June 1962. He left to attend graduate school on a scholarship at <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University">Harvard University</a>, where he earned an <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts">M.A.</a> in economics. Obama's parents divorced in March
1964.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Obama Sr. returned to Kenya in 1964,
where he married for a third time and worked for the Kenyan government as the Senior Economic Analyst in the
Ministry of Finance.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-23">[23]</a> He visited his son in
Hawaii only once, at Christmas 1971,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-24">[24]</a>
before he was killed in an automobile accident in 1982, when Obama was 21 years old.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Recalling his early childhood, Obama
said, "That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as
milk—barely registered in my mind."<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9%E2%80%9310-19">[19]</a> He
described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-26">[26]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/Barack_Obama_Sr_Jr.jpg/150px-Barack_Obama_Sr_Jr.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/Barack_Obama_Sr_Jr.jpg/225px-Barack_Obama_Sr_Jr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e8/Barack_Obama_Sr_Jr.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="150"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>Obama (right) with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama,_Sr.">his father</a> in <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, 1971</p>
<p>In 1963, Dunham met <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolo_Soetoro">Lolo Soetoro</a> at the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii">University of Hawaii</a>; he was an <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Indonesian">Indonesian</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Center">East–West Center</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_student">graduate student</a> in <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography">geography</a>. The couple married on <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molokai">Molokai</a> on March 15, 1965.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-27">[27]</a> After two one-year extensions of his <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-1_visa">J-1 visa</a>, Lolo returned to <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia">Indonesia</a> in 1966. His wife and stepson followed sixteen
months later in 1967. The family initially lived in the Menteng Dalam neighborhood in the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebet,_South_Jakarta">Tebet</a> sub district of <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Jakarta">south Jakarta</a>. From 1970, they lived in a wealthier
neighborhood in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menteng">Menteng</a> sub district of <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Jakarta">central Jakarta</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-28">[28]</a></p>
<h3><strong>Education</strong></h3>
<p>Obama started in St. Francis Pre-Education from age three to five. From age six to ten, he then attended local <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Language">Indonesian-language</a> schools: <i>Sekolah Dasar
Katolik Santo Fransiskus Asisi</i> (St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Elementary School) for two years and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Elementary_School_Menteng_01"><i>Sekolah Dasar Negeri Menteng
01</i></a> (State Elementary School Menteng 01/Besuki school) for one and a half years, supplemented by
English-language <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvert_School">Calvert School</a> homeschooling by his
mother.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-30">[30]</a> As a result of those four years in <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, he was able to speak <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language">Indonesian</a> fluently as a child.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-in_Jakarta-32">[32]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-in_Jakarta2-33">[33]</a> During his time in
Indonesia, Obama's step-father taught him to be resilient and gave him "a pretty hardheaded assessment of how the
world works."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-34">[34]</a></p>
<p>In 1971, Obama returned to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu">Honolulu</a> to live with his maternal
grandparents, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madelyn_Dunham">Madelyn</a> and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Armour_Dunham">Stanley Dunham</a>. He attended <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punahou_School">Punahou School</a>—a private <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University-preparatory_school">college preparatory school</a>—with the aid
of a scholarship from fifth grade until he graduated from high school in 1979.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In his youth, Obama went by the nickname
"Barry."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Obama lived with his mother and
half-sister, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Soetoro-Ng">Maya Soetoro</a>, in Hawaii for three years
from 1972 to 1975 while his mother was a graduate student in <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology">anthropology</a> at the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii">University of Hawaii</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Obama chose to stay in Hawaii with his
grandparents for high school at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punahou_School">Punahou</a> when his mother
and half-sister returned to Indonesia in 1975 so his mother could begin anthropology field work.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-38">[38]</a> His mother spent most of the next two
decades in Indonesia, divorcing Lolo in 1980 and earning a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD">PhD</a>
degree in 1992, before dying in 1995 in Hawaii following unsuccessful treatment for <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_cancer">ovarian</a> and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine_cancer">uterine cancer</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-39">[39]</a></p>
<p>Obama later reflected on his years in Honolulu and wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered—to experience a
variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect—became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the
values that I hold most dear."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Obama has
also written and talked about using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)">alcohol</a>, <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana">marijuana</a>, and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine">cocaine</a> during his teenage years to "push questions of who I
was out of my mind."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Obama was also a
member of the "choom gang," a self-named group of friends who spent time together and occasionally smoked
marijuana.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-43">[43]</a></p>
<p>After graduating from high school in 1979, Obama moved to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles">Los
Angeles</a> to attend <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_College">Occidental College</a>. In
February 1981, Obama made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to participate in the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa">disinvestment from South Africa</a> in
response to that nation's policy of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid">apartheid</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Occidental-44">[44]</a> In mid-1981, Obama traveled
to Indonesia to visit his mother and half-sister Maya, and visited the families of college friends in <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India">India</a> for three weeks.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Occidental-44">[44]</a> Later in 1981, he transferred
as a junior to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_College,_Columbia_University">Columbia College,
Columbia University</a> in New York City, where he majored in <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science">political science</a> with a specialty in <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations">international relations</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-45">[45]</a> and in <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature">English literature</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-46">[46]</a> and lived off-campus on West 109th
Street.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-47">[47]</a> He graduated with a <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts">BA</a> degree in 1983 and worked for about a year at the
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_International_Corporation">Business International Corporation</a>,
where he was a financial researcher and writer,<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-49">[49]</a> then as a project coordinator for the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Public_Interest_Research_Group">New York Public Interest Research
Group</a> on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_College_of_New_York">City College of New York</a>
campus for three months in 1985.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-51">[51]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-52">[52]</a></p>
<h3><strong>Family and personal life</strong></h3>
<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama"><i>Family of Barack Obama</i></a>
</p>
<p> </p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg/220px-Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg/330px-Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg/440px-Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>Obama poses in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Room_(White_House)">Green Room</a> of the White House
with wife Michelle and daughters Sasha and Malia, 2009.</p>
<p>In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity of <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama">his extended family</a>: "It's like a little
mini-United Nations," he said. "I've got relatives who look like <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Mac">Bernie Mac</a>, and I've got relatives who look like <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>."<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Obama has a half-sister with whom he was
raised (Maya Soetoro-Ng) and seven other half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family—six of them living.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Obama's mother was survived by her
Kansas-born mother, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madelyn_Dunham">Madelyn Dunham</a>,<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-55">[55]</a> until her death on November 2, 2008,<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-56">[56]</a> two days before his election to the
Presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins in <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneygall">Moneygall</a> in May 2011.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In <i>Dreams from My Father</i>, Obama
ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives of <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davis">Jefferson Davis</a>, <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America">President of the Confederate
States of America</a> during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War">American Civil
War</a>. He also shares distant ancestors in common with <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a> and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>, among others.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-60">[60]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg/220px-BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg/330px-BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg/440px-BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>Obama with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Toews">Jonathan Toews</a> and the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cup">Stanley Cup</a> champion <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks">Chicago Blackhawks</a>, 2010</p>
<p>Obama is a supporter of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox">Chicago White Sox</a>, and he
threw out the first pitch at the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_American_League_Championship_Series">2005 ALCS</a> when he was still a
senator.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In 2009, he threw out the
ceremonial first pitch at the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game">All-Star Game</a> while wearing a
White Sox jacket.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-62">[62]</a> He is also primarily a
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears">Chicago Bears</a> football fan in the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League">NFL</a>, but in his childhood and adolescence was
a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeler_Nation">fan of the Pittsburgh Steelers</a>, and rooted for them
ahead of their victory in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIII">Super Bowl XLIII</a> 12 days
after he took office as president.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Steelers-63">[63]</a> In 2011, Obama invited the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Chicago_Bears_season">1985 Chicago Bears</a> to the White House; the
team had not visited the White House after their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XX">Super Bowl
win</a> in 1986 due to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster">Space
Shuttle Challenger disaster</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-64">[64]</a> He
plays basketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team,<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-65">[65]</a> and he is left-handed.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-66">[66]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg/170px-Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg"
alt="Obama about to take a shot while three other players look at him. One of those players attempts to block Obama."
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg/255px-Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg/340px-Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="170"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>Obama takes a left-handed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump_shot_(basketball)">jump shot</a> during a <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickup_game">pickup game</a> on the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House">White House</a> basketball court, 2009.</p>
<p>Obama lived with anthropologist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Miyoshi_Jager">Sheila Miyoshi Jager</a>
while he was a community organizer in Chicago in the 1980s.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-theindependentbeforemichelle-67">[67]</a> He proposed
to her twice, but both Jager and her parents turned him down.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-theindependentbeforemichelle-67">[67]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor-68">[68]</a> The
relationship was not made public until May 2017, several months after his presidency had ended.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor-68">[68]</a></p>
<p>In June 1989, Obama met <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Obama">Michelle Robinson</a> when he was
employed as a summer associate at the Chicago law firm of <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidley_Austin">Sidley Austin</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Robinson was assigned for three months
as Obama's adviser at the firm, and she joined him at several group social functions but declined his initial
requests to date.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-70">[70]</a> They began dating later
that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-71">[71]</a> After suffering a miscarriage, Michelle
underwent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation">in vitro fertilisation</a> to conceive
their children.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The couple's first
daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-73">[73]</a>
followed by a second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), in 2001.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The Obama daughters attended the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Laboratory_Schools">University of Chicago Laboratory
Schools</a>. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidwell_Friends_School">Sidwell Friends School</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The Obamas have two <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Water_Dog">Portuguese Water Dogs</a>; the first, a male named <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_(dog)">Bo</a>, was a gift from Senator <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In 2013, Bo was joined by <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_(dog)">Sunny</a>, a female.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Feldmann-77">[77]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/DIG13623-230.jpg/170px-DIG13623-230.jpg" alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/DIG13623-230.jpg/255px-DIG13623-230.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/DIG13623-230.jpg/340px-DIG13623-230.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="170"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>Obama and his wife Michelle at the Civil Rights Summit at the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LBJ_Presidential_Library">LBJ Presidential Library</a>, 2014</p>
<p>In 2005, the family applied the proceeds of a book deal and moved from a <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Chicago">Hyde Park, Chicago</a> condominium to a
$1.6 million house (equivalent to $2.1 million in 2019) in neighboring <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenwood,_Chicago">Kenwood, Chicago</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale
of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friend <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Rezko">Tony Rezko</a>—attracted media attention because of Rezko's
subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-corruption_charges-79">[79]</a></p>
<p>In December 2007, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_(magazine)"><i>Money Magazine</i></a> estimated
Obama's net worth at $1.3 million (equivalent to $1.6 million in 2019) .<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Their 2009 tax return showed a household
income of $5.5 million—up from about $4.2 million in 2007 and $1.6 million in 2005—mostly from sales
of his books.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-82">[82]</a> On his 2010 income of $1.7 million,
he gave 14% to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 to <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_House_Foundation">Fisher House Foundation</a>, a charity assisting
wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Per his 2012 financial disclosure, Obama
may be worth as much as $10 million.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-networth12-85">[85]</a></p>
<p>In early 2010, Michelle spoke about her husband's smoking habit and said Barack had quit smoking.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-reuters-smoking-86">[86]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-87">[87]</a></p>
<p>On his 55th birthday, August 4, 2016, Obama penned an essay in <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)"><i>Glamour</i></a>, in which he described how his
daughters and the presidency have made him a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist">feminist</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-90">[90]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Religious views</strong></h4>
<p>Obama is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant">Protestant</a> Christian whose religious views
developed in his adult life.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Christian-91">[91]</a> He
wrote in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope"><i>The Audacity of Hope</i></a> that he "was
not raised in a religious household." He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as being detached
from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person ... I have ever known." He described his
father as a "confirmed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism">atheist</a>" by the time his parents met, and
his stepfather as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful." Obama explained how, through working with <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_church">black churches</a> as a <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_organizing">community organizer</a> while in his twenties, he came
to understand "the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change."<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-social_change-92">[92]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg/220px-Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg/330px-Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg/440px-Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>The Obamas worship at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church">African Methodist
Episcopal Church</a> in Washington, D.C., January 2013.</p>
<p>In January 2008, Obama told <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_Today"><i>Christianity Today</i></a>:
"I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redeemer_(Christianity)">redemptive death</a> and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus">resurrection of Jesus</a> Christ. I believe that
faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life."<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-93">[93]</a> On September 27, 2010, Obama released a
statement commenting on his religious views saying, "I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't—frankly, they
weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she
didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts of
Jesus Christ spoke to me in terms of the kind of life that I would want to lead—being my brothers' and sisters'
keeper, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rule">treating others as they would treat me</a>."<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-APbychoice-94">[94]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-ABCVideobychoice-95">[95]</a></p>
<p>Obama met <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_United_Church_of_Christ">Trinity United Church of Christ</a>
pastor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Wright">Jeremiah Wright</a> in October 1987 and became a
member of Trinity in 1992.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Trinity-96">[96]</a> During
Obama's first presidential campaign in May 2008, he resigned from Trinity after <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Wright_controversy">some of Wright's statements were
criticized</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Since moving to
Washington, D.C., in 2009, the Obama family has attended several Protestant churches, including <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiloh_Baptist_Church_(Washington,_D.C.)">Shiloh Baptist Church</a> and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_Episcopal_Church,_Lafayette_Square">St. John's Episcopal
Church</a>, as well as Evergreen Chapel at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_David">Camp David</a>,
but the members of the family do not attend church on a regular basis.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-100">[100]</a></p>
<h3><strong>Law career</strong></h3>
<h4><strong>Community organizer and Harvard Law School</strong></h4>
<p>Two years after graduating from Columbia, Obama moved from New York to Chicago when he was hired as director of the
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_Communities_Project">Developing Communities Project</a>, a
church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseland,_Chicago">Roseland</a>, <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pullman,_Chicago">West Pullman</a>, and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverdale,_Chicago">Riverdale</a> on Chicago's <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Side,_Chicago">South Side</a>. He worked there as a community
organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-51">[51]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-101">[101]</a> He helped set up a job training
program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altgeld_Gardens_Homes_(Chicago,_Illinois)">Altgeld Gardens</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-102">[102]</a> Obama also worked as
a consultant and instructor for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamaliel_Foundation">Gamaliel
Foundation</a>, a community organizing institute.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In mid-1988, he traveled for the first
time in Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama#Paternal_relations">paternal relatives</a> for the
first time.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Obama_2012-104">[104]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-105">[105]</a></p>
<figure class="table">
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="16"></figure>
<p> <a href="http://bostonlocaltv.org/catalog/V_UDAMVZGA4JEY06N">Derrick Bell threatens to
leave Harvard</a>, April 24, 1990, 11:34, <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGBH_Educational_Foundation">Boston TV Digital
Archive</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-wgbh-106">[106]</a>
Student Barack Obama introduces Professor Derrick Bell starting at 6:25.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</figure>
<p>Despite being offered a full scholarship to <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University_School_of_Law">Northwestern University School of
Law</a>, Obama enrolled at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School">Harvard Law School</a> in
the fall of 1988, living in nearby <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts">Somerville,
Massachusetts</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-107">[107]</a> He was selected
as an editor of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review"><i>Harvard Law Review</i></a> at the
end of his first year,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_2007-108">[108]</a>
president of the journal in his second year,<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-102">[102]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990b-109">[109]</a> and research
assistant to the constitutional scholar <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Tribe">Laurence Tribe</a>
while at Harvard for two years.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-110">[110]</a> During
his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as a <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_attorney#Summer_associates">summer associate</a> at the law firms
of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidley_Austin">Sidley Austin</a> in 1989 and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkins_%26_Sutter">Hopkins & Sutter</a> in 1990.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-111">[111]</a> After graduating with a <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor">JD</a> degree <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_cum_laude"><i>magna cum laude</i></a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Juris_Doctor-112">[112]</a> from Harvard in 1991, he
returned to Chicago.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_2007-108">[108]</a>
Obama's election as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts">first black
president of the <i>Harvard Law Review</i></a> gained national media attention<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-102">[102]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990b-109">[109]</a> and led to a
publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Scott_2008a-113">[113]</a> which evolved into a
personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 as <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father"><i>Dreams from My Father</i></a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Scott_2008a-113">[113]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Chicago Law School and civil rights attorney</strong></h4>
<p>In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School">University of Chicago Law School</a> to
work on his first book.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Scott_2008a-113">[113]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Fellow-114">[114]</a> He then taught <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law">constitutional law</a> at the University of Chicago Law
School for twelve years, first as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecturer">lecturer</a> from 1992 to 1996,
and then as a senior lecturer from 1996 to 2004.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-115">[115]</a></p>
<p>From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Vote">Project
Vote</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_registration_campaign">voter registration campaign</a>
with ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000
unregistered African Americans in the state, leading <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crain%27s_Chicago_Business"><i>Crain's Chicago Business</i></a> to name
Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Forty-116">[116]</a></p>
<p>He joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and
neighborhood economic development, where he was an <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_attorney">associate</a> for three years from 1993 to 1996, then <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_counsel">of counsel</a> from 1996 to 2004. In 1994, he was listed as one
of the lawyers in <i>Buycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank</i>, 94 C 4094 (N.D. Ill.).<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-117">[117]</a> This <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class-action_lawsuit">class action lawsuit</a> was filed in 1994 with Selma
Buycks-Roberson as lead plaintiff and alleged that Citibank Federal Savings Bank had engaged in practices forbidden
under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Credit_Opportunity_Act">Equal Credit Opportunity Act</a> and
the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Housing_Act">Fair Housing Act</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The case was settled out of court.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Final judgment was issued on May 13,
1998, with Citibank Federal Savings Bank agreeing to pay attorney fees.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-120">[120]</a> His law license became inactive in
2007.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-DavisMiner-122">[122]</a></p>
<p>From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woods_Fund_of_Chicago">Woods Fund of Chicago</a>—which in 1985 had been the
first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project—and of the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Foundation">Joyce Foundation</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-51">[51]</a> He served on the board of
directors of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Annenberg_Challenge">Chicago Annenberg Challenge</a>
from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-51">[51]</a></p>
<h3><strong>Legislative career</strong></h3>
<h4><strong>Illinois State Senator (1997–2004)</strong></h4>
<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama"><i>Illinois
Senate career of Barack Obama</i></a></p>
<p> </p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Obamamiltondavis1.jpg/220px-Obamamiltondavis1.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Obamamiltondavis1.jpg/330px-Obamamiltondavis1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Obamamiltondavis1.jpg/440px-Obamamiltondavis1.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>State Senator Obama and others celebrate the naming of a street in Chicago after <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ShoreBank">ShoreBank</a> co-founder Milton Davis in 1998.</p>
<p>Obama was elected to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate">Illinois Senate</a> in 1996,
succeeding Democratic State Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Palmer_(politician)">Alice
Palmer</a> from Illinois's 13th District, which, at that time, spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Chicago">Hyde Park</a>–<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenwood,_Chicago">Kenwood</a> south to <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shore,_Chicago">South Shore</a> and west to <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Lawn,_Chicago">Chicago Lawn</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan
support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-125">[125]</a> He sponsored a law that increased <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_credit">tax credits</a> for low-income workers, negotiated <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_reform">welfare reform</a>, and promoted increased subsidies for
childcare.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Scott20070730-126">[126]</a> In 2001, as
co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican Governor Ryan's <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payday_loan">payday loan</a> regulations and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_lending">predatory mortgage lending</a> regulations aimed at
averting home <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreclosure">foreclosures</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-128">[128]</a></p>
<p>He was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was
re-elected again in 2002.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In 2000, he lost a <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Illinois%27s_1st_congressional_district_election">Democratic primary
race</a> for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois%27s_1st_congressional_district">Illinois's 1st
congressional district</a> in the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives">United States House of
Representatives</a> to four-term incumbent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Rush">Bobby Rush</a> by
a margin of two to one.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Democratic_primary-131">[131]</a></p>
<p>In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats,
after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-132">[132]</a> He sponsored and led unanimous,
bipartisan passage of legislation to monitor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_profiling">racial
profiling</a> by requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois
the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Scott20070730-126">[126]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-135">[135]</a> During his 2004 general election
campaign for the U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police
organizations in enacting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States">death
penalty</a> reforms.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Obama resigned
from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-137">[137]</a></p>
<h4><strong>2004 U.S. Senate campaign</strong></h4>
<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois"><i>2004
United States Senate election in Illinois</i></a></p>
<p> </p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County%2C_2004.svg/130px-Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County%2C_2004.svg.png"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County%2C_2004.svg/195px-Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County%2C_2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County%2C_2004.svg/260px-Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County%2C_2004.svg.png 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="130"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>Results of the 2004 U.S. Senate race in Illinois; Obama won the counties in blue.</p>
<p>In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race. He created a campaign
committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultant <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Axelrod_(political_consultant)">David Axelrod</a> by August 2002.
Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-138">[138]</a></p>
<p>Obama was an early opponent of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a>
administration's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-139">[139]</a> On October 2, 2002, the day President
Bush and Congress agreed on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_Resolution">joint resolution</a>
authorizing the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War">Iraq War</a>,<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Rose_Garden-140">[140]</a> Obama addressed the first
high-profile Chicago <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_the_Iraq_War">anti-Iraq War
rally</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Federal_Plaza-141">[141]</a> and spoke
out against the war.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-spoke_out-142">[142]</a> He
addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd "it's not too late" to stop the war.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-stop_the_war-143">[143]</a></p>
<p>Decisions by Republican incumbent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fitzgerald_(politician)">Peter
Fitzgerald</a> and his Democratic predecessor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun">Carol
Moseley Braun</a> to not participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary
contests involving 15 candidates.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-144">[144]</a> In the
March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within the
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee">national Democratic Party</a>, started
speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir, <i>Dreams from My Father</i>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-future-145">[145]</a> In July 2004, Obama delivered
the keynote address at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention">2004
Democratic National Convention</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-146">[146]</a>
seen by nine million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-status-147">[147]</a></p>
<p>Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ryan_(politician)">Jack Ryan</a>, withdrew from the race in June
2004.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Six weeks later, <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes">Alan Keyes</a> accepted the Republican nomination to replace
Ryan.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois,_2004">November 2004 general
election</a>, Obama won with 70% of the vote.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-margin-150">[150]</a></p>
<h4><strong>U.S. Senator from Illinois (2005–08)</strong></h4>
<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama"><i>United
States Senate career of Barack Obama</i></a></p>
<p> </p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BarackObamaportrait.jpg/170px-BarackObamaportrait.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BarackObamaportrait.jpg/255px-BarackObamaportrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BarackObamaportrait.jpg/340px-BarackObamaportrait.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="170"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>Official portrait of Obama as a member of the United States Senate</p>
<p>Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-151">[151]</a> becoming the only Senate member of the
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly"><i>CQ Weekly</i></a> characterized him as a "loyal
Democrat" based on analysis of all Senate votes from 2005 to 2007. Obama announced on November 13, 2008, that he
would <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_from_the_United_States_Senate">resign his Senate seat</a>
on November 16, 2008, before the start of the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lame_duck_(politics)">lame-duck</a> session, to focus on his transition
period for the presidency.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-transition_period-153">[153]</a></p>
<p><strong>Legislation</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><i>See also: </i><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bills_sponsored_by_Barack_Obama_in_the_United_States_Senate"><i>List
of bills sponsored by Barack Obama in the United States Senate</i></a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Obama <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponsor_(legislative)">cosponsored</a> the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_America_and_Orderly_Immigration_Act">Secure America and Orderly
Immigration Act</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-154">[154]</a> He introduced
two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunn%E2%80%93Lugar_Cooperative_Threat_Reduction">Nunn–Lugar Cooperative
Threat Reduction</a> concept to conventional weapons;<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-155">[155]</a> and the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Funding_Accountability_and_Transparency_Act_of_2006">Federal Funding
Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006</a>, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web
search engine on federal spending.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-156">[156]</a> On
June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with Senators <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Carper">Tom Carper</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Coburn">Tom Coburn</a>, and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain">John McCain</a>—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening
Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-157">[157]</a></p>
<p>Obama sponsored legislation that would have required nuclear plant owners to notify state and local authorities of
radioactive leaks, but the bill failed to pass in the full Senate after being heavily modified in committee.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Regarding <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort_reform">tort reform</a>, Obama voted for the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_Action_Fairness_Act_of_2005">Class Action Fairness Act of 2005</a> and
the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act_of_1978_Amendments_Act_of_2008">FISA
Amendments Act of 2008</a>, which grants immunity from civil liability to telecommunications companies complicit
with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSA_warrantless_surveillance_(2001%E2%80%9307)">NSA warrantless
wiretapping</a> operations.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Fisher-159">[159]</a>
</p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lugar-Obama.jpg/220px-Lugar-Obama.jpg"
alt="Gray-haired man and Obama stand, wearing casual polo shirts. Obama wears sunglasses and holds something slung over his right shoulder."
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lugar-Obama.jpg/330px-Lugar-Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lugar-Obama.jpg/440px-Lugar-Obama.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>Obama and U.S. Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lugar">Richard Lugar</a> (R-IN) visit a Russian
facility for dismantling mobile missiles (August 2005)<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-160">[160]</a></p>
<p>In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>
Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its
primary sponsor.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-162">[162]</a> In January 2007, Obama and Senator
Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honest_Leadership_and_Open_Government_Act">Honest Leadership and Open
Government Act</a>, which was signed into law in September 2007.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Obama also introduced two unsuccessful
bills: the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deceptive_Practices_and_Voter_Intimidation_Prevention_Act">Deceptive
Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act</a> to criminalize deceptive practices in federal elections,<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-166">[166]</a> and the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War_De-Escalation_Act_of_2007">Iraq War De-Escalation Act of
2007</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-167">[167]</a></p>
<p>Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for
personality-disorder military discharges.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-168">[168]</a> This amendment passed the full Senate
in the spring of 2008.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-169">[169]</a> He sponsored the
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinvestment_from_Iran">Iran Sanctions Enabling Act</a> supporting
divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which was never enacted but later incorporated
in the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Iran_Sanctions,_Accountability,_and_Divestment_Act_of_2010">Comprehensive
Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010</a>;<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-170">[170]</a> and co-sponsored legislation to reduce
risks of nuclear terrorism.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-nuclear_terrorism-171">[171]</a> Obama also sponsored
a Senate amendment to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Children%27s_Health_Insurance_Program">State
Children's Health Insurance Program</a>, providing one year of job protection for family members caring for
soldiers with combat-related injuries.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-172">[172]</a>
</p>
<p><strong>Committees</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>Obama speaks with a soldier stationed in Iraq, 2006.</p>
<p>Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations">Foreign Relations</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Environment_and_Public_Works">Environment
and Public Works</a> and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Veterans%27_Affairs">Veterans' Affairs</a>
through December 2006.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-173">[173]</a> In January 2007,
he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments with <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor_and_Pensions">Health,
Education, Labor and Pensions</a> and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs">Homeland
Security and Governmental Affairs</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-174">[174]</a> He also became Chairman of the
Senate's subcommittee on <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Foreign_Relations_Subcommittee_on_Europe_and_Regional_Security_Cooperation">European
Affairs</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-175">[175]</a> As a member of the
Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and
Africa. He met with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a> before Abbas became <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority">President of the
Palestinian National Authority</a>, and gave a speech at the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nairobi">University of Nairobi</a> in which he condemned
corruption within the Kenyan government.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Kenyan-176">[176]</a></p>
<h2>Presidential campaigns</h2>
<h3><strong>2008</strong></h3>
<p><i>Main articles: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election"><i>2008 United
States presidential election</i></a><i>, </i><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_primary_campaign"><i>Barack Obama 2008
presidential primary campaign</i></a><i>, and </i><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign"><i>Barack Obama 2008 presidential
campaign</i></a></p>
<p> </p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg/220px-Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg"
alt="Photograph"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg/330px-Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg/440px-Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>Obama on stage with his wife and daughters just before announcing his presidential candidacy in <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a>, February 10, 2007</p>
<p>On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_State_Capitol_State_Historic_Site_(Illinois)">Old State Capitol</a>
building in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210-177">[177]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-BBC20070210-178">[178]</a> The choice of the
announcement site was viewed as symbolic because it was also where <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> delivered his historic <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%27s_House_Divided_Speech">"House Divided"</a> speech in 1858.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210-177">[177]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Parsons20070210-179">[179]</a> Obama
emphasized issues of rapidly ending the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War">Iraq War</a>, increasing <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States">energy independence</a>, and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_reform_in_the_United_States">reforming the health care
system</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-180">[180]</a> in a campaign that
projected themes of hope and change.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-181">[181]</a></p>
<p>Numerous candidates entered the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2008">Democratic Party presidential
primaries</a>. The field narrowed to a duel between Obama and Senator <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> after early contests, with the race
remaining close throughout the primary process but with Obama gaining a steady lead in pledged <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delegate_(American_politics)">delegates</a> due to better long-range
planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucus">caucus</a>
states, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-allocation-182">[182]</a> On June 7, 2008, Clinton
ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-183">[183]</a>
</p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg/220px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg"
alt="Photograph"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg/330px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg/440px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>Outgoing President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a> meets with
President-elect Obama in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_Office">Oval Office</a> on November 10,
2008.</p>
<p>On August 23, Obama announced his selection of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware">Delaware</a> Senator
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden">Joe Biden</a> as his vice presidential running mate.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-nagourney-184">[184]</a> Obama selected Biden from a
field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and Senator <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Bayh">Evan Bayh</a> and Virginia Governor <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Kaine">Tim Kaine</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-nagourney-184">[184]</a> At the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention">Democratic National Convention</a> in
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver">Denver</a>, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to
endorse Obama, and she and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> gave convention
speeches in his support.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-delegates-185">[185]</a> Obama
delivered his acceptance speech, not at the center where the Democratic National Convention was held, but at <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invesco_Field_at_Mile_High">Invesco Field at Mile High</a> to a crowd of
approximately 84,000 people; the speech was viewed by over 38 million people worldwide.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-npr1409-186">[186]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-acceptance-187">[187]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-188">[188]</a></p>
<p>During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records,
particularly in the quantity of small donations.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-small_donations-189">[189]</a> On June 19, 2008,
Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn down <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_finance_in_the_United_States#Public_financing_of_campaigns">public
financing</a> in the general election since the system was created in 1976.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Bloomberg_Salant_20080619-190">[190]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ElectoralCollege2008.svg/280px-ElectoralCollege2008.svg.png"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ElectoralCollege2008.svg/420px-ElectoralCollege2008.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ElectoralCollege2008.svg/560px-ElectoralCollege2008.svg.png 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="280"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>2008 electoral vote results</p>
<p>John McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate, and he selected <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Palin">Sarah Palin</a> as his running mate. The two candidates engaged
in three <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_debates">presidential
debates</a> in September and October 2008.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-presidential_debates-191">[191]</a> On November 4,
Obama won the presidency with 365 <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)">electoral votes</a> to 173 received by
McCain.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-electoral_votes-192">[192]</a> Obama won 52.9%
of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election">popular vote</a> to McCain's 45.7%.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-193">[193]</a> He became the first African American
to be elected president.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Obama delivered
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_election_victory_speech,_2008">his victory speech</a> before
hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Park_(Chicago)">Grant
Park</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-independent1-195">[195]</a></p>
<h3><strong>2012</strong></h3>
<p><i>Main articles: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election"><i>2012 United
States presidential election</i></a><i> and </i><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign"><i>Barack Obama 2012 presidential
campaign</i></a></p>
<p> </p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg/220px-P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg/330px-P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg/440px-P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>Obama greets former Governor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney">Mitt Romney</a> in the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_Office">Oval Office</a> on November 29, 2012, in their first meeting
since Obama's re-election victory over Romney.</p>
<p>On April 4, 2011, Obama announced his reelection campaign for 2012 in a video titled "It Begins with Us" that he
posted on his website and filed election papers with the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission">Federal Election Commission</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-198">[198]</a> As the incumbent president he ran
virtually unopposed in the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2012">Democratic Party presidential
primaries</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-CNN-clinch1-199">[199]</a> and on
April 3, 2012, Obama had secured the 2778 <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention">convention</a> delegates needed to win
the Democratic nomination.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-CNN-clinch2-200">[200]</a>
</p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ElectoralCollege2012.svg/280px-ElectoralCollege2012.svg.png"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ElectoralCollege2012.svg/420px-ElectoralCollege2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ElectoralCollege2012.svg/560px-ElectoralCollege2012.svg.png 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="280"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>2012 electoral vote results</p>
<p>At the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention">Democratic National Convention</a>
in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a>, Obama and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden">Joe Biden</a> were formally nominated by former President <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> as the Democratic Party candidates for
president and vice president in the general election. Their main opponents were Republicans <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney">Mitt Romney</a>, the former governor of Massachusetts, and
Representative <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ryan">Paul Ryan</a> of Wisconsin.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-201">[201]</a></p>
<p>On November 6, 2012, Obama won 332 <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)">electoral votes</a>, exceeding the 270
required for him to be reelected as president.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-204">[204]</a> With 51.1% of the popular vote,<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-FEC-205">[205]</a> Obama became the first Democratic
president since <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> to win the
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin">majority
of the popular vote</a> twice.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-206">[206]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Obama addressed supporters and
volunteers at Chicago's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCormick_Place">McCormick Place</a> after his
reelection and said: "Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual. You elected us to focus on your jobs, not
ours. And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both
parties."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-208">[208]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT20130121-209">[209]</a></p>
<h2>Presidency (2009–2017)</h2>
<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama"><i>Presidency of Barack
Obama</i></a></p>
<p> </p>
<p><i>For a chronological guide to this subject, see </i><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Presidency_of_Barack_Obama"><i>Timeline of the Presidency of
Barack Obama</i></a><i>.</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p><i>See also: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmations_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Cabinet"><i>Confirmations
of Barack Obama's Cabinet</i></a><i> and </i><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama"><i>List of
international presidential trips made by Barack Obama</i></a></p>
<p> </p>
<h3><strong>First 100 days</strong></h3>
<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_100_days_of_Barack_Obama%27s_presidency"><i>First
100 days of Barack Obama's presidency</i></a></p>
<p> </p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg/220px-US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg"
alt="Photograph"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg/330px-US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg/440px-US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>Barack Obama takes <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States">the
oath of office</a> administered by <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States">Chief Justice</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roberts">John G. Roberts Jr.</a> at <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol">the Capitol</a>, January 20, 2009</p>
<p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama">inauguration of Barack Obama</a> as
the 44th President took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issued <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order">executive orders</a> and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_memorandum">presidential memoranda</a> directing the U.S.
military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-210">[210]</a> He ordered the closing of the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a>,<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-211">[211]</a> but Congress prevented the closure by
refusing to appropriate the required funds<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-214">[214]</a> and preventing moving any Guantanamo
detainee into the U.S. or to other countries.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-215">[215]</a> Obama reduced the secrecy given to
presidential records.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-216">[216]</a> He also revoked
President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a>'s restoration of President <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City_Policy">Mexico City Policy</a> prohibiting federal aid to
international family planning organizations that perform or provide counseling about abortion.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-217">[217]</a></p>
<h3><strong>Domestic policy</strong></h3>
<p><i>See also: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration"><i>Social
policy of the Barack Obama administration</i></a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>The first bill signed into law by Obama was the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter_Fair_Pay_Act_of_2009">Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of
2009</a>, relaxing the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_limitations">statute of limitations</a>
for equal-pay lawsuits.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Five days later,
he signed the reauthorization of the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Children%27s_Health_Insurance_Program">State Children's Health
Insurance Program</a> (SCHIP) to cover an additional 4 million uninsured children.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-219">[219]</a> In March 2009, Obama reversed a
Bush-era policy that had limited funding of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell">embryonic
stem cell</a> research and pledged to develop "strict guidelines" on the research.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-220">[220]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>Obama delivers a <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_speech_to_joint_session_of_Congress,_February_2009">speech at
joint session of Congress</a> with Vice President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden">Joe
Biden</a> and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives">House Speaker</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> on February 24, 2009.</p>
<p>Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his Presidency. He nominated <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> on May 26, 2009 to replace retiring <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States">Associate
Justice</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Souter">David Souter</a>; she was confirmed on August
6, 2009,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-221">[221]</a> becoming the first Supreme
Court Justice of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic">Hispanic</a> descent.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Obama nominated <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> on May 10, 2010 to replace retiring Associate
Justice <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a>. She was confirmed on August
5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three justices for the first time in
American history.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-223">[223]</a></p>
<p>On March 30, 2010, Obama signed the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Care_and_Education_Reconciliation_Act_of_2010">Health Care and
Education Reconciliation Act</a>, a <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)">reconciliation bill</a> that ended
the process of the federal government giving subsidies to private banks to give out federally insured loans,
increased the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pell_Grant">Pell Grant</a> scholarship award, and made changes
to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-225">[225]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg/220px-Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg/330px-Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg/440px-Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>Obama meets with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States">Cabinet of the United
States</a>, November 23, 2009.</p>
<p>In a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration">major space policy
speech</a> in April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction at <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA">NASA</a>, the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return of <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> to the moon and development of the
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I">Ares I</a> rocket, <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_V">Ares V</a> rocket and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation_program">Constellation program</a>, in favor of funding Earth
science projects, a new rocket type, and research and development for an eventual manned mission to Mars, and
ongoing missions to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station">International Space
Station</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-226">[226]</a></p>
<p>President Obama's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_State_of_the_Union_Address">2011 State of the Union
Address</a> focused on themes of education and innovation, stressing the importance of <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation_economics">innovation economics</a> to make the United States
more competitive globally. He spoke of a five-year freeze in domestic spending, eliminating tax breaks for oil
companies and reversing tax cuts for the wealthiest Americans, banning congressional <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earmark_(politics)">earmarks</a>, and reducing healthcare costs. He promised
the United States would have one million electric vehicles on the road by 2015 and be 80% reliant on "<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_energy">clean</a>" electricity.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-227">[227]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-228">[228]</a></p>
<h4><strong>LGBT rights</strong></h4>
<p>On October 8, 2009, Obama signed the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Shepard_and_James_Byrd_Jr._Hate_Crimes_Prevention_Act">Matthew
Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act</a>, a measure that expanded the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_crime_laws_in_the_United_States#Federal_prosecution_of_hate_crimes">1969
United States federal hate-crime law</a> to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender,
sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-229">[229]</a></p>
<p>On October 30, 2009, Obama lifted the ban on travel to the United States by those infected with <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV">HIV</a>, which was celebrated by <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Equality">Immigration Equality</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-230">[230]</a></p>
<p>On December 22, 2010, Obama signed the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Ask,_Don%27t_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010">Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal
Act of 2010</a>, which fulfilled a key promise made in the 2008 presidential campaign<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-232">[232]</a> to end the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_ask,_don%27t_tell">Don't ask, don't tell</a> policy of 1993 that had
prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces">United States Armed Forces</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-233">[233]</a> In 2016, the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon">Pentagon</a> also ended the policy that barred <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender">transgender</a> people from serving openly in the military.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-TransBan1-234">[234]</a></p>
<p>As a candidate for the Illinois state senate in 1996, Obama had said he favored legalizing <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States">same-sex marriage</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-WCT0114-235">[235]</a> By the time of his Senate run
in 2004, he said he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners but opposed same-sex
marriages.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-WCT0204-236">[236]</a> In 2008, he
reaffirmed this position by stating "I believe marriage is between a man and a woman. I am not in favor of gay
marriage."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-237">[237]</a> On May 9, 2012, shortly after
the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly
affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president
to do so.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-238">[238]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-The_Huffington_Post-239">[239]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_%2818588276403%29.jpg/220px-Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_%2818588276403%29.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_%2818588276403%29.jpg/330px-Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_%2818588276403%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_%2818588276403%29.jpg/440px-Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_%2818588276403%29.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House">White House</a> was illuminated in rainbow colors on the
evening of the Supreme Court same-sex marriage ruling, June 26, 2015.</p>
<p>During his second <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama">inaugural address</a>
on January 21, 2013,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT20130121-209">[209]</a> Obama
became the first U.S. President in office to call for full equality for gay Americans: "Our journey is not complete
until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law—for if we are truly created equal,
then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well." This was the first time that a president
mentioned <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States">gay rights</a> or the word "gay"
in an inaugural address.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-240">[240]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-241">[241]</a></p>
<p>In 2013, the Obama Administration filed briefs that urged the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States">Supreme Court</a> to rule in favor of
same-sex couples in the cases of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollingsworth_v._Perry"><i>Hollingsworth v.
Perry</i></a> (regarding <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States">same-sex marriage</a>)<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-huffpo-amicus-242">[242]</a> and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Windsor"><i>United States v. Windsor</i></a> (regarding the
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act">Defense of Marriage Act</a>).<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-cnn-amicus-243">[243]</a> Then, following the Supreme
Court's 2015 decision in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges"><i>Obergefell v.
Hodges</i></a> (ruling same-sex marriage to be a fundamental right), Obama asserted that, "This decision
affirms what millions of Americans already believe in their hearts: When all Americans are treated as equal we are
all more free."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-remarksDecision-244">[244]</a></p>
<p>On July 30, 2015, the White House Office of National AIDS Policy revised its strategy for addressing the disease,
which included widespread testing and linkage to healthcare, which was celebrated by the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Campaign">Human Rights Campaign</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-245">[245]</a></p>
<h4><strong>White House advisory and oversight groups</strong></h4>
<p>On March 11, 2009, Obama created the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Council_on_Women_and_Girls">White House Council on Women and
Girls</a>, which formed part of the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs">Office of Intergovernmental
Affairs</a>, having been established by <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)">Executive Order</a> <a
href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13506">13506</a> with a broad mandate to advise him on
issues relating to the welfare of American women and girls.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Executive-246">[246]</a> The Council was chaired by
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_Advisor_to_the_President">Senior Advisor to the President</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Jarrett">Valerie Jarrett</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Sexualassault-247">[247]</a> Obama also established
the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Task_Force_to_Protect_Students_from_Sexual_Assault">White
House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault</a> through a government memorandum on January 22,
2014, with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to sexual assault on college and university campuses
throughout the United States.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Sexualassault-247">[247]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Memo-248">[248]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Freedom-249">[249]</a> The co-chairs of the Task
Force were Vice President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden">Joe Biden</a> and Jarrett.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Memo-248">[248]</a> The Task Force was a development
out of the White House Council on Women and Girls and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States">Office of the Vice
President of the United States</a>, and prior to that the 1994 <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_Act">Violence Against Women Act</a> first drafted by
Biden.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Report-250">[250]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Economic policy</strong></h4>
<p><i>Main article: </i><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration"><i>Economic policy of
the Barack Obama administration</i></a></p>
<p> </p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/220px-seek%3D63-20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.jpg"
alt="File:20090124 WeeklyAddress.ogv"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>Obama presents his first <a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obama_Administration_weekly_video_addresses">weekly address</a> as
President of the United States on January 24, 2009, discussing the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009">American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act of 2009</a></p>
<p>On February 17, 2009, Obama signed the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009">American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act of 2009</a>, a $787 billion <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_(economics)">economic stimulus</a> package aimed at helping the
economy recover from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession">deepening worldwide
recession</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-251">[251]</a> The act includes
increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_incentive">incentives</a>, and direct assistance to individuals.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-direct_assistance-252">[252]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png/220px-U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png/330px-U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png/440px-U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_budget">Deficit</a> and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States">debt</a> increases, 2001–16</p>
<p>In March, Obama's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_Secretary">Treasury Secretary</a>, <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Geithner">Timothy Geithner</a>, took further steps to manage the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308">financial crisis</a>, including
introducing the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%E2%80%93Private_Investment_Program_for_Legacy_Assets">Public–Private
Investment Program for Legacy Assets</a>, which contains provisions for buying up to two trillion dollars
in depreciated real estate assets.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-markets_opened-253">[253]</a></p>
<p>Obama intervened in the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_crisis_of_2008%E2%80%9310">troubled automotive
industry</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-254">[254]</a> in March 2009, renewing
loans for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors">General Motors</a> and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler">Chrysler</a> to continue operations while reorganizing. Over the
following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_Chapter_11_reorganization">sale of Chrysler</a> to Italian
automaker <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat">Fiat</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-255">[255]</a> and a <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_Chapter_11_reorganization">reorganization of GM</a> giving
the U.S. government a temporary 60% equity stake in the company, with the Canadian government taking a 12% stake.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-256">[256]</a> In June 2009, dissatisfied with the
pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Christopher_Conkey_and_Louise_Radnofsky-257">[257]</a>
He signed into law the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_Allowance_Rebate_System">Car Allowance Rebate
System</a>, known colloquially as "Cash for Clunkers," which temporarily boosted the economy.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-258">[258]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-259">[259]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-260">[260]</a></p>
<p>The Bush and Obama administrations authorized spending and loan guarantees from the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System">Federal Reserve</a> and the Treasury Department.
These guarantees totaled about $11.5 trillion, but only $3 trillion had been spent by the end of November
2009.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-261">[261]</a> Obama and the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office">Congressional Budget Office</a> predicted the
2010 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_federal_budget">budget deficit</a> would be
$1.5 trillion or 10.6% of the nation's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product">gross
domestic product</a> (GDP) compared to the 2009 deficit of $1.4 trillion or 9.9% of GDP.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-262">[262]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-263">[263]</a> For 2011, the administration predicted
the deficit would shrink to $1.34 trillion, and the 10-year deficit would increase to $8.53 trillion or
90% of GDP.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-264">[264]</a> The most recent increase in
the U.S. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_debt_ceiling">debt ceiling</a> to $17.2 trillion
took effect in February 2014.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-265">[265]</a> On August
2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the
bipartisan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_Control_Act_of_2011">Budget Control Act of 2011</a>. The
legislation enforces limits on discretionary spending until 2021, establishes a procedure to increase the debt
limit, creates a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with
a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5 trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and establishes automatic
procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2 trillion if legislation originating with the new joint
select committee does not achieve such savings.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-266">[266]</a> By passing the legislation, Congress
was able to prevent a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States">U.S.
government</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_(finance)">default</a> on its obligations.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-267">[267]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Employment_Statistics.svg/300px-US_Employment_Statistics.svg.png"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Employment_Statistics.svg/450px-US_Employment_Statistics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Employment_Statistics.svg/600px-US_Employment_Statistics.svg.png 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="300"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>US employment statistics (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment_rate">unemployment rate</a> and monthly
changes in net employment) during Obama's tenure as U.S. President<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-268">[268]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-269">[269]</a></p>
<p>As it did throughout 2008, the unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.0% and averaging
10.0% in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7% in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell
to 9.6% in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Theodossiou-270">[270]</a> Between February and
December 2010, employment rose by 0.8%, which was less than the average of 1.9% experienced during comparable
periods in the past four employment recoveries.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Eddlemon-271">[271]</a> By November 2012, the
unemployment rate fell to 7.7%,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-272">[272]</a>
decreasing to 6.7% in the last month of 2013.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-273">[273]</a> During 2014, the unemployment rate
continued to decline, falling to 6.3% in the first quarter.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-274">[274]</a> GDP growth returned in the third
quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6%, followed by a 5.0% increase in the fourth quarter.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-BEA1-275">[275]</a> Growth continued in 2010, posting
an increase of 3.7% in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-BEA1-275">[275]</a> In July 2010, the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System">Federal Reserve</a> noted that economic activity
continued to increase, but its pace had slowed, and chairman <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> said the economic outlook was "unusually
uncertain."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-276">[276]</a> Overall, the economy
expanded at a rate of 2.9% in 2010.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-277">[277]</a></p>
<p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office">Congressional Budget Office</a> (CBO) and a
broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-estimated-278">[278]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-newc-279">[279]</a> The CBO released a report stating
that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1 million,<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-newc-279">[279]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-280">[280]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-281">[281]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-282">[282]</a> while conceding that "It is impossible
to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package."<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-estimated-278">[278]</a> Although an April 2010,
survey of members of the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_Business_Economics">National Association for
Business Economics</a> showed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in
two years, 73% of 68 respondents believed the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-283">[283]</a> The economy of the United States has
grown faster than the other original <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO">NATO</a> members by a wider margin
under President Obama than it has anytime since the end of <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II">World War II</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-284">[284]</a> The <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> credits the
much faster growth in the United States to the stimulus plan of the US and the austerity measures in the European
Union.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-285">[285]</a></p>
<p>Within a month of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_elections">2010 midterm
elections</a>, Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a
temporary, two-year extension of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_tax_cuts">2001 and 2003 income tax
rates</a>, a one-year <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Insurance_Contributions_Act_tax">payroll
tax</a> reduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount for <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate_tax_in_the_United_States">estate taxes</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-286">[286]</a> The compromise overcame opposition
from some in both parties, and the resulting $858 billion <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorization,_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2010">Tax
Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010</a> passed with bipartisan
majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-287">[287]</a></p>
<p>In December 2013, Obama declared that growing <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States">income inequality</a> is a "defining
challenge of our time" and called on Congress to bolster the safety net and raise wages. This came on the heels of
the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_food_worker_strikes">nationwide strikes of fast-food workers</a> and
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis">Pope Francis</a>' criticism of inequality and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trickle-down_economics">trickle-down economics</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-288">[288]</a></p>
<p>Obama urged Congress to ratify a 12-nation free trade pact called the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership">Trans-Pacific Partnership</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-289">[289]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Environmental policy</strong></h4>
<p><i>See also: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_policy_of_the_United_States"><i>Climate change
policy of the United States</i></a></p>
<p> </p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama-venice-la.jpg/220px-Obama-venice-la.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama-venice-la.jpg/330px-Obama-venice-la.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama-venice-la.jpg/440px-Obama-venice-la.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>Obama at a 2010 briefing on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_oil_spill">BP oil spill</a> at the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard">Coast Guard</a> Station Venice in <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice,_Louisiana">Venice, Louisiana</a></p>
<p>On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories, and oil
refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming">global warming</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-290">[290]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-291">[291]</a></p>
<p>On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_rig">drilling
rig</a> at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macondo_Prospect">Macondo Prospect</a> in the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, causing a <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill">major sustained oil leak</a>. Obama visited the
Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after
a review by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior">Secretary of the
Interior</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Salazar">Ken Salazar</a> and concurrent Congressional
hearings. He then announced a six-month moratorium on new <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_drilling">deepwater drilling</a> permits and leases, pending
regulatory review.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-292">[292]</a> As multiple efforts
by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident,
and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-293">[293]</a></p>
<p>In July 2013, Obama expressed reservations and said he "would reject the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_XL_pipeline">Keystone XL pipeline</a> if it increased carbon
pollution" or "greenhouse emissions."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-294">[294]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-295">[295]</a> Obama's advisers called for a halt to
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_exploration_in_the_Arctic">petroleum exploration in the Arctic</a>
in January 2013.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-296">[296]</a> On February 24, 2015,
Obama vetoed a bill that would have authorized the pipeline.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-297">[297]</a> It was the third veto of Obama's
presidency and his first major veto.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-298">[298]</a></p>
<p>Obama emphasized the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_movement">conservation</a> of <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_lands">federal lands</a> during his term in office. He used his
power under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquities_Act">Antiquities Act</a> to create 25 new <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)">national monuments</a> during his
presidency and expand four others, protecting a total of 553,000,000 acres (224,000,000 ha) of federal lands
and waters, more than any other U.S. president.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Monuments-299">[299]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-300">[300]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-301">[301]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-302">[302]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Health care reform</strong></h4>
<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_reform_in_the_United_States"><i>Health care
reform in the United States</i></a></p>
<p> </p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg/220px-Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg"
alt="Photograph"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg/330px-Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg/440px-Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>Obama signs the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act at the White House, March 23, 2010.</p>
<p>Obama called for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress">Congress</a> to pass legislation
reforming <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States">health care in the United
States</a>, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-health_reform-303">[303]</a> He proposed an expansion
of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, to cap premium increases, and to allow people to retain their
coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900 billion over 10 years and include a
government insurance plan, also known as the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_insurance_option">public option</a>, to compete with the
corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also
make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage for <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-existing_condition">pre-existing conditions</a>, and require every
American to carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies
that offer expensive plans.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-304">[304]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-305">[305]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg/300px-PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg/450px-PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg/600px-PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="300"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>Maximum Out-of-Pocket Premium as Percentage of Family Income and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_poverty_level">federal poverty level</a>, under <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act">Patient Protection and
Affordable Care Act</a>, starting in 2014 (Source: <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service">CRS</a>)<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-306">[306]</a></p>
<p>On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system,
which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-health_reform-303">[303]</a> After much public debate
during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivered <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_speech_to_joint_session_of_Congress,_September_2009">a speech
to a joint session of Congress</a> on September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-307">[307]</a> In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on
using federal funds for stem cell research.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-308">[308]</a></p>
<p>On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-nyt1-309">[309]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-nyt-310">[310]</a> On December 24, 2009, the Senate
passed its own bill—without a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-311">[311]</a> On March 21, 2010, the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act">Patient Protection and
Affordable Care Act</a> (ACA) passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to
212.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-312">[312]</a> Obama signed the bill into law on
March 23, 2010.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-313">[313]</a></p>
<p>The ACA includes <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisions_of_the_Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act">health-related
provisions</a>, most of which took effect in 2014, including expanding <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicaid">Medicaid</a> eligibility for people making up to 133% of the
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_poverty_level">federal poverty level</a> (FPL) starting in 2014,<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-cnn_ref1-314">[314]</a> subsidizing insurance
premiums for people making up to 400% of the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum
"out-of-pocket" payment for annual premiums will be from 2% to 9.5% of income,<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-whitehouse-315">[315]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-316">[316]</a> providing incentives for businesses to
provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions,
establishing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance_exchange">health insurance exchanges</a>,
prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and CBO figures, the
maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the
federal poverty level.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-whitehouse-315">[315]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-cbo_est-317">[317]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png/220px-Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png/330px-Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png/440px-Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>Percentage of Individuals in the United States without Health Insurance, 1963–2015 (Source: <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAMA_(journal)">JAMA</a>)<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-318">[318]</a></p>
<p>The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for
those in high-income <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_bracket">brackets</a>, taxes on <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_tanning">indoor tanning</a>, cuts to the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Advantage">Medicare Advantage</a> program in favor of traditional
Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-319">[319]</a> there is also a tax penalty for those
who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-320">[320]</a> In March 2010, the CBO estimated that
the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143 billion over the first decade.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-321">[321]</a></p>
<p>The law faced several legal challenges, primarily based on the argument that an individual mandate requiring
Americans to buy health insurance was unconstitutional. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote in
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business_v._Sebelius"><i>National
Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius</i></a> that the mandate was constitutional under the U.S.
Congress's taxing authority.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-WP-uphold-322">[322]</a>
In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burwell_v._Hobby_Lobby_Stores,_Inc."><i>Burwell v. Hobby Lobby</i></a> the
Court ruled that "closely-held" for-profit corporations could be exempt on religious grounds under the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Freedom_Restoration_Act">Religious Freedom Restoration Act</a>
from regulations adopted under the ACA that would have required them to pay for insurance that covered certain
contraceptives. In June 2015, the Court ruled 6–3 in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_v._Burwell"><i>King
v. Burwell</i></a> that subsidies to help individuals and families purchase health insurance were authorized
for those doing so on both the federal exchange and state exchanges, not only those purchasing plans "established by
the State," as the statute reads.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-323">[323]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Energy policy</strong></h4>
<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Obama_administration"><i>Energy
policy of the Obama administration</i></a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Prior to June 2014, Obama offered substantial support for a broadly-based "All of the above" approach to domestic <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy">energy policy</a>, which Obama has maintained since his first
term and which he last confirmed at his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Union">State of the
Union</a> speech in January 2014 to a mixed reception by both parties. In June 2014, Obama made indications that
his administration would consider a shift towards an energy policy more closely tuned to the manufacturing industry
and its impact on the domestic economy.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-324">[324]</a>
Obama's approach of selectively combining regulation and incentive to various issues in the domestic energy policy,
such as coal mining and oil fracking, has received mixed commentary for not being as responsive to the needs of the
domestic manufacturing sector as needed, following claims that the domestic manufacturing sector utilizes as much as
a third of the nation's available energy resources.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-325">[325]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-326">[326]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Gun control</strong></h4>
<p><i>Main article: </i><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration#Gun_policy"><i>Social
policy of the Barack Obama administration § Gun policy</i></a></p>
<p> </p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>Obama visits an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Aurora_shooting">Aurora shooting</a> victim at <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Hospital">University of Colorado Hospital</a>, 2012.
</p>
<p>On January 16, 2013, one month after the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting">Sandy Hook Elementary School
shooting</a>, Obama signed 23 executive orders and outlined a series of sweeping proposals regarding <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States">gun control</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-327">[327]</a> He urged Congress to reintroduce an <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban">expired ban</a> on military-style <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_weapons">assault weapons</a>, such as those used in several recent
mass shootings, impose limits on ammunition magazines to 10 rounds, introduce background checks on all gun sales,
pass a ban on possession and sale of armor-piercing bullets, introduce harsher penalties for gun-traffickers,
especially unlicensed dealers who buy arms for criminals and approving the appointment of the head of the federal <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol,
Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives</a> for the first time since 2006.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-328">[328]</a> On January 5, 2016, Obama announced
new executive actions extending background check requirements to more gun sellers.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-329">[329]</a> In a 2016 editorial in the <i>New York
Times</i>, Obama compared the struggle for what he termed "common-sense gun reform" to <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage">women's suffrage</a> and other <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movements">civil rights movements</a> in American history.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-330">[330]</a></p>
<h4><strong>2010 midterm elections</strong></h4>
<p><i>Main articles: </i><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"><i>2010 United States
House of Representatives elections</i></a><i> and </i><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Senate_elections"><i>2010 United States Senate
elections</i></a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Obama called the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections">November 2, 2010
election</a>, where the Democratic Party lost 63 seats in, and control of, the House of Representatives,<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-331">[331]</a> "humbling" and a "shellacking."<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-332">[332]</a> He said that the results came because
not enough Americans had felt the effects of the economic recovery.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-333">[333]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Cybersecurity and Internet policy</strong></h4>
<p>On November 10, 2014, President Obama recommended the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a>
reclassify <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access">broadband Internet service</a> as a
telecommunications service in order to preserve <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutrality">net
neutrality</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT-20141110-EW-334">[334]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT-20141114-335">[335]</a> On February 12, 2013,
President Obama signed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)">Executive Order</a>
<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13636">13636</a>, "Improving Critical Infrastructure
Cybersecurity."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-336">[336]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Government mass surveillance</strong></h4>
<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_on_mass_surveillance"><i>Barack Obama on
mass surveillance</i></a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>In 2005 and 2006, Obama criticized certain aspects of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Act">Patriot
Act</a> for infringing too much on civil liberties and sought as Senator to strengthen civil liberties
protections.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-337">[337]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-CNN-Snowden-338">[338]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-:0-339">[339]</a> In 2006, he voted to reauthorize a
revised version of the Patriot Act, saying the law was not ideal but that the revised version had strengthened civil
liberties.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-:0-339">[339]</a> In 2011, he signed a
four-year renewal of the Patriot Act.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-340">[340]</a>
Following the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)">2013
global surveillance disclosures</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblower">whistleblower</a>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden">Edward Snowden</a>, Obama condemned the leak as
unpatriotic,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-CNN-Snowden-338">[338]</a> but called for
increased restrictions on the NSA to address violations of privacy.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-341">[341]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-342">[342]</a> The changes which Obama ordered have
been described as "modest" however.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-343">[343]</a></p>
<h3><strong>Foreign policy</strong></h3>
<p><i>Main article: </i><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration"><i>Foreign policy of the
Barack Obama administration</i></a></p>
<p> </p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg/220px-P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg/330px-P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg/440px-P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>June 4, 2009 − after his speech <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Beginning"><i>A New Beginning</i></a> at
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_University">Cairo University</a>, U.S. President Obama participates in
a roundtable interview in 2009 with among others <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi">Jamal
Khashoggi</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambang_Harymurti">Bambang Harymurti</a> and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahum_Barnea">Nahum Barnea</a>.</p>
<p>In February and March 2009, Vice President Joe Biden and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State">Secretary of State</a> Hillary Clinton
made separate overseas trips to announce a "new era" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the
terms "break" and "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_reset">reset</a>" to signal major changes from the
policies of the preceding administration.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-preceding_administration-344">[344]</a> Obama
attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab satellite TV network, <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Arabiya">Al Arabiya</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-345">[345]</a></p>
<p>On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and
government of Iran.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-346">[346]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-347">[347]</a> In April, Obama gave a speech in <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara">Ankara</a>, Turkey, which was well received by many Arab
governments.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-348">[348]</a> On June 4, 2009, Obama
delivered a speech at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_University">Cairo University</a> in Egypt calling
for "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Beginning">A New Beginning</a>" in relations between the Islamic
world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-middleeast-349">[349]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg/220px-Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg.png"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg/330px-Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg/440px-Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg.png 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama">International
trips</a> made by President Barack Obama during his terms in office</p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Merkel_an_Obama_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg/220px-Merkel_an_Obama_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Merkel_an_Obama_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg/330px-Merkel_an_Obama_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Merkel_an_Obama_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg/440px-Merkel_an_Obama_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>Obama with German Chancellor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> in 2011</p>
<p>On June 26, 2009, Obama responded to the Iranian government's actions towards protesters following <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election">Iran's 2009 presidential election</a> by
saying: "The violence perpetrated against them is outrageous. We see it and we condemn it."<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-350">[350]</a> While in Moscow on July 7, he
responded to Vice President Biden's comment on a possible Israeli military strike on Iran by saying: "We have said
directly to the Israelis that it is important to try and resolve this in an international setting in a way that does
not create major conflict in the Middle East."<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-351">[351]</a></p>
<p>On September 24, 2009, Obama became the first sitting U.S. President to <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council">preside</a> over a meeting
of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council">United Nations Security
Council</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-352">[352]</a></p>
<p>In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime Minister <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> to continue building Jewish
housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jerusalem">East
Jerusalem</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-353">[353]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-354">[354]</a> During the same month, an agreement
was reached with the administration of Russian President <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> to replace the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/START_I">1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty</a> with a new pact reducing
the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about a third.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-355">[355]</a> Obama and Medvedev signed the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_START">New START</a> treaty in April 2010, and the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate">U.S. Senate</a> ratified it in December 2010.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-356">[356]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016%2C_1.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016%2C_1.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016%2C_1.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016%2C_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016%2C_1.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016%2C_1.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>Obama meets with Italian Prime Minister <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteo_Renzi">Matteo Renzi</a> at the
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House">White House</a>, October 2016.</p>
<p>In December 2011, Obama instructed agencies to consider <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory">LGBT rights</a> when issuing financial
aid to foreign countries.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-357">[357]</a> In August
2013, he criticized Russia's law that discriminates against gays,<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-LAT80713-358">[358]</a> but he stopped short of
advocating a boycott of the upcoming <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics">2014 Winter
Olympics</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sochi">Sochi</a>, Russia.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Huffpo80913-359">[359]</a></p>
<p>In December 2014, Obama announced that he intended to <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Cuban_Thaw">normalize relationships</a> between <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations">Cuba and the United States</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-360">[360]</a> The countries' respective "interests
sections" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20, 2015.</p>
<p>In March 2015, Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to
the Saudis in their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen">military
intervention in Yemen</a>, establishing a "Joint Planning Cell" with Saudi Arabia.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-361">[361]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-362">[362]</a> In 2016, the Obama administration
proposed a series of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations">arms deals
with Saudi Arabia</a> worth $115 billion.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-363">[363]</a> Obama halted the sale of guided
munition technology to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> after Saudi warplanes
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Sana%27a_funeral_airstrike">targeted a funeral</a> in Yemen's capital
Sanaa, killing more than 140 people.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-364">[364]</a></p>
<p>Before leaving office, Obama said German Chancellor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel">Angela
Merkel</a> had been his "closest international partner" throughout his tenure as president.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-thelocal2016-365">[365]</a></p>
<h4><strong>War in Iraq</strong></h4>
<p><i>Main articles: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"><i>Iraq War</i></a><i> and </i><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)"><i>American-led
intervention in Iraq (2014–present)</i></a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>On February 27, 2009, Obama announced that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months. His remarks were
made to a group of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps">Marines</a> preparing for
deployment to Afghanistan. Obama said, "Let me say this as plainly as I can: by August 31, 2010, our combat mission
in Iraq will end."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-366">[366]</a> The Obama
administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troop's levels
from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of about 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010,
the last U.S. combat brigade exited Iraq. Remaining troops transitioned from combat operations to <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-terrorism">counter-terrorism</a> and the training, equipping, and
advising of Iraqi security forces.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-367">[367]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-368">[368]</a> On August 31, 2010, Obama announced
that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-369">[369]</a> On October 21, 2011 President Obama
announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be "home for the holidays."<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-370">[370]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg/220px-David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg"
alt="US President Barack Obama and British Prime Minister David Cameron trade bottles of beer to settle a bet they made on the U.S. vs. England World Cup Soccer game (which ended in a tie), during a bilateral meeting at the G20 Summit in Toronto, Canada, Saturday, June 26, 2010."
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg/330px-David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg/440px-David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>Meeting with UK Prime Minister <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron">David Cameron</a> during the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_G20_Toronto_summit">2010 G20 Toronto summit</a></p>
<p>In June 2014, following the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)#Fall_of_Mosul_and_push_into_Kirkuk">capture
of Mosul</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant">ISIS</a>, Obama
sent 275 troops to provide support and security for U.S. personnel and the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad. ISIS continued
to gain ground and to commit <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant#Human_rights_abuse_and_war_crime_findings">widespread
massacres and ethnic cleansing</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-371">[371]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-372">[372]</a></p>
<p>In August 2014, during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinjar_massacre">Sinjar massacre</a>, Obama ordered
a <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)#United_States_airstrikes">campaign
of U.S. airstrikes against ISIS</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-def31-10-14-373">[373]</a></p>
<p>By the end of 2014, 3,100 American ground troops were committed to the conflict<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-374">[374]</a> and 16,000 sorties were flown over the
battlefield, primarily by U.S. Air Force and Navy pilots.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-375">[375]</a></p>
<p>In early 2015, with the addition of the "Panther Brigade" of the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division">82nd Airborne Division</a> the number of U.S. ground
troops in Iraq surged to 4,400,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-376">[376]</a> and by
July American-led coalition air forces counted 44,000 sorties over the battlefield.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-377">[377]</a></p>
<h4><strong>War in Afghanistan</strong></h4>
<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)"><i>War in
Afghanistan (2001–present)</i></a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-autogenerated1-378">[378]</a> He announced an
increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to "stabilize a deteriorating situation
in Afghanistan," an area he said had not received the "strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently
requires."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-379">[379]</a> He replaced the military
commander in Afghanistan, General <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_D._McKiernan">David D. McKiernan</a>,
with former <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Forces_(United_States_Army)">Special Forces</a> commander
Lt. Gen. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_A._McChrystal">Stanley A. McChrystal</a> in May 2009,
indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the
war.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-counterinsurgency_tactics-380">[380]</a> On
December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan and
proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date;<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-381">[381]</a> this took place in July 2011. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Petraeus">David Petraeus</a> replaced McChrystal in June 2010, after
McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-382">[382]</a> In February 2013, Obama said the U.S.
military would reduce the troop level in Afghanistan from 68,000 to 34,000 U.S. troops by February 2014.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-383">[383]</a></p>
<p>In October 2015, the White House announced a plan to keep U.S. Forces in Afghanistan indefinitely in light of the
deteriorating security situation.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-384">[384]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Israel</strong></h4>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg"
alt="President Barack Obama, at left, shakes hands with Israeli President Shimon Peres, at right, in the Oval Office on Tuesday, May 5, 2009. Standing at right looking on is U.S. Vice President Joe Biden."
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>Obama meeting with Israeli President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimon_Peres">Shimon Peres</a> in the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_Office">Oval Office</a>, May 2009</p>
<p>In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemning <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlement">Israeli settlements</a>, with the United States being
the only nation to do so.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-385">[385]</a> Obama supports
the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-state_solution">two-state solution</a> to the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> based on the 1967
borders with land swaps.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-386">[386]</a></p>
<p>In June 2011, Obama said the bond between the United States and Israel is "unbreakable."<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-387">[387]</a> During the initial years of the Obama
administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including increased military aid,
re-establishment of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Political_Military_Group">U.S.-Israeli Joint
Political Military Group</a> and the Defense Policy Advisory Group, and an increase in visits among high-level
military officials of both countries.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-388">[388]</a>
The Obama administration asked Congress to allocate money toward funding the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Dome">Iron Dome</a> program in response to the waves of <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel">Palestinian rocket attacks on
Israel</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-389">[389]</a></p>
<p>In 2013, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Goldberg">Jeffrey Goldberg</a> reported that, in Obama's
view, "with each new settlement announcement, Netanyahu is moving his country down a path toward near-total
isolation."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Bloomberg-390">[390]</a> In 2014, Obama
likened the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism">Zionist movement</a> to the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a> in the United States. He
said both movements seek to bring justice and equal rights to historically persecuted peoples. He explained, "To me,
being pro-Israel and pro-Jewish is part and parcel with the values that I've been fighting for since I was
politically conscious and started getting involved in politics."<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-391">[391]</a> Obama expressed support for Israel's
right to defend itself during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict">2014
Israel–Gaza conflict</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-392">[392]</a> In 2015,
Obama was harshly criticized by Israel for advocating and signing the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action">Iran Nuclear Deal</a>; Israeli Prime
Minister <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a>, who had advocated the
U.S. congress to oppose it, said the deal was "dangerous" and "bad."<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-393">[393]</a></p>
<p>On December 23, 2016, under the Obama Administration, the United States abstained from <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2334">United Nations Security
Council Resolution 2334</a>, which condemned <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlement">Israeli
settlement building</a> in the occupied <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_territories">Palestinian territories</a> as a violation of
international law, effectively allowing it to pass.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-394">[394]</a> Netanyahu strongly criticized the
Obama Administration's actions,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-395">[395]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-396">[396]</a> and the Israeli government withdrew
its annual dues from the organization, which totaled $6 million, on January 6, 2017.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-397">[397]</a> On January 5, 2017, the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives">United States House of
Representatives</a> voted 342–80 to condemn the UN Resolution.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-398">[398]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-399">[399]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Libya</strong></h4>
<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya"><i>2011 military
intervention in Libya</i></a></p>
<p> </p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>President Obama meets with Russian President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin">Vladimir
Putin</a> to discuss Syria and ISIS, September 29, 2015.</p>
<p>In February 2011, protests in Libya began against long-time dictator <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> as part of the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring">Arab Spring</a>. They soon turned violent. In March, as forces
loyal to Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including
Europe, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League">Arab League</a>, and a resolution<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-400">[400]</a> passed unanimously by the U.S.
Senate.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-401">[401]</a> In response to the unanimous
passage of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973">United Nations
Security Council Resolution 1973</a> on March 17, Gaddafi—who had previously vowed to "show no mercy" to the
rebels of Benghazi<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-402">[402]</a>—announced an
immediate cessation of military activities,<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-403">[403]</a> yet reports came in that his forces
continued shelling <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misrata">Misrata</a>. The next day, on Obama's orders, the
U.S. military took part in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities to protect
civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-404">[404]</a>
including the use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomahawk_(missile)">Tomahawk missiles</a>, <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit">B-2 Spirits</a>, and fighter jets.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-405">[405]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-406">[406]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-407">[407]</a> Six days later, on March 25, by
unanimous vote of all its 28 members, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO">NATO</a> took over leadership of
the effort, dubbed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Unified_Protector">Operation Unified
Protector</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NATOPressRelease-408">[408]</a> Some
Representatives<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-LibyaOffensive-409">[409]</a>
questioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its
cost, structure and aftermath.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-410">[410]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-411">[411]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Syrian Civil War</strong></h4>
<p><i>See also: </i><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War#United_States"><i>Foreign
involvement in the Syrian Civil War § United States</i></a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>On August 18, 2011, several months after the start of the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War">Syrian Civil War</a>, Obama issued a written statement
that said: "The time has come for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad">President Assad</a> to
step aside."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-mustgo-412">[412]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-whstatem-413">[413]</a> This stance was reaffirmed in
November 2015.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-414">[414]</a> In 2012, Obama authorized
multiple <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Sycamore">programs run by the CIA</a> and the Pentagon to
train anti-Assad rebels.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-415">[415]</a> The
Pentagon-run program was later found to have failed and was formally abandoned in October 2015.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-416">[416]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-417">[417]</a></p>
<p>In the wake of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack">chemical weapons attack</a> in Syria,
<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Government_Assessment_of_the_Syrian_Government%27s_Use_of_Chemical_Weapons_on_August_21,_2013">formally
blamed</a> by the Obama administration on the Assad government, Obama chose not to enforce the "red line" he had
pledged<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-redline-418">[418]</a> and, rather than
authorize the promised military action against Assad, went along with the Russia-brokered deal that led to Assad <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_of_Syria%27s_chemical_weapons">giving up chemical weapons</a>;
however attacks with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine_gas">chlorine gas</a> continued.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-419">[419]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-420">[420]</a> In 2014, Obama authorized an <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_intervention_against_ISIL">air campaign aimed primarily at
ISIL</a>, but repeatedly promised the U.S. would not deploy ground troops in Syria.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-421">[421]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-422">[422]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Death of Osama bin Laden</strong></h4>
<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden"><i>Death of Osama bin
Laden</i></a></p>
<p> </p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden.ogv/220px--President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden.ogv.jpg"
alt="File:President Obama on Death of Osama bin Laden.ogv"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>President Obama's address (9:28)<br><i>Also available:</i> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:050111_Osama_Bin_Laden_Death_Statement_audioonly.ogg">Audio only</a>;
<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Remarks_by_the_President_on_Osama_bin_Laden">Full text</a> </p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/11px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png"
alt="Wikisource has information on "Remarks by the President on Osama bin Laden""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/17px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/22px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="11"></figure>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg/220px-Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg"
alt="President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden, along with members of the national security team, receive an update on Operation Neptune's Spear, a mission against Osama bin Laden, in one of the conference rooms of the Situation Room of the White House, on May 1, 2011. They are watching live feed from drones operating over the bin Laden complex."
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg/330px-Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg/440px-Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>Obama and members of the national security team receive an update on <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Neptune%27s_Spear">Operation Neptune's Spear</a> in the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Situation_Room">White House Situation Room</a>, May 1, 2011. See
also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situation_Room_(photograph)"><i>Situation Room</i></a></p>
<p>Starting with information received from Central Intelligence Agency operatives in July 2010, the CIA developed
intelligence over the next several months that determined what they believed to be the hideout of <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>. He was living in seclusion in <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden%27s_compound_in_Abbottabad">a large compound</a> in <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbottabad">Abbottabad</a>, Pakistan, a suburban area 35 miles (56 km)
from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad">Islamabad</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT-clues-423">[423]</a> CIA head <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Panetta">Leon Panetta</a> reported this intelligence to President Obama
in March 2011.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT-clues-423">[423]</a> Meeting with
his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound,
and authorized a "surgical raid" to be conducted by <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs">United States Navy SEALs</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT-clues-423">[423]</a> The operation took place on
May 1, 2011, and resulted in the shooting death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers, computer drives and disks
from the compound.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-WP-binLaden-424">[424]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-ND-binLaden-425">[425]</a> DNA testing was one of
five methods used to positively identify bin Laden's corpse,<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-ABC-binLaden-426">[426]</a> which was buried at sea
several hours later.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT-ObamaAnnounce-427">[427]</a>
Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were
spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City's <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site">Ground Zero</a> and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Square">Times Square</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-WP-binLaden-424">[424]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Guard-ObamaAnnounce-428">[428]</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_the_death_of_Osama_bin_Laden">Reaction to the announcement</a>
was positive across party lines, including from former presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Bloom-binLaden-429">[429]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Iran nuclear talks</strong></h4>
<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action"><i>Joint
Comprehensive Plan of Action</i></a></p>
<p> </p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>Obama talks with Benjamin Netanyahu, March 2013.</p>
<p>In November 2013, the Obama administration opened <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiations_leading_to_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action">negotiations</a>
with Iran to prevent it from acquiring <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon">nuclear weapons</a>,
which included an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Plan_of_Action">interim agreement</a>. Negotiations
took two years with numerous delays, with a deal being announced July 14, 2015. The deal, titled the "<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a>,"
saw the removal of sanctions in exchange for measures that would prevent Iran from producing nuclear weapons. While
Obama hailed the agreement as being a step towards a more hopeful world, the deal drew strong criticism from
Republican and conservative quarters, and from Israeli prime minister <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-430">[430]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-431">[431]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-432">[432]</a> In addition, the transfer of $1.7
billion in cash to Iran shortly after the deal was announced was criticized by the republican party. The Obama
administration said that the payment in cash was because of the "effectiveness of U.S. and international
sanctions."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-433">[433]</a> In order to advance the
deal, the Obama administration shielded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> from the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a>'s <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Cassandra">Project Cassandra</a> investigation regarding drug
smuggling and from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency">Central Intelligence
Agency</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-434">[434]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-435">[435]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Relations with Cuba</strong></h4>
<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Cuban_Thaw"><i>United States–Cuban
Thaw</i></a></p>
<p> </p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg/220px-Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg/330px-Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg/440px-Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>President Obama meeting with Cuban President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro">Raúl Castro</a>
in Panama, April 2015</p>
<p>Since the spring of 2013, secret meetings were conducted between the United States and Cuba in the neutral locations
of Canada and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City">Vatican City</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-436">[436]</a> The Vatican first became involved in
2013 when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis">Pope Francis</a> advised the U.S. and Cuba to <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_exchange">exchange prisoners</a> as a gesture of goodwill.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-437">[437]</a> On December 10, 2013, Cuban President
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro">Raúl Castro</a>, in a significant public moment, greeted
and shook hands with Obama at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Nelson_Mandela">Nelson Mandela
memorial service</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-438">[438]</a></p>
<p>In December 2014, after the secret meetings, it was announced that Obama, with <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis">Pope Francis</a> as an intermediary, had negotiated a
restoration of relations with Cuba, after nearly sixty years of détente.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-439">[439]</a> Popularly dubbed the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Thaw">Cuban Thaw</a>, <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Republic"><i>The New Republic</i></a> deemed the Cuban Thaw to be
"Obama's finest foreign policy achievement."<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-440">[440]</a> On July 1, 2015, President Barack
Obama announced that formal diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States would resume, and embassies
would be opened in Washington and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana">Havana</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-441">[441]</a> The countries' respective "interests
sections" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20 and August 13, 2015, respectively.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-442">[442]</a></p>
<p>Obama visited Havana, Cuba for two days in March 2016, becoming the first sitting U.S. President to arrive since <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> in 1928.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-443">[443]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Africa</strong></h4>
<p>Obama spoke in front of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union">African Union</a> in <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, Ethiopia, on July 29, 2015, the first sitting
U.S. president to do so. He gave a speech encouraging the world to increase economic ties via investments and trade
with the continent, and lauded the progress made in <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Africa">education</a>, infrastructure, and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Africa">economy</a>. He also criticized the lack of democracy and
leaders who refuse to step aside, discrimination against minorities (<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT">LGBT</a> people, religious groups and ethnicities), and corruption. He
suggested an intensified <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratization">democratization</a> and free trade,
to significantly improve the quality of life for Africans.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-444">[444]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-445">[445]</a> During his July 2015 trip, Obama also
was the first U.S. president ever to <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_visits_to_Sub-Saharan_Africa">visit</a> Kenya,
which is the homeland of his father.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-446">[446]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Hiroshima speech</strong></h4>
<p>On May 27, 2016, Obama became the first sitting American president to visit <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>, Japan, 71 years after the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki">U.S. atomic bombing of
Hiroshima</a> that ended <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II">World War II</a>. Accompanied by
Japanese Prime Minister <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe">Shinzō Abe</a>, Obama paid tribute
to the victims of the bombing at the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima_Peace_Memorial_Museum">Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-447">[447]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Russia</strong></h4>
<p><i>See also: </i><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations#Obama's_tenure_(2009%E2%80%9317)"><i>Russia–United
States relations § Obama's tenure (2009–17)</i></a></p>
<p> </p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>Obama meets Russian President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> in September
2015.</p>
<p>After <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation">Russia's invasion of
Crimea</a> in 2014, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_Syria">military
intervention</a> in Syria in 2015, and the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_election_interference_by_Russia">interference</a> in the
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election">2016 U.S. presidential
election</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-ftelect-448">[448]</a> Obama's Russia
policy was widely seen as a failure.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-friedmnyt-449">[449]</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Robertson,_Baron_Robertson_of_Port_Ellen">George Robertson</a>, a
former UK defense secretary and NATO secretary-general, said Obama had "allowed Putin to jump back on the world
stage and test the resolve of the West," adding that the legacy of this disaster would last.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-obexit-450">[450]</a></p>
<h3><strong>Cultural and political image</strong></h3>
<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_image_of_Barack_Obama"><i>Public image of Barack
Obama</i></a></p>
<p> </p>
<p><i>See also: </i><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election"><i>International
reactions to the 2008 United States presidential election</i></a><i> and </i><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election"><i>International
reactions to the 2012 United States presidential election</i></a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Obama's family history, upbringing, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League">Ivy League</a> education
differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through
participation in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement">civil rights movement</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-451">[451]</a> Expressing puzzlement over questions
about whether he is "black enough," Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Black_Journalists">National Association of Black
Journalists</a> that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be
something wrong."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-452">[452]</a> Obama acknowledged his
youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: "I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not
been passed to a new generation."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-453">[453]</a></p>
<p>Obama is frequently referred to as an exceptional orator.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-exceptional_orator-454">[454]</a> During his
pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama delivered a series of weekly Internet
video addresses.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-455">[455]</a> In his speeches as
president, Obama did not make more overt references to race relations than his predecessors,<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-456">[456]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-457">[457]</a> but according to one study, he
implemented stronger policy action on behalf of African-Americans than any president since the Nixon era.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-458">[458]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg/220px-Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg.png"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg/330px-Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg/440px-Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg.png 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>Presidential approval ratings</p>
<p>According to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_Organization">Gallup Organization</a>, Obama began his
presidency with a 68% approval rating<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-459">[459]</a>
before gradually declining for the rest of the year, and eventually bottoming out at 41% in August 2010,<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-460">[460]</a> a trend similar to <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>'s first years in office.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-461">[461]</a> He experienced a small poll bounce
shortly after the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden">death of Osama bin Laden</a> on
May 2, 2011. This bounce lasted until around June 2011, when his approval numbers dropped back to where they were
previously.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-462">[462]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-463">[463]</a> His approval ratings rebounded around
the same time as his reelection in 2012, with polls showing an average job approval of 52% shortly after his second
inauguration.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-464">[464]</a> Despite approval ratings
dropping to 39% in late-2013 due to the ACA roll-out, they climbed to 50% in January 2015 according to Gallup.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-465">[465]</a></p>
<p>Polls showed strong support for Obama in other countries both before and during his presidency.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-466">[466]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-467">[467]</a> In a February 2009 poll conducted in
Western Europe and the U.S. by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Insights_%26_Analytics">Harris
Interactive</a> for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_24">France 24</a> and the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune"><i>International Herald Tribune</i></a>, Obama
was rated as the most respected world leader, as well as the most powerful.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-468">[468]</a> In a similar poll conducted by Harris
in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their
hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-469">[469]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-470">[470]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg/220px-G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg"
alt="Prime Minister David Cameron of the United Kingdom, President Barack Obama, Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany, José Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission, President François Hollande of France and others react emotionally while watching the overtime shootout of the Chelsea vs. Bayern Munich Champions League final, in the Laurel Cabin conference room during the G8 Summit at Camp David, Maryland, May 19, 2012. Cameron raises his arms triumphantly as the Chelsea team wins their first Champions League title in the overtime shootout."
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg/330px-G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg/440px-G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>G8 leaders watching the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_UEFA_Champions_League_Final">2012 UEFA Champions
League Final</a></p>
<p>Obama won <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album">Best Spoken Word Album</a>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award">Grammy Awards</a> for abridged <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiobook">audiobook</a> versions of <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father"><i>Dreams from My Father</i></a> in February 2006 and
for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope"><i>The Audacity of Hope</i></a> in February 2008.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-471">[471]</a> His <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_primary_campaign,_2008#New_Hampshire">concession
speech</a> after the New Hampshire primary was set to music by independent artists as the music video "<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes_We_Can_(will.i.am_song)">Yes We Can</a>," which was viewed
10 million times on YouTube in its first month<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-472">[472]</a> and received a <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award">Daytime Emmy Award</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-473">[473]</a> In December 2008 and in 2012, <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"><i>Time</i></a> magazine named Obama as its <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year">Person of the Year</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-474">[474]</a> The 2008 awarding was for his historic
candidacy and election, which <i>Time</i> described as "the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments."<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-475">[475]</a> On May 25, 2011, Obama became the
first President of the United States to address both houses of the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom">UK Parliament</a> in <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Hall">Westminster Hall</a>, London. This was only the fifth
occurrence since the start of the 20th century of a head of state's being extended this invitation, following <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> in 1960, <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> in 1996, <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> in 2002 and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> in 2010.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-476">[476]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-477">[477]</a></p>
<p>On October 9, 2009, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Committee">Norwegian Nobel
Committee</a> announced that Obama had won the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize">2009 Nobel Peace Prize</a> "for his extraordinary
efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples."<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-nobel_peace_prize-478">[478]</a> Obama accepted this
award in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo">Oslo</a>, Norway on December 10, 2009, with "deep gratitude
and great humility."<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-CNN:_Obama_acceptance_transcript-479">[479]</a> The
award drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-480">[480]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-481">[481]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-482">[482]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-483">[483]</a> Obama's peace prize was called a
"stunning surprise" by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"><i>The New York Times</i></a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-484">[484]</a> Obama is the fourth U.S. president to
be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-485">[485]</a> Obama's Nobel Prize has been viewed
skeptically in subsequent years, especially after the director of the Nobel Institute, <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geir_Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a>, said Obama's Peace Prize did not have
the desired effect.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-486">[486]</a></p>
<h2>Post-presidency (2017–present)</h2>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg/220px-58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg/330px-58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg/440px-58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>Obama, with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden">Joe Biden</a> and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump">Donald Trump</a> at the latter's <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Donald_Trump">inauguration</a> on January 20, 2017</p>
<p>Obama's presidency ended at noon on January 20, 2017, immediately following the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Donald_Trump">inauguration</a> of his Republican successor,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump">Donald Trump</a>. After the inauguration, Obama lifted off on
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_One">Executive One</a>, circled the White House, and flew to <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Base_Andrews">Joint Base Andrews</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-487">[487]</a> The family currently rents a house in
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalorama,_Washington,_D.C.">Kalorama, Washington, D.C.</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-488">[488]</a></p>
<p>On March 2, 2017, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum">John F.
Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a> awarded the annual <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profile_in_Courage_Award">Profile in Courage Award</a> to Obama "for his
enduring commitment to democratic ideals and elevating the standard of political courage."<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-489">[489]</a> In his first public appearance out of
office, Obama appeared at a seminar at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago">University
of Chicago</a> on April 24. The seminar was aimed at the engagement with a new generation as well as an appeal
for their participation in politics.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-490">[490]</a> On
May 4, three days ahead of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election">French
presidential election</a>, Obama publicly endorsed <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a>: "He appeals to people's hopes and not
their fears, and I enjoyed speaking to Emmanuel recently to hear about his independent movement and his vision for
the future of France."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-491">[491]</a> Macron went on to
win the election.</p>
<p>While in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin">Berlin</a> on May 25, Obama made a joint public appearance
with Chancellor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> where he stressed inclusion
and for leaders to question themselves, Obama having been formally invited to Berlin while still in office as part
of an effort to boost Merkel's re-election campaign.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-492">[492]</a> Obama traveled to <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington_Palace">Kensington Palace</a> in England and met with <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Harry">Prince Harry</a> on May 27, 2017; Obama tweeted afterward that
the two discussed their foundations and offering condolences in the wake of the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Manchester_Arena_bombing">Manchester Arena bombing</a> that occurred
five days prior.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-493">[493]</a></p>
<p>After President Trump announced his withdrawal of the United States from the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> on June 1, Obama released a statement
disagreeing with the choice: "But even in the absence of American leadership; even as this administration joins a
small handful of nations that reject the future; I'm confident that our states, cities, and businesses will step up
and do even more to lead the way, and help protect for future generations the one planet we've got."<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-494">[494]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg/220px-Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg/330px-Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg/440px-Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>Obama playing golf with the President of Argentina <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricio_Macri">Mauricio
Macri</a>, October 2017</p>
<p>After Senate Republicans revealed the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Care_Reconciliation_Act_of_2017">Better Care Reconciliation Act of
2017</a>, their discussion draft of a health care bill to replace the Affordable Care Act, on June 22, Obama
released a Facebook post calling the bill "a massive transfer of wealth from middle-class and poor families to the
richest people in America."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-495">[495]</a> On September
19, while delivering the keynote address at Goalkeepers, Obama admitted his frustration with Republicans backing "a
bill that will raise costs, reduce coverage, and roll back protections for older Americans and people with
pre-existing conditions."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-496">[496]</a></p>
<p>After Attorney General <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Sessions">Jeff Sessions</a> announced the
termination of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals">Deferred Action
for Childhood Arrivals</a> (DACA) program on September 5, Obama released a Facebook post criticizing the
decision.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-497">[497]</a> Two days later, he partnered
with former presidents <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a> to work with <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_America_Appeal">One America Appeal</a> to help the victims of <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey">Hurricane Harvey</a> and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma">Hurricane Irma</a> in the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States">Gulf Coast</a> and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas">Texas</a> communities.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-498">[498]</a></p>
<p>Obama hosted the inaugural summit of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_Foundation">Obama
Foundation</a> in Chicago on October 31. Obama intends for the foundation to be the central focus of his
post-presidency and part of his ambitions for his subsequent activities following his presidency to be more
consequential than his time in office.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-499">[499]</a>
Obama has also been working on a Presidential memoir, in a reported $65 million deal with <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Random_House">Penguin Random House</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-nymag-500">[500]</a></p>
<p>Obama went on an international trip from November 28 to December 2, 2017, and visited China, India and France. In
China, he delivered remarks at the Global Alliance of SMEs Summit in Shanghai and met with Chinese President <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> in Beijing.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-501">[501]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-502">[502]</a> He then went to India, where he spoke
at the Hindustan Times Leadership Summit before meeting with Indian Prime Minister <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi">Narendra Modi</a> over lunch. In addition, he held a town
hall for young leaders, organized by the Obama Foundation.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-503">[503]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-504">[504]</a> He also met with the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama">Dalai Lama</a> while in New Delhi.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-505">[505]</a> He ended his five-day trip in France
where he met with French President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a>,
former President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Hollande">Francois Hollande</a> and Paris Mayor <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hidalgo">Anne Hidalgo</a> and then spoke at an invitation-only event,
touching on climate issues.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-506">[506]</a></p>
<p>Barack and Michelle Obama signed a deal on May 22, 2018 to produce docu-series, documentaries and features for <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix">Netflix</a> under the Obamas’ newly formed production company,
Higher Ground Productions. On the deal, Michelle said "I have always believed in the power of storytelling to
inspire us, to make us think differently about the world around us, and to help us open our minds and hearts to
others."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-507">[507]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-508">[508]</a> Higher Ground's first film, <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Factory"><i>American Factory</i></a><i>,</i> was nominated for a <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Documentary_Feature">Best Documentary Oscar</a> in
2020.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-509">[509]</a></p>
<p>A package that contained a <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2018_United_States_mail_bombing_attempts">pipe bomb</a> was sent to
Obama's home in Washington, D.C, on October 24, 2018. The package was intercepted by the Secret Service during
routine mail screenings. Similar packages were sent to several other Democratic leaders, mostly those who voiced
strong objections to the policies of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump">Donald Trump</a> and to <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN">CNN</a>. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz">Debbie Wasserman Schultz</a> was addressed as the
sender of the package. On October 26, 2018, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Sayoc">Cesar Sayoc</a> was
arrested and faces five federal charges in Manhattan carrying a combined maximum sentence of 48 years behind bars in
relation to the pipe bombs.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-510">[510]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-511">[511]</a></p>
<p>In 2019, Barack and Michelle Obama bought a home on <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard">Martha's Vineyard</a> from <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyc_Grousbeck">Wyc Grousbeck</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-512">[512]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-513">[513]</a></p>
<h2>Legacy</h2>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png/370px-Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png/555px-Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png/740px-Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="370"></figure>
<p> </p>
<p>Job growth during the presidency of Obama compared to predecessors, as measured as cumulative percentage change from
month after inauguration to end of his term</p>
<p>Obama's most significant legacy is generally considered to be the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act">Patient Protection and
Affordable Care Act</a> (PPACA), provisions of which went into effect from 2010 to 2020. Many attempts by Senate
Republicans to repeal the PPACA, including a "skinny repeal," have thus far failed.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-legacy-514">[514]</a> Together with the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Care_and_Education_Reconciliation_Act">Health Care and Education
Reconciliation Act</a> amendment, it represents the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States">U.S. healthcare system</a>'s most
significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the passage of <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)">Medicare</a> and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicaid">Medicaid</a> in 1965.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Oberlander2010-515">[515]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Blumenthal2015-516">[516]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-CohenEtAl-517">[517]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYTsigning-518">[518]</a></p>
<p>Many commentators credit Obama with averting a threatened <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(economics)">depression</a> and pulling the economy back from the
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession">Great Recession</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-legacy-514">[514]</a> According to the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics">U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics</a>, the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_administration">Obama administration</a> created 11.3 million
jobs from the month after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama">his first
inauguration</a> to the end of his term.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-519">[519]</a> In 2010, Obama signed into effect the
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act">Dodd–Frank
Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act</a>. Passed as a response to the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308">financial crisis of 2007–08</a>, it
brought the most significant changes to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_regulation">financial
regulation</a> in the United States since the regulatory reform that followed the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression">Great Depression</a> under Democratic President <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-520">[520]</a></p>
<p>In 2009, Obama signed into law the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2010">National Defense
Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010</a>, which contained in it the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Shepard_and_James_Byrd_Jr._Hate_Crimes_Prevention_Act">Matthew
Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act</a>, the first addition to existing federal hate crime law
in the United States since Democratic President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton">Bill
Clinton</a> signed into law the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996. The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate
Crimes Prevention Act expanded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_crime_laws_in_the_United_States">existing
federal hate crime laws in the United States</a> to apply to crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived
gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability, and dropped the prerequisite that the victim be engaging
in a federally protected activity.</p>
<p>As president, Obama advanced LGBT rights.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-521">[521]</a>
In 2010, he signed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Ask,_Don%27t_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010">Don't
Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act</a>, which brought an end to "<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_ask,_don%27t_tell">don't ask, don't tell</a>" policy in the U.S.
armed forces that banned open service from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian,_gay_and_bisexual">LGB</a>
people; the law went into effect the following year.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-522">[522]</a> In 2016, his administration brought an
end to the ban on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender">transgender</a> people serving openly in the
U.S. armed forces.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-523">[523]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-TransBan1-234">[234]</a> A <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_poll">Gallup poll</a>, taken in the final days of Obama's term,
showed that 68% of Americans believed the U.S. had made progress in the situation for gays and lesbians during
Obama's eight years in office.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-524">[524]</a></p>
<p>Obama substantially escalated the use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_strikes">drone strikes</a>
against suspected militants and terrorists associated with <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban">Taliban</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-525">[525]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-526">[526]</a> In 2016, the last year of his
presidency, the US dropped 26,171 bombs on seven different countries.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-527">[527]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-528">[528]</a> Obama left about 8,400 US troops in <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, 5,262 in Iraq, 503 in Syria, 133 in Pakistan,
106 in Somalia, seven in Yemen, and two in Libya at the end of his presidency.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-529">[529]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-530">[530]</a></p>
<p>According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center">Pew Research Center</a> and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics">United States Bureau of Justice
Statistics</a>, from December 31, 2009, to December 31, 2015, inmates sentenced in US federal custody declined
by five percent. This is the largest decline in sentenced inmates in US federal custody since Democratic President
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>. By contrast, the federal prison population
increased significantly under presidents <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-531">[531]</a></p>
<p>Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-532">[532]</a><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-533">[533]</a> A 2018 survey of historians by the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association">American Political Science
Association</a> ranked Obama the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States">8th-greatest
American President</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best%E2%80%94and_Worst%E2%80%94Presidents?-4">[4]</a>
Obama gained 10 spots from the same survey in 2015 from the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution">Brookings Institution</a> that ranked Obama the
18th-greatest American President.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-534">[534]</a></p>
<h3><strong>Presidential library</strong></h3>
<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_Presidential_Center"><i>Barack Obama
Presidential Center</i></a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>The Barack Obama Presidential Center is Obama's planned <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_library">presidential library</a>. It will be hosted by the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago">University of Chicago</a> and located in <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Park_(Chicago)">Jackson Park</a> on the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Side,_Chicago">South Side of Chicago</a>.<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-535">[535]</a></p>
<h2>Bibliography</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father"><i>Dreams from My Father</i></a>, 1995</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope"><i>The Audacity of Hope</i></a>, 2006</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Thee_I_Sing_(book)"><i>Of Thee I Sing</i></a>, 2010</li>
</ul>
<h3><strong>Audiobooks</strong></h3>
<ul>
<li>2006: <i>The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream</i> (read by the author), <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House_Audio">Random House Audio</a>, <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739366417">978-0739366417</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>See also</h2>
<h3><strong>Politics</strong></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy_of_Barack_Obama">Social policy of Barack Obama</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DREAM_Act">DREAM Act</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986">Immigration Reform and
Control Act of 1986</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama">List of
international presidential trips made by Barack Obama</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Class_Tax_Relief_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2012">Middle Class Tax
Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud_Enforcement_and_Recovery_Act_of_2009">Fraud Enforcement and
Recovery Act of 2009</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Broadband_Plan_(United_States)">National Broadband Plan (United
States)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Energy_Efficiency_and_Renewable_Energy">Office of Energy
Efficiency and Renewable Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPEECH_Act">SPEECH Act</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay_with_It">Stay with It</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Energy_and_Climate_Change_Policy">White House
Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy</a></li>
</ul>
<h3><strong>Other</strong></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speeches_of_Barack_Obama">Speeches of Barack Obama</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_Court">Roberts Court</a></li>
</ul>
<h3><strong>Lists</strong></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_threats_against_Barack_Obama">Assassination threats against
Barack Obama</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_Barack_Obama">List of people pardoned by
Barack Obama</a></li>
<li><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States#2009%E2%80%932017_Barack_Obama_Administration">Federal
political scandals, 2009–17</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_presidential_campaign_endorsements,_2008">List of
Barack Obama presidential campaign endorsements, 2008</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_presidential_campaign_endorsements,_2012">List of
Barack Obama presidential campaign endorsements, 2012</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Senators">List of African-American
United States Senators</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Barack_Obama">List of things named after
Barack Obama</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>Notes and references</h2>
<h3><strong>Notes</strong></h3>
<ol>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-1"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=clMEg4-N7ao">"Barack Hussein Obama Takes The Oath Of Office"</a> on <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube">YouTube</a>. January 20, 2009.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-2"><strong>^</strong></a> Wan, William; Scott
Clement (November 18, 2016). <a
href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/obama-legacy/global-approval-rating.html">"Most of
the world doesn't actually see America the way Trump said it did"</a>. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"><i>The Washington Post</i></a>.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-3"><strong>^</strong></a> Jones, Jeffrey M.
(February 15, 2018). <a
href="http://news.gallup.com/poll/226994/obama-first-retrospective-job-approval-rating.aspx">"Obama's First
Retrospective Job Approval Rating Is 63%"</a>. <i>Gallup.com</i>. Retrieved April 5, 2018.</li>
<li>^ <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best%E2%80%94and_Worst%E2%80%94Presidents?_4-0">Jump
up to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best%E2%80%94and_Worst%E2%80%94Presidents?_4-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
Rottinghaus, Brandon; Justin S. Vaughn (February 19, 2018). <a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/02/19/opinion/how-does-trump-stack-up-against-the-best-and-worst-presidents.html">"How
Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best—and Worst—Presidents?"</a>. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"><i>The New York Times</i></a>. Retrieved February
19,2018.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-5"><strong>^</strong></a> Shamsian, Jacob (December
27, 2018). <a
href="https://www.businessinsider.com/barack-and-michelle-obama-most-admired-men-women-gallup-2018-12">"Barack
and Michelle Obama top Gallup's list of most-admired men and women in the world, trouncing the Trumps"</a>.
<i>Business Insider</i>. Retrieved January 2, 2019.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-biography_6-0"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026043047/http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama">"President
Barack Obama"</a>. The White House. 2008. Archived from <a
href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama">the original</a> on October 26, 2009.
Retrieved December 12,2008.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-birth-certificate_7-0"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170303062746/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf">"Certificate
of Live Birth: Barack Hussein Obama II, August 4, 1961, 7:24 pm, Honolulu"</a> (PDF). <i>Department of
Health, State of Hawaii</i>. The White House. April 27, 2011. Archived from <a
href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf">the
original</a> (PDF) on March 3, 2017. Retrieved March 11, 2017.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-maraniss_8-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Maraniss,
David (August 24, 2008). <a
href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620.html">"Though Obama
had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.
p. A22. Retrieved October 28, 2008.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-9"><strong>^</strong></a> Nakaso, Dan (December 22,
2008). <a href="http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/22/ln/hawaii812220320.html">"Twin sisters,
Obama on parallel paths for years"</a>. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Honolulu_Advertiser"><i>The Honolulu Advertiser</i></a>. p. B1.
Retrieved January 22, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-BarretoO'Bryant2013_10-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
Barreto, Amílcar Antonio; Richard L. O'Bryant (November 12, 2013). <a
href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5VQVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT18">"Introduction"</a>. <i>American Identity
in the Age of Obama</i>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 18–19. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-93715-9">978-1-317-93715-9</a>. Retrieved
May 8, 2017.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-11"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama (1995, 2004), p.
12.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-12"><strong>^</strong></a> Smolenyak, Megan
Smolenyak (November–December 2008). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ITgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA46">"The
quest for Obama's Irish roots"</a>. <i>Ancestry</i>. <strong>26</strong> (6): 46–47, 49. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number">ISSN</a> <a
href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1075-475X">1075-475X</a>. Retrieved December 20, 2011.<ul>
<li>Smolenyak, Megan (May 9, 2011). <a
href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/megan-smolenyak-smolenyak/tracing-barack-obamas-roo_b_859151.html">"Tracing
Barack Obama's Roots to Moneygall"</a>. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost"><i>HuffPost</i></a>. Retrieved May 19, 2011.</li>
<li>Rising, David; Noelting, Christoph (June 4, 2009). <a
href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2009-06-04-obama-roots_N.htm">"Researchers: Obama has
German roots"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. Associated Press. Retrieved May 13, 2010.</li>
<li>Hutton, Brian; Nickerson, Matthew (May 3, 2007). <a
href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(For%20sure)%20(%20Obama%27s%20South%20Side%20Irish)%20AND%20date(all)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(For%20sure)%20(%20Obama%27s%20South%20Side%20Irish)%C3%8Al_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D%C3%8Al_useweights=no">"For
sure, Obama's South Side Irish; One of his roots traces back to small village"</a> (paid archive).
<i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. Press Association of Ireland. p. 3. Retrieved November 24, 2008.</li>
<li>Jordon, Mary (May 13, 2007). <a
href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201551.html">"Tiny
Irish village is latest place to claim Obama as its own"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.
p. A14. Retrieved May 13, 2007.</li>
<li>David Williamson (July 5, 2008). <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110521140204/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/welsh-politics/welsh-politics-news/2008/07/05/genealogists-discover-a-red-dragon-breathing-fire-in-us-presidential-candidate-s-past-91466-21266440/">"Wales
link in US presidential candidate's past"</a>. walesonline.co.uk. Archived from <a
href="http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/welsh-politics/welsh-politics-news/2008/07/05/genealogists-discover-a-red-dragon-breathing-fire-in-us-presidential-candidate-s-past-91466-21266440/">the
original</a> on May 21, 2011. Retrieved April 30, 2011.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-13"><strong>^</strong></a> Kipkemboi, Andrew (June
1, 2008). <a href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2008-06-01-0806010145-story.html">"Kenyans
Enthusiastic About Obama"</a>. <i>Baltimore Sun</i>. Retrieved January 16, 2020.</li>
<li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-autogenerated2_14-0">Jump up
to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-autogenerated2_14-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
Jacobs, Sally (July 6, 2011). <a
href="https://www.npr.org/2011/07/11/137553552/president-obamas-father-a-bold-and-reckless-life">"President
Obama's Father: A 'Bold And Reckless Life'"</a>. NPR. Retrieved January 16, 2020.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-15"><strong>^</strong></a> Swaine, Jon (April 29,
2011). <a
href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/8481779/Barack-Obamas-father-forced-out-of-US-in-1960s.html">"Barack
Obama's father 'forced out of US in 1960s'"</a>. Telegraph. Retrieved January 16, 2020.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-16"><strong>^</strong></a> Rachel L. Swarns. <a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/19/nyregion/letters-by-and-about-barack-obamas-father.html">"Words of
Obama's Father Still Waiting to Be Read by His Son - The New York Times"</a>. Nytimes.com. Retrieved January
16, 2020.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-17"><strong>^</strong></a> David R Arnott. <a
href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/photo/obamas-old-school-his-ancestral-village-world-reacts-us-presidential-flna1C6912948">"From
Obama's old school to his ancestral village, world reacts to US presidential election"</a>. Nbcnews.com.
Retrieved January 16, 2020.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Jones_2007_18-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Jones, Tim
(March 27, 2007). <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170207112933/http://gbppr.dyndns.org/~gbpprorg/obama/barack.mother.txt">"Barack
Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator"</a>. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"><i>Chicago Tribune</i></a>. p. 1 (Tempo). Archived
from <a href="http://gbppr.dyndns.org/~gbpprorg/obama/barack.mother.txt">the original</a> on February 7, 2017.
</li>
<li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9%E2%80%9310_19-0">Jump up
to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9%E2%80%9310_19-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9–10.<ul>
<li>Scott (2011), pp. 80–86.</li>
<li>Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118.</li>
<li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 154–160.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Ripley_2008_20-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Ripley,
Amanda (April 9, 2008). <a href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1729685,00.html">"The
story of Barack Obama's mother"</a>. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"><i>Time</i></a>. Retrieved April 9, 2007.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-21"><strong>^</strong></a> Scott (2011), p. 86.<ul>
<li>Jacobs (2011), pp. 125–127.</li>
<li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 160–163.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-22"><strong>^</strong></a> Scott (2011), pp. 87–93.
<ul>
<li>Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118, 125–127, 133–161.</li>
<li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 170–183, 188–189.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-23"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama "Dreams from My
Father a Story of Race and Inheritance"</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-24"><strong>^</strong></a> Scott (2011), pp.
142–144.<ul>
<li>Jacobs (2011), pp. 161–177, 227–230.</li>
<li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 190–194, 201–209, 227–230.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-25"><strong>^</strong></a> Ochieng, Philip
(November 1, 2004). <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223905/http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html">"From
home squared to the US Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found"</a>. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_EastAfrican"><i>The EastAfrican</i></a>. Nairobi. Archived from <a
href="http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html">the original</a> on September
27, 2007.<ul>
<li>Merida, Kevin (December 14, 2007). <a
href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2007/12/13/ST2007121301893.html">"The
ghost of a father"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p. A12. Retrieved June 25, 2008.</li>
<li>Jacobs (2011), pp. 251–255.</li>
<li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 411–417.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-26"><strong>^</strong></a> Serrano, Richard A.
(March 11, 2007). <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081108080115/http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-obamahawaii11-2007mar11,0,199085,full.story">"Obama's
peers didn't see his angst"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. p. A20. Archived from <a
href="http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-obamahawaii11-2007mar11,0,199085,full.story">the
original</a> on November 8, 2008. Retrieved March 13, 2007.<ul>
<li>Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 4 and 5.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-27"><strong>^</strong></a> Scott (2011), pp.
97–103.<ul>
<li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 195–201, 225–230.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-28"><strong>^</strong></a> Maraniss (2012), pp.
195–201, 209–223, 230–244.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-29"><strong>^</strong></a> Maraniss (2012), pp.
216, 221, 230, 234–244.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-30"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
href="https://www.calverteducation.com/calvert/barack-obama-calvert-homeschooler">"Barack Obama: Calvert
Homeschooler?—Calvert Education Blog"</a>. calverteducation.com. January 25, 2014. Retrieved November 25,
2015.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-31"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JYIK9QtNu3w">"Wawancara Eksklusif RCTI dengan Barack Obama (Part
2)"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>. March 2010. Retrieved February 12, 2018.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-in_Jakarta_32-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Zimmer,
Benjamin (2009). <a href="http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1025">"Obama's Indonesian Redux"</a>. Language
Log. <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303094040/http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1025">Archived</a>
from the original on March 3, 2009. Retrieved March 12, 2009.<ul>
<li><a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203010718/http://cetak.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/11/26/00223862/obama.saya.kangen.nasi.goreng.bakso.dan.rambutan">"Obama:
Saya Kangen Nasi Goreng, Bakso, dan Rambutan"</a>. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas"><i>Kompas</i></a> (in Indonesian). November 26, 2008.
Archived from <a
href="http://cetak.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/11/26/00223862/obama.saya.kangen.nasi.goreng.bakso.dan.rambutan">the
original</a> on December 3, 2008.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-in_Jakarta2_33-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Zimmer,
Benjamin (January 23, 2009). <a href="https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1052">"Obama's Indonesian
pleasantries: the video"</a>. <i>Language Log</i>. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>. Retrieved
October 7, 2012.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-34"><strong>^</strong></a> Meacham, Jon (August 22,
2008). <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/what-barack-obama-learned-his-father-88011">"What Barack Obama Learned
from His Father"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170107100237/http://www.newsweek.com/what-barack-obama-learned-his-father-88011?rx=us">Archived</a>
from the original on January 7, 2017. Retrieved January 9, 2017.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-35"><strong>^</strong></a> Serafin, Peter (March
21, 2004). <a href="http://archives.starbulletin.com/2004/03/21/news/story4.html">"Punahou grad stirs up
Illinois politics"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Star-Bulletin"><i>Honolulu
Star-Bulletin</i></a>. Retrieved March 20, 2008.<ul>
<li>Scott, Janny (March 14, 2008). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/14/us/politics/14obama.html">"A
free-spirited wanderer who set Obama's path"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A1. Retrieved
November 18, 2011.</li>
<li>Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 3 and 4.</li>
<li>Scott (2012), pp. 131–134.</li>
<li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 264–269.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-36"><strong>^</strong></a> Wolffe, Richard (March
22, 2008). <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/when-barry-became-barack-84255">"When Barry Became Barack"</a>. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek"><i>Newsweek</i></a>. Retrieved March 21, 2016.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-37"><strong>^</strong></a> Scott (2011), pp.
139–157.<ul>
<li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–281.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-38"><strong>^</strong></a> Scott (2011), pp.
157–194.<ul>
<li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–281, 324–326.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-39"><strong>^</strong></a> Scott (2011), pp. 214,
294, 317–346.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-40"><strong>^</strong></a> Reyes, B.J. (February 8,
2007). <a href="http://archives.starbulletin.com/2007/02/08/news/story02.html">"Punahou left lasting impression
on Obama"</a>. <i>Honolulu Star-Bulletin</i>. Retrieved February 10,2007. As a teenager, Obama went to
parties and sometimes sought out gatherings on military bases or at the University of Hawaii that were attended
mostly by blacks.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-41"><strong>^</strong></a> Elliott, Philip
(November 21, 2007). <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120407214401/http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail">"Obama
gets blunt with N.H. students"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Globe"><i>Boston
Globe</i></a>. Associated Press. p. 8A. Archived from <a
href="http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail">the
original</a> on April 7, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2012.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-42"><strong>^</strong></a> Karl, Jonathan (May 25,
2012). <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/05/obama-and-his-pot-smoking-choom-gang/">"Obama and
his pot-smoking "choom gang""</a>. ABC News. Retrieved May 25, 2012.<ul>
<li>Obama, Barack (2004) [1995]. <a
href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HRCHJp-V0QUC&pg=PA93"><i>Dreams from My Father: A Story
of Race and Inheritance</i></a>. pp. 93–94. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307394125">9780307394125</a>. Retrieved
June 3, 2016.</li>
<li>Maraniss, David (2012). <a href="https://books.google.com/?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&q=choom"><i>Barack Obama:
The Story</i></a>. pages with "choom gang". <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439167533">9781439167533</a>. Retrieved
June 3,2016.</li>
<li>for analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked
marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled"), see:</li>
<li>Seelye, Katharine Q. (October 24, 2006). <a
href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E2DB173FF937A15753C1A9609C8B63">"Obama
offers more variations from the norm"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A21. Retrieved October
29, 2006.</li>
<li>Romano, Lois (January 3, 2007). <a
href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/02/AR2007010201359.html">"Effect
of Obama's candor remains to be seen"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p. A1. Retrieved January
14, 2007.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-43"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
href="https://www.pbs.org/video/frontline-choice-2012-again/">"FRONTLINE The Choice 2012"</a>. PBS. October
9, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2012.</li>
<li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Occidental_44-0">Jump up
to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Occidental_44-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
Gordon, Larry (January 29, 2007). <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100524102944/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29">"Occidental
recalls 'Barry' Obama"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. p. B1. Archived from <a
href="http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29">the original</a>on May 24, 2010. Retrieved May
12, 2010.<ul>
<li>Possley, Maurice (March 30, 2007). <a
href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive,0,1533921.story">"Activism
blossomed in college"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p. 20. <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101009204342/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive%2C0%2C1533921.story">Archived</a>
from the original on October 9, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010.</li>
<li>Kovaleski, Serge F. (February 9, 2008). <a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/us/politics/09obama.html">"Old friends say drugs played bit
part in Obama's young life"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A1. Retrieved May 12, 2010.</li>
<li>Rohter, Larry (April 10, 2008). <a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/us/politics/10obama.html">"Obama says real-life experience
trumps rivals' foreign policy credits"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A18. Retrieved May
12, 2010.</li>
<li>Goldman, Adam; Robert Tanner (May 15, 2008). <a
href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2008-05-15-3144401415_x.htm">"Old friends recall
Obama's years in LA, NYC"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. Associated Press. Retrieved May 12, 2010.</li>
<li>Helman, Scott (August 25, 2008). <a
href="http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/2008/08/25/small_college_awakened_future_senator_to_service/?page=full">"Small
college awakened future senator to service (subscription archive)"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>.
p. 1A. Retrieved May 12, 2010.</li>
<li>Jackson, Brooks (June 5, 2009). <a
href="http://www.factcheck.org/2009/06/more-birther-nonsense-obamas-1981-pakistan-trip">"More
'birther' nonsense: Obama's 1981 Pakistan trip"</a>. FactCheck.org. Retrieved May 12, 2010.</li>
<li>Remnick, David (2010). <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bridge:_The_Life_and_Rise_of_Barack_Obama"><i>The Bridge:
The Life and Rise of Barack Obama</i></a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. <a
href="https://archive.org/details/bridgelifeand00remn/page/98">98–112</a>. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400043606">978-1400043606</a>.</li>
<li>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 92–112.</li>
<li>Mendell (2007), pp. 55–62.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-45"><strong>^</strong></a> Boss-Bicak, Shira
(January 2005). <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905121815/http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/jan05/cover.php">"Barack
Obama '83"</a>. <i>Columbia College Today</i>. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number">ISSN</a> <a
href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0572-7820">0572-7820</a>. Archived from <a
href="http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/jan05/cover.php">the original</a> on September 5, 2008.
Retrieved October 1, 2006.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-46"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/06/26/remarks-president-town-hall">"Remarks by the
President in Town Hall"</a>. White House. June 26, 2014. Retrieved October 15, 2016.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-47"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
href="http://nymag.com/arts/all/approvalmatrix/approval-matrix-2012-8-27/">"The Approval Matrix"</a>. <i>New
York</i>. August 27, 2012.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-48"><strong>^</strong></a> Horsley, Scott (July 9,
2008). <a href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=92337754">"Obama's Early Brush With
Financial Markets"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR">NPR</a>. Retrieved July 17, 2017.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-49"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama, Barack (1998). <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010509024017/http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/obama/cv.html">"Curriculum
vitae"</a>. The University of Chicago Law School. Archived from <a
href="http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/obama/cv.html">the original</a> on May 9, 2001. Retrieved October
1, 2006.<ul>
<li>Issenberg, Sasha (August 6, 2008). <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091107145054/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/08/06/obama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance?page=full">"Obama
shows hints of his year in global finance; Tied markets to social aid"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>.
p. 1A. Archived from <a
href="http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/08/06/obama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance/">the
original</a> on November 7, 2009. Retrieved August 6, 2008.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-50"><strong>^</strong></a> Scott, Janny (July 30,
2007). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/us/politics/30obama.html">"Obama's account of New York often
differs from what others say"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. B1. Retrieved July 31, 2007.<ul>
<li>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 133–140.</li>
<li>Mendell (2007), pp. 62–63.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_51-0">Jump up
to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_51-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_51-2"><i><strong>c</strong></i></a>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_51-3"><i><strong>d</strong></i></a>
Chassie, Karen, ed. (2007). <i>Who's Who in America, 2008</i>. New Providence, NJ: Marquis Who's Who.
p. 3468. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8379-7011-0">978-0-8379-7011-0</a>.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-52"><strong>^</strong></a> Fink, Jason (November 9,
2008). <a
href="http://www.newsday.com/news/new-york/obama-stood-out-even-during-brief-1985-nypirg-job-1.885513">"Obama
stood out, even during brief 1985 NYPIRG job"</a>. <i>Newsday</i>.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-53"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
href="http://www.oprah.com/slideshow/oprahshow/oprahshow1_ss_20061018/10">"Keeping Hope Alive: Barack Obama
Puts Family First"</a>. <i>The Oprah Winfrey Show</i>. October 18, 2006. Retrieved June 24, 2008.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-54"><strong>^</strong></a> Fornek, Scott (September
9, 2007). <a
href="https://www.webcitation.org/5msGZ6sKn?url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545462,BSX-News-wotrees09.stng">"Half
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-55"><strong>^</strong></a> Fornek, Scott (September
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-58"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama (1995, 2004), p.
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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, see: Nitkin, David; Harry Merritt
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to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-88"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama, Barack (August 4,
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Christian_91-0"><strong>^</strong></a> * <a
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President: Barack Obama"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. 2009. Archived from
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<li>Barakat, Matthew (November 17, 2008). <a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/27775757">"Obama's church
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home—away from home"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Retrieved February 5,2010. instead of joining a congregation
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attending a form of Sunday school there.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-social_change_92-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama
(2006), pp. 202–208. Portions excerpted in: Obama, Barack (October 16, 2006). <a
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href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2008/januaryweb-only/104-32.0.html?start=2">"Q&A: Barack
Obama"</a>. <i>Christianity Today</i>. Retrieved January 4, 2013.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-APbychoice_94-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Charles
Babington; Darlene Superville (September 28, 2010). <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511232554/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/28/obama-christian-by-choice_n_742124.html">"Obama
'Christian By Choice': President Responds To Questioner"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>. Associated Press. Archived
from <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/28/obama-christian-by-choice_n_742124.html">the original</a>
on May 11, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-ABCVideobychoice_95-0"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
href="http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2010/09/president-obama-i-am-a-christian-by-choicethe-precepts-of-jesus-spoke-to-me.html">"President
Obama: 'I am a Christian By Choice ... The Precepts of Jesus Spoke to Me'"</a>. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News">ABC News</a>. September 29, 2010. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Trinity_96-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Garrett,
Major; Obama, Barack (March 14, 2008). <a
href="http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/03/obama_talks_to_major_garrett_o.html">"Obama talks to
Major Garrett on 'Hannity & Colmes'"</a>. RealClearPolitics. Retrieved November 10, 2012. Major Garrett,
Fox News correspondent: So the first question, how long have you been a member in good standing of that church?
Sen. Barack Obama (D-IL), presidential candidate: You know, I've been a member since 1991 or '92. And—but I have
known Trinity even before then when I was a community organizer on the South Side, helping steel workers find
jobs ... Garrett: As a member in good standing, were you a regular attendee of Sunday services? Obama: You
know, I won't say that I was a perfect attendee. I was regular in spurts, because there was times when, for
example, our child had just been born, our first child. And so we didn't go as regularly then.<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/24371827">"Obama strongly denounces former pastor"</a>. NBC News.
Associated Press. April 29, 2008. Retrieved November 10,2012. I have been a member of Trinity United
Church of Christ since 1992, and have known Reverend Wright for 20 years. The person I saw yesterday was
not the person [whom] I met 20 years ago.</li>
<li>Miller, Lisa (July 11, 2008). <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130720055213/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/07/11/finding-his-faith.html">"Finding
his faith"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. Archived from <a
href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/07/11/finding-his-faith.html">the original</a> on
July 20, 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2012. He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early
1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago.</li>
<li>Remnick, David (2010). <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bridge:_The_Life_and_Rise_of_Barack_Obama"><i>The Bridge:
The Life and Rise of Barack Obama</i></a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. <a
href="https://archive.org/details/bridgelifeand00remn/page/177">[https://books.google.com/books?id=F6HAasv2v-4C&pg=PA177
177</a>]. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400043606">978-1400043606</a>. In late
October 1987, his third year as an organizer, Obama went with Kellman to a conference on the black
church and social justice at the Harvard Divinity School.</li>
<li>Maraniss (2012), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&pg=PT887">p. 557</a>: It
would take time for Obama to join and become fully engaged in Wright's church, a place where he would be
baptized and married; that would not happen until later, during his second time around in Chicago, but
the process started then, in October 1987 ... Jerry Kellman: "He wasn't a member of the church
during those first three years, but he was drawn to Jeremiah."</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Baker_(author)">Peter, Baker</a> (2017). <i>Obama: The Call
of History</i>. New York: The New York Times/Callaway. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0935112900">978-0935112900</a>. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC">OCLC</a> <a
href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1002264033">1002264033</a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-97"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/27775757">"Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized"</a>. NBC News.
Associated Press. November 17, 2008. Retrieved January 20,2009.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-98"><strong>^</strong></a> Parker, Ashley (December
28, 2013). <a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/29/us/as-the-obamas-celebrate-christmas-rituals-of-faith-stay-on-the-sidelines.html">"As
the Obamas Celebrate Christmas, Rituals of Faith Become Less Visible"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.
Retrieved January 15, 2017.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-99"><strong>^</strong></a> Gilgoff, Dan (June 30,
2009). <a
href="https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/god-and-country/2009/06/30/time-report-white-house-reaction-raise-more-questions-about-obamas-church-hunt">"TIME
Report, White House Reaction Raise More Questions About Obama's Church Hunt"</a>. <i>U.S. News & World
Report</i>. Retrieved January 15, 2017.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-100"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
href="https://washington.cbslocal.com/2014/04/22/first-lady-we-use-sundays-for-naps-if-were-not-going-to-church/">"First
Lady: We Use Sundays For Naps If We're Not Going To Church"</a>. <i>CBS DC</i>. April 22, 2014. Retrieved
January 15, 2017.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-101"><strong>^</strong></a> Lizza, Ryan (March 19,
2007). <a href="http://www.tnr.com/article/the-agitator-barack-obamas-unlikely-political-education">"The
agitator: Barack Obama's unlikely political education"</a>. <i>The New Republic</i>. Vol. 236
no. 12. pp. 22–26, 28–29. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number">ISSN</a> <a
href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6583">0028-6583</a>. Retrieved August 21, 2007.<ul>
<li>Bob Secter; John McCormick (March 30, 2007). <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091214172131/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive%2C0%2C2491692%2Cfull.story">"Portrait
of a pragmatist"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p. 1. Archived from <a
href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive,0,2491692,full.story">the
original</a> on December 14, 2009. Retrieved May 18, 2012.</li>
<li>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 140–295.</li>
<li>Mendell (2007), pp. 63–83.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990a_102-0">Jump up
to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990a_102-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990a_102-2"><i><strong>c</strong></i></a>
Matchan, Linda (February 15, 1990). <a
href="http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/1990/02/15/a_law_review_breakthrough">"A Law Review
breakthrough"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>. p. 29. Retrieved June 15, 2008.<ul>
<li>Corr, John (February 27, 1990). <a
href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_multi=PI%7CDN%7C&p_product=PHNP&p_theme=phnp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=Author%28John%20Corr%29%20AND%20date%2802/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990%29%20AND%20date%28all%29&p_field_advanced-0=Author&p_text_advanced-0=%28John%20Corr%29&p_bool_advanced-1=AND&p_params_advanced-1=date:B,E&p_field_advanced-1=YMD_date&p_text_advanced-1=%2802/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990%29%C3%8Al_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D%C3%8Al_useweights=no">"From
mean streets to hallowed halls"</a> (paid archive). <i>The Philadelphia Inquirer</i>. p. C01.
Retrieved June 6, 2008.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-103"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama, Barack
(August–September 1988). "Why organize? Problems and promise in the inner city". <i>Illinois Issues</i>.
Vol. 14 no. 8–9. pp. 40–42. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number">ISSN</a> <a
href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0738-9663">0738-9663</a>. reprinted in:<br>Knoepfle, Peg, ed. (1990).
<i>After Alinsky: community organizing in Illinois</i>. Springfield, IL: Sangamon State University.
pp. 35–40. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9620873-3-2">978-0-9620873-3-2</a>. He has
also been a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, an organizing institute working throughout
the Midwest.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Obama_2012_104-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama,
Auma (2012). <i>And then life happens: a memoir</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 189–208, 212–216. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-01005-6">978-1-250-01005-6</a>.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-105"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama (1995, 2004), pp.
299–437.<ul>
<li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 564–570.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-wgbh_106-0"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
href="http://bostonlocaltv.org/catalog/V_UDAMVZGA4JEY06N">"Ten O'Clock News; Derrick Bell threatens to leave
Harvard"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGBH_Educational_Foundation"><i>WGBH</i></a><i>, </i><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Archive_of_Public_Broadcasting"><i>American Archive of Public
Broadcasting</i></a>. Boston and Washington, D.C.: WGBH and the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress">Library of Congress</a>. April 24, 1990. Retrieved
September 23, 2016.. Check date values in: |accessdate= (<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date">help</a>)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-107"><strong>^</strong></a> Joey Del Ponte;
Somerville Scout Staff. <a href="https://scoutsomerville.com/feature-something-in-the-water/">"Something in the
Water"</a>. <i>Somerville Scout</i> (January/February 2014). p. 26. Barack Obama lived in the big,
ivy-covered brick building at 365 Broadway ... From 1988 to 1991, the future president resided in a
basement apartment while attending Harvard Law School.</li>
<li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_2007_108-0">Jump up
to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_2007_108-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
Michael Levenson; Jonathan Saltzman (January 28, 2007). <a
href="http://archive.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/01/28/at_harvard_law_a_unifying_voice/">"At Harvard
Law, a unifying voice"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>. p. 1A. Retrieved June 15, 2008.<ul>
<li>Kantor, Jodi (January 28, 2007). <a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/us/politics/28obama.html">"In law school, Obama found
political voice"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A1. Retrieved June 15, 2008.</li>
<li>Mundy, Liza (August 12, 2007). <a
href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/08/AR2007080802038_pf.html">"A
series of fortunate events"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p. W10. Retrieved June 15,2008.
</li>
<li>Mendell (2007), pp. 80–92.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990b_109-0">Jump up
to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990b_109-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
Butterfield, Fox (February 6, 1990). <a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/06/us/first-black-elected-to-head-harvard-s-law-review.html">"First
black elected to head Harvard's Law Review"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A20. Retrieved June 15,
2008.<ul>
<li>Ybarra, Michael J (February 7, 1990). <a
href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-02-07-9001110408-story.html">"Activist in
Chicago now heads Harvard Law Review"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p. 3. Retrieved October 29,
2011.</li>
<li>Drummond, Tammerlin (March 12, 1990). <a
href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60017156.html?dids=60017156:60017156&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">"Barack
Obama's law; Harvard Law Review's first black president plans a life of public service"</a> (paid
archive). <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. p. E1. Retrieved June 15, 2008.</li>
<li>Evans, Gaynelle (March 15, 1990). <a href="https://diverseeducation.com/article/11791/">"Opening another
door: The saga of Harvard's Barack H. Obama"</a>. <i>Black Issues in Higher Education</i>.
Vol. 7 no. 1. p. 5. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number">ISSN</a> <a
href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0742-0277">0742-0277</a>. Retrieved May 18, 2012.</li>
<li>Pugh, Allison J. (April 18, 1990). <a
href="https://allisonpugh.weebly.com/uploads/4/4/7/8/44787215/miami_herald__22law_review_president_22.pdf">"Law
Review's first black president aims to help poor"</a> (PDF). <i>The Miami Herald</i>. Associated
Press. p. C01. Retrieved January 1, 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-110"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wzmmBZ7i4BQ">Video</a> on <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube">YouTube</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-111"><strong>^</strong></a> Aguilar, Louis (July
11, 1990). <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080929145015/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/28774085.html?dids=28774085:28774085&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">"Survey:
Law firms slow to add minority partners"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p. 1 (Business). Archived from <a
href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/28774085.html?dids=28774085:28774085&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">the
original</a> on September 29, 2008. Retrieved June 15,2008.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Juris_Doctor_112-0"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/11/obama-joins-list-of-seven-presidents-with-harvard-degrees/">"Obama
joins list of seven presidents with Harvard degrees"</a>. <i>news.harvard.edu</i>. November 6, 2008.
Retrieved October 23,2017. Adams, Richard (May 9, 2007). <a
href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/09/barackobama.uselections20081">"Barack Obama"</a>. <i>The
Guardian</i>. London. <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013083027/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/may/09/barackobama.uselections20081">Archived</a>
from the original on October 13, 2008. Retrieved October 26, 2008.</li>
<li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Scott_2008a_113-0">Jump up
to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Scott_2008a_113-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Scott_2008a_113-2"><i><strong>c</strong></i></a>
Scott, Janny (May 18, 2008). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/us/politics/18memoirs.html">"The story
of Obama, written by Obama"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A1. Retrieved June 15,2008.<ul>
<li>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. xiii–xvii.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Fellow_114-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Merriner,
James L. (June 2008). <a
href="http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2008/Obamas-Chicago-Posse/The-Friends-of-O/index.php?cp=2&si=1">"The
friends of O"</a>. <i>Chicago</i>. Vol. 57 no. 6. pp. 74–79, 97–99. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number">ISSN</a> <a
href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4595">0362-4595</a>. Retrieved January 30, 2010.<ul>
<li>Zengerle, Jason (July 30, 2008). <a
href="http://www.tnr.com/article/con-law?id=86dd0277-c6ee-4e3c-83e9-0bb468c5c40d&p=1">"Con law;
What the University of Chicago right thinks of Obama"</a>. <i>The New Republic</i>.
<strong>239</strong>(1). pp. 7–8. Retrieved January 30, 2010.</li>
<li>Kantor, Jodi (July 30, 2008). <a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/30/us/politics/30law.html">"Teaching law, testing ideas, Obama
stood slightly apart"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A1. Retrieved January 30, 2010.</li>
<li>Gray, Steven (September 10, 2008). <a
href="http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1835238-2,00.html">"Taking professor Obama's
class"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Retrieved January 30, 2010.</li>
<li>Starr, Alexandra (September 21, 2008). <a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/21/magazine/21obama-t.html">"Case study"</a>. <i>The New York
Times Magazine</i>. p. 76. Retrieved January 30, 2010.</li>
<li>Hundley, Tom (March 22, 2009). <a
href="http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2009-03-22/features/0903200725_1_barack-obama-story-chicago-school-harvard-law">"Ivory
tower of power"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune Magazine</i>. p. 6. Retrieved January 30, 2010.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-115"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080608225931/http://www.law.uchicago.edu/media/index.html">"Statement
regarding Barack Obama"</a>. University of Chicago Law School. March 27, 2008. Archived from <a
href="http://www.law.uchicago.edu/media/index.html">the original</a> on June 8, 2008. Retrieved June 5,
2008.<ul>
<li>Miller, Joe (March 28, 2008). <a
href="https://www.factcheck.org/2008/03/obama-a-constitutional-law-professor/">"Was Barack Obama
really a constitutional law professor?"</a>. <i>FactCheck.org</i>. Retrieved May 18, 2012.</li>
<li>Holan, Angie Drobnic (March 7, 2008). <a
href="https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2008/mar/07/obamas-20-years-experience/">"Obama's
20 years of experience"</a>. <i>PolitiFact.com</i>. Retrieved June 10, 2008.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Forty_116-0"><strong>^</strong></a> White, Jesse,
ed. (2000). <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040416120057/http://www.sos.state.il.us/bb/sec4_71_132.pdf"><i>Illinois
Blue Book, 2000, Millennium ed</i></a> (PDF). Springfield, IL: Illinois Secretary of State. p. 83.
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC">OCLC</a> <a
href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43923973">43923973</a>. Archived from <a
href="http://www.sos.state.il.us/bb/toc.html">the original</a> on April 16, 2004. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
<ul>
<li>Jarrett, Vernon (August 11, 1992). <a
href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(Vernon%20Jarrett)%20AND%20date(8/11/1992%20to%208/11/1992)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=8/11/1992%20to%208/11/1992)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(Vernon%20Jarrett)%C3%8Al_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D%C3%8Al_useweights=no">"'Project
Vote' brings power to the people"</a> (paid archive). <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. p. 23.
Retrieved June 6, 2008.</li>
<li>Reynolds, Gretchen (January 1993). <a
href="http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/January-1993/Vote-of-Confidence">"Vote of
confidence"</a>. <i>Chicago Magazine</i>. <strong>42</strong> (1). pp. 53–54. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number">ISSN</a> <a
href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4595">0362-4595</a>. <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080514183643/http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/January-1993/Vote-of-Confidence">Archived</a>
from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2008.</li>
<li>Anderson, Veronica (October 3, 1993). "40 under Forty: Barack Obama, Director, Illinois Project Vote".
<i>Crain's Chicago Business</i>. <strong>16</strong> (39). p. 43. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number">ISSN</a> <a
href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0149-6956">0149-6956</a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-117"><strong>^</strong></a> United States District
Court: Northern District of Illinois—CM/ECF LIVE, Ver 3.0 (Chicago) (July 6, 1994). <a
href="https://www.clearinghouse.net/chDocs/public/FH-IL-0011-9000.pdf">"Civil Docket for Case #:
1:94-cv-04094"</a> (PDF). clearinghouse.net. Retrieved June 3, 2016.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-118"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
href="https://www.clearinghouse.net/detail.php?id=10112">"Buycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank—Civil
Rights Litigation Clearinghouse"</a>. clearinghouse.net. Retrieved November 25, 2015.</li>
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to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
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I'm running for president"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. <a
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-BBC20070210_178-0"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
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News</i>. February 10, 2007. <a
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Parsons, Christi (February 10, 2007). <a
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-193"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-197"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
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Andrews, Edmund L.; Dash, Eric (March 23, 2009). <a
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-265"><strong>^</strong></a> Sahadi, Jeanne
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href="http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000">"Unemployment Rate"</a>. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a>. Retrieved
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to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
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original</a> on May 12, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-276"><strong>^</strong></a> Harding, Robin (July
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Change in Real Gross Domestic Product (Annual)"</a>. <i>National Income and Product Accounts Table</i>.
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original</a> on May 12, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2011.</li>
<li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-estimated_278-0">Jump up
to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-estimated_278-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a> <a
href="http://www.cbo.gov/publication/42715">"Estimated Impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
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to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-newc_279-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a> Calmes,
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-280"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
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Stimulus created as many as 2.1 million jobs"</a>. February 23, 2010. Retrieved April 25, 2010.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-281"><strong>^</strong></a> Krugman, Paul (November
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-282"><strong>^</strong></a> Isidore, Chris (January
29, 2010). <a href="http://money.cnn.com/2010/01/29/news/economy/gdp/index.htm">"Best economic growth in six
years"</a>. CNN. Retrieved April 18, 2010.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-283"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
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Shows Business Recovery Gaining Momentum, with More Jobs Ahead"</a>. Archived from <a
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-284"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
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NATO Members"</a>. <i>Politics that Work</i>. March 9, 2015.</li>
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-286"><strong>^</strong></a> Herszenhorn, David M.;
Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (December 7, 2010). <a
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4, 2013). <a
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(October 1, 2009). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/01/science/earth/01epa.html">"E.P.A. Moves to
Curtail Greenhouse Gas Emissions"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-291"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
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to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
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Zeleny, Jeff (September 9, 2009). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/10/us/politics/10obama.html">"Obama,
Armed With Details, Says Health Plan Is Necessary"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
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option"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico"><i>Politico</i></a>. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-308"><strong>^</strong></a> Daniel Nasaw (March 10,
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to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-whitehouse_315-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a> <a
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-534"><strong>^</strong></a> Rottinghaus, Brandon;
Justin S. Vaughn (February 13, 2015). <a
href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2015/02/13/measuring-obama-against-the-great-presidents/">"Measuring
Obama against the great presidents"</a>. Brookings.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-535"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
href="https://www.obama.org/about-the-foundation/">"Obama Foundation FAQs"</a>. Barack Obama Foundation.
Retrieved January 16, 2020.</li>
</ol>
<h3><strong>References</strong></h3>
<ul>
<li>Jacobs, Sally H. (2011). <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Other_Barack:_The_Bold_and_Reckless_Life_of_President_Obama%27s_Father"><i>The
Other Barack: The Bold and Reckless Life of President Obama's Father</i></a>. New York: <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1586487935">978-1586487935</a>.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Maraniss">Maraniss, David</a> (2012). <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama:_The_Story"><i>Barack Obama: The Story</i></a>. New York:
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439160404">978-1439160404</a>.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mendell">Mendell, David</a> (2007). <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama:_From_Promise_to_Power"><i>Obama: From Promise to Power</i></a>.
New York: Amistad/<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-085820-9">978-0-06-085820-9</a>.</li>
<li>Obama, Barack (2004) [1st pub. 1995]. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father"><i>Dreams
from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance</i></a>. New York: <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Rivers_Press">Three Rivers Press</a>. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400082773">978-1400082773</a>.</li>
<li>Obama, Barack (2006). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope"><i>The Audacity of Hope:
Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream</i></a>. New York: <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group">Crown Publishing Group</a>. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307237699">978-0307237699</a>.</li>
<li>Scott, Janny (2011). <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Singular_Woman:_The_Untold_Story_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Mother"><i>A
Singular Woman: The Untold Story of Barack Obama's Mother</i></a>. New York: <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhead_Books">Riverhead Books</a>. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594487972">978-1594487972</a>.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Further reading</h2>
<ul>
<li>Graff, Garrett M. (November 1, 2006). <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080214141924/http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/1836.html">"The
Legend of Barack Obama"</a>. <i>Washingtonian</i>. Archived from <a
href="http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/1836.html">the original</a> on February 14, 2008.
Retrieved January 14, 2008.</li>
<li>Koltun, Dave (2005). "The 2004 Illinois Senate Race: Obama Wins Open Seat and Becomes National Political
"Star"". In Ahuja, Sunil; Dewhirst, Robert (eds.). <i>The Road to Congress 2004</i>. Hauppauge, New York: Nova
Science Publishers. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59454-360-9">978-1-59454-360-9</a>.</li>
<li>Lizza, Ryan (September 2007). <a
href="https://www.gq.com/news-politics/newsmakers/200708/obama-barack-election-president">"Above the
Fray"</a>. <i>GQ</i>. Retrieved October 27, 2010.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larissa_MacFarquhar">Larissa MacFarquhar</a> (May 7, 2007). <a
href="http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/05/07/070507fa_fact_macfarquhar">"The Conciliator: Where is
Barack Obama Coming From?"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. Retrieved January 14, 2008.</li>
<li>McClelland, Edward (2010). <a href="https://archive.org/details/youngmrobamachic0000mccl"><i>Young Mr. Obama:
Chicago and the Making of a Black President</i></a>. New York: Bloomsbury Press. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1608190607">978-1608190607</a>.</li>
<li>Zutter, Hank De (December 8, 1995). <a
href="http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/what-makes-obama-run/Content?oid=889221">"What Makes Obama
Run?"</a>. <i>Chicago Reader</i>. Retrieved April 25, 2015.</li>
</ul>
<h2>External links</h2>
<figure class="table">
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library">Library resources</a>
about<br><strong>Barack Obama</strong></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
<ul>
<li><a
href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=52010985&library=OLBP">Online
books</a></li>
<li><a href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=52010985">Resources in
your library</a></li>
<li><a
href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=52010985&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources
in other libraries</a></li>
</ul>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>By Barack Obama</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
<ul>
<li><a
href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=52010985&library=OLBP">Online
books</a></li>
<li><a href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=52010985">Resources in
your library</a></li>
<li><a
href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=52010985&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources
in other libraries</a></li>
</ul>
</th>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</figure>
<h3><strong>Official</strong></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.obama.org/">Official website</a> of The Obama Foundation</li>
<li><a href="https://www.obamalibrary.gov/">Official website</a> of the Barack Obama Presidential Library</li>
<li><a href="https://www.ofa.us/">Official website</a> of <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizing_for_Action">Organizing for Action</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/barackobama">White House biography</a></li>
</ul>
<h3><strong>Other</strong></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/barack-obama">Column archive</a> at <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost"><i>The Huffington Post</i></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/973560">Barack Obama</a> at the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a></li>
<li>Obama B. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Health_Care_Reform:_Progress_to_Date_and_Next_Steps">United
States Health Care Reform: Progress to Date and Next Steps</a>. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAMA_(journal)"><i>JAMA</i></a>. Published online July 11, 2016. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a
href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2016.9797">10.1001/jama.2016.9797</a>.</li>
<li>Teague Beckwith, Ryan (March 23, 2017). "<a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331204859/http://time.com/4710841/obamacare-repeal-barack-obama-statement/">Read
Barack Obama's Statement on the Anniversary of Obamacare</a>." <i>Time</i> magazine. Archived from <a
href="http://time.com/4710841/obamacare-repeal-barack-obama-statement/">the original</a> on March 31, 2017.
Retrieved March 31, 2017. See also: Taylor, Jessica (March 23, 2017). "<a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324005859/http://www.npr.org/2017/03/23/521259581/obama-america-is-stronger-because-of-the-affordable-care-act">Obama:
'America Is Stronger Because Of The Affordable Care Act'</a>." National Public Radio. Archived from <a
href="https://www.npr.org/2017/03/23/521259581/obama-america-is-stronger-because-of-the-affordable-care-act">the
original</a> on March 31, 2017. Retrieved March 31, 2017.</li>
<li>Obama B. <a
href="http://harvardlawreview.org/2017/01/the-presidents-role-in-advancing-criminal-justice-reform/">"The
President's Role in Advancing Criminal Justice Reform</a>." <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review"><i>Harvard Law Review</i></a>. Published January 5,
2017.</li>
<li><a
href="https://curlie.org/Regional/North_America/United_States/Government/Executive_Branch/President/POTUS_Barack_Obama">Barack
Obama</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlie">Curlie</a></li>
<li>United States Congress. <a href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=O000167">"Barack Obama
(id: O000167)"</a>. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress"><i>Biographical
Directory of the United States Congress</i></a>.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?barackobama">Appearances</a> on <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li>
<li><a href="http://articles.chicagotribune.com/keyword/barack-obama">Barack Obama</a> articles in the archive of
the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"><i>Chicago Tribune</i></a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.politifact.com/personalities/barack-obama/">Collected news and commentary</a> at the
<i>Tampa Bay Times</i>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolitiFact.com">PolitiFact.com</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/2011/02/25/ABjfuEJ_category.html">Collected news and commentary</a> at
<i>The Washington Post</i>'s Fact Checker blog</li>
<li>"<a
href="https://archive.today/20170402202312/http://www.vox.com/2015/6/26/8849925/obama-obamacare-history-presidents">Barack
Obama is officially one of the most consequential presidents in American history</a>" by <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(website)">Vox</a> author Dylan Matthews on March 24, 2017. <a
href="https://www.vox.com/2015/6/26/8849925/obama-obamacare-history-presidents">Archived from the
original</a> on March 24, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2017. The article describes the successes and failures of
Barack Obama's domestic and foreign policy as well as provides articles for further reading in this context.
</li>
<li><a href="https://www.wbez.org/shows/making-oprah/71b8de57-b2be-4e03-8481-683258de3ec1"><i>Making Obama</i></a>.
<i>Making</i>. 2018. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBEZ">WBEZ</a>. "Former President Barack Obama—along
with key advisers, mentors, and rivals—tells the story of his climb from Chicago to the national stage."</li>
<li><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Obama,+Barack">Works by Barack Obama</a> at <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li>
<li><a
href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Obama%2C%20Barack%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Barack%20Obama%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Obama%2C%20Barack%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Barack%20Obama%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Obama%2C%20B%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Barack%20Obama%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Obama%2C%20Barack%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Barack%20Obama%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works
by or about Barack Obama</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive">Internet
Archive</a></li>
<li><a href="https://librivox.org/author/11252">Works by Barack Obama</a> at <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks)</li>
</ul>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png"
alt=""
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="15"></figure>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1682433/">Barack Obama</a> on <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb">IMDb</a> </li>
</ul>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png"
alt="Edit this at Wikidata"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="10"></figure>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.tv.com/people/barack-obama/">Barack Obama</a> at <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV.com">TV.com</a></li>
</ul>
<figure class="image"><img
src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png"
alt="Edit this at Wikidata"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x"
sizes="100vw" width="10"></figure>
<p><br> </p>