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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost --> <!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying --> <!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) --> <html> <head> <meta name="generator" content= "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st August 2002), see www.w3.org"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css"> <title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/object.hpp&gt;</title> </head> <body> <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary= "header"> <tr> <td valign="top" width="300"> <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../boost.png" border="0"></a></h3> </td> <td valign="top"> <h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1> <h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/object.hpp&gt;</h2> </td> </tr> </table> <hr> <h2>Contents</h2> <dl class="page-index"> <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt> <dt><a href="#types">Types</a></dt> <dd> <dl class="page-index"> <dt><a href="#slice_nil-spec">slice_nil</a></dt> </dl> </dd> <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a></dt> <dd> <dl class="page-index"> <dt><a href="#const_attribute_policies-spec">Class <code>const_attribute_policies</code></a></dt> <dd> <dl class="page-index"> <dt><a href="#const_attribute_policies-spec-synopsis">Class <code>const_attribute_policies</code> synopsis</a></dt> <dt><a href="#const_attribute_policies-spec-statics">Class <code>const_attribute_policies</code> static functions</a></dt> </dl> </dd> <dt><a href="#attribute_policies-spec">Class <code>attribute_policies</code></a></dt> <dd> <dl class="page-index"> <dt><a href="#attribute_policies-spec-synopsis">Class <code>attribute_policies</code> synopsis</a></dt> <dt><a href="#attribute_policies-spec-statics">Class <code>attribute_policies</code> static functions</a></dt> </dl> </dd> <dt><a href="#const_objattribute_policies-spec">Class <code>const_objattribute_policies</code></a></dt> <dd> <dl class="page-index"> <dt><a href="#const_objattribute_policies-spec-synopsis">Class <code>const_objattribute_policies</code> synopsis</a></dt> <dt><a href="#const_objattribute_policies-spec-statics">Class <code>const_objattribute_policies</code> static functions</a></dt> </dl> </dd> <dt><a href="#objattribute_policies-spec">Class <code>objattribute_policies</code></a></dt> <dd> <dl class="page-index"> <dt><a href="#objattribute_policies-spec-synopsis">Class <code>objattribute_policies</code> synopsis</a></dt> <dt><a href="#objattribute_policies-spec-statics">Class <code>objattribute_policies</code> static functions</a></dt> </dl> </dd> <dt><a href="#const_item_policies-spec">Class <code>const_item_policies</code></a></dt> <dd> <dl class="page-index"> <dt><a href="#const_item_policies-spec-synopsis">Class <code>const_item_policies</code> synopsis</a></dt> <dt><a href="#const_item_policies-spec-statics">Class <code>const_item_policies</code> static functions</a></dt> </dl> </dd> <dt><a href="#item_policies-spec">Class <code>item_policies</code></a></dt> <dd> <dl class="page-index"> <dt><a href="#item_policies-spec-synopsis">Class <code>item_policies</code> synopsis</a></dt> <dt><a href="#item_policies-spec-statics">Class <code>item_policies</code> static functions</a></dt> </dl> </dd> <dt><a href="#const_slice_policies-spec">Class <code>const_slice_policies</code></a></dt> <dd> <dl class="page-index"> <dt><a href="#const_slice_policies-spec-synopsis">Class <code>const_slice_policies</code> synopsis</a></dt> <dt><a href="#const_slice_policies-spec-statics">Class <code>const_slice_policies</code> static functions</a></dt> </dl> </dd> <dt><a href="#slice_policies-spec">Class <code>slice_policies</code></a></dt> <dd> <dl class="page-index"> <dt><a href="#slice_policies-spec-synopsis">Class <code>slice_policies</code> synopsis</a></dt> <dt><a href="#slice_policies-spec-statics">Class <code>slice_policies</code> static functions</a></dt> </dl> </dd> <dt><a href="#object_operators-spec">Class <code>object_operators</code></a></dt> <dd> <dl class="page-index"> <dt><a href="#object_operators-spec-synopsis">Class <code>object_operators</code> synopsis</a></dt> <dt><a href="#object_operators-spec-observers">Class <code>object_operators</code> observer functions</a></dt> </dl> </dd> <dt><a href="#object-spec">Class <code>object</code></a></dt> <dd> <dl class="page-index"> <dt><a href="#object-spec-synopsis">Class <code>object</code> synopsis</a></dt> <dt><a href="#object-spec-ctors">Class <code>object</code> constructors and destructor</a></dt> <dt><a href="#object-spec-modifiers">Class template <code>object</code> modifier functions</a></dt> <dt><a href="#object-spec-observers">Class template <code>object</code> observer functions</a></dt> </dl> </dd> <dt><a href="#proxy-spec">Class template <code>proxy</code></a></dt> <dd> <dl class="page-index"> <dt><a href="#proxy-spec-synopsis">Class template <code>proxy</code> synopsis</a></dt> <dt><a href="#proxy-spec-modifiers">Class template <code>proxy</code> modifier functions</a></dt> <dt><a href="#proxy-spec-observers">Class template <code>proxy</code> observer functions</a></dt> </dl> </dd> </dl> </dd> <dt><a href="#functions">Functions</a></dt> <dd> <dl class="page-index"> <dt><a href="#del-spec">del</a></dt> <dt><a href="#comparisons-spec">comparisons</a></dt> <dt><a href="#binary-spec">binary operations</a></dt> <dt><a href="#assignment-spec">assignment operations</a></dt> </dl> <dl class="page-index"> <dt><a href="#object_operators-spec">operators</a></dt> </dl> <dl class="page-index"> <dt><a href="#len-spec">len()</a></dt> </dl> </dd> <dt><a href="#examples">Example</a></dt> </dl> <hr> <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2> <p>Exposes the generic Python object wrapper class <code>object</code>, and related classes. In order to avoid some potenential problems with argument-dependent lookup and the generalized operators defined on <code>object</code>, all these facilities are defined in <code>namespace&nbsp;boost::python::api</code>, and <code>object</code> is imported into <code>namespace&nbsp;boost::python</code> with a <i>using-declaration</i>.</p> <h2><a name="types"></a>Types</h2> <p><a name="slice_nil-spec"></a></p> <pre> class slice_nil; static const _ = slice_nil(); </pre> A type that can be used to get the effect of leaving out an index in a Python slice expression: <pre> &gt;&gt;&gt; x[:-1] &gt;&gt;&gt; x[::-1] </pre> C++ equivalent: <pre> x.slice(_,-1) x[slice(_,_,-1)] </pre> <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2> <!-- begin --> <h3><a name="const_attribute_policies-spec"></a>Class <code>const_attribute_policies</code></h3> <p>The policies which are used for proxies representing an attribute access to a <code>const&nbsp;object</code>.</p> <h4><a name="const_attribute_policies-spec-synopsis"></a>Class <code>const_attribute_policies</code> synopsis</h4> <pre> namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api { struct const_attribute_policies { typedef char const* key_type; static object get(object const&amp; target, char const* key); }; }}} </pre> <h4><a name="const_attribute_policies-spec-statics"></a>Class <code>const_attribute_policies</code> static functions</h4> <pre> static object get(object const&amp; target, char const* key); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>key</code> is an <a href= "definitions.html#ntbs">ntbs</a>.</dt> <dt><b>Effects:</b> accesses the attribute of <code>target</code> named by <code>key</code>.</dt> <dt><b>Returns:</b> An <code>object</code> managing the result of the attribute access.</dt> <dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href= "errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a Python exception is raised.</dt> </dl> <h3><a name="attribute_policies-spec"></a>Class <code>attribute_policies</code></h3> <p>The policies which are used for proxies representing an attribute access to a mutable <code>object</code>.</p> <h4><a name="attribute_policies-spec-synopsis"></a>Class <code>attribute_policies</code> synopsis</h4> <pre> namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api { struct attribute_policies : const_attribute_policies { static object const&amp; set(object const&amp; target, char const* key, object const&amp; value); static void del(object const&amp;target, char const* key); }; }}} </pre> <h4><a name="attribute_policies-spec-statics"></a>Class <code>attribute_policies</code> static functions</h4> <pre> static object const&amp; set(object const&amp; target, char const* key, object const&amp; value); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>key</code> is an <a href= "definitions.html#ntbs">ntbs</a>.</dt> <dt><b>Effects:</b> sets the attribute of <code>target</code> named by <code>key</code> to <code>value</code>.</dt> <dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href= "errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a Python exception is raised.</dt> </dl> <pre> static void del(object const&amp;target, char const* key); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>key</code> is an <a href= "definitions.html#ntbs">ntbs</a>.</dt> <dt><b>Effects:</b> deletes the attribute of <code>target</code> named by <code>key</code>.</dt> <dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href= "errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a Python exception is raised.</dt> </dl> <!-- end --> <!-- begin --> <h3><a name="const_objattribute_policies-spec"></a>Class <code>const_objattribute_policies</code></h3> <p>The policies which are used for proxies representing an attribute access to a <code>const&nbsp;object</code> when the attribute name is given as a <code>const&nbsp;object</code>.</p> <h4><a name="const_objattribute_policies-spec-synopsis"></a>Class <code>const_objattribute_policies</code> synopsis</h4> <pre> namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api { struct const_objattribute_policies { typedef object const& key_type; static object get(object const&amp; target, object const& key); }; }}} </pre> <h4><a name="const_objattribute_policies-spec-statics"></a>Class <code>const_objattribute_policies</code> static functions</h4> <pre> static object get(object const&amp; target, object const& key); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>key</code> is an <code>object</code> holding a string.</dt> <dt><b>Effects:</b> accesses the attribute of <code>target</code> named by <code>key</code>.</dt> <dt><b>Returns:</b> An <code>object</code> managing the result of the attribute access.</dt> <dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href= "errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a Python exception is raised.</dt> </dl> <h3><a name="objattribute_policies-spec"></a>Class <code>objattribute_policies</code></h3> <p>The policies which are used for proxies representing an attribute access to a mutable <code>object</code> when the attribute name is given as a <code>const&nbsp;object</code>.</p> <h4><a name="objattribute_policies-spec-synopsis"></a>Class <code>objattribute_policies</code> synopsis</h4> <pre> namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api { struct objattribute_policies : const_objattribute_policies { static object const&amp; set(object const&amp; target, object const& key, object const&amp; value); static void del(object const&amp;target, object const& key); }; }}} </pre> <h4><a name="objattribute_policies-spec-statics"></a>Class <code>objattribute_policies</code> static functions</h4> <pre> static object const&amp; set(object const&amp; target, object const& key, object const&amp; value); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>key</code> is an <code>object</code> holding a string.</dt> <dt><b>Effects:</b> sets the attribute of <code>target</code> named by <code>key</code> to <code>value</code>.</dt> <dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href= "errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a Python exception is raised.</dt> </dl> <pre> static void del(object const&amp;target, object const& key); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>key</code> is an <code>object</code> holding a string.</dt> <dt><b>Effects:</b> deletes the attribute of <code>target</code> named by <code>key</code>.</dt> <dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href= "errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a Python exception is raised.</dt> </dl> <!-- end --> <!-- begin --> <h3><a name="const_item_policies-spec"></a>Class <code>const_item_policies</code></h3> <p>The policies which are used for proxies representing an item access (via the Python bracket operators <code>[]</code>) to a <code>const&nbsp;object</code>.</p> <h4><a name="const_item_policies-spec-synopsis"></a>Class <code>const_item_policies</code> synopsis</h4> <pre> namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api { struct const_item_policies { typedef object key_type; static object get(object const&amp; target, object const&amp; key); }; }}} </pre> <h4><a name="const_item_policies-spec-statics"></a>Class <code>const_item_policies</code> static functions</h4> <pre> static object get(object const&amp; target, object const&amp; key); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> accesses the item of <code>target</code> specified by <code>key</code>.</dt> <dt><b>Returns:</b> An <code>object</code> managing the result of the item access.</dt> <dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href= "errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a Python exception is raised.</dt> </dl> <h3><a name="item_policies-spec"></a>Class <code>item_policies</code></h3> <p>The policies which are used for proxies representing an item access (via the Python bracket operators <code>[]</code>) to a mutable <code>object</code>.</p> <h4><a name="item_policies-spec-synopsis"></a>Class <code>item_policies</code> synopsis</h4> <pre> namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api { struct item_policies : const_item_policies { static object const&amp; set(object const&amp; target, object const&amp; key, object const&amp; value); static void del(object const&amp; target, object const&amp; key); }; }}} </pre> <h4><a name="item_policies-spec-statics"></a>Class <code>item_policies</code> static functions</h4> <pre> static object const&amp; set(object const&amp; target, object const&amp; key, object const&amp; value); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> sets the item of <code>target</code> specified by <code>key</code> to <code>value</code>.</dt> <dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href= "errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a Python exception is raised.</dt> </dl> <pre> static void del(object const&amp; target, object const&amp; key); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> deletes the item of <code>target</code> specified by <code>key</code>.</dt> <dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href= "errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a Python exception is raised.</dt> </dl> <!-- end --> <!-- begin --> <h3><a name="const_slice_policies-spec"></a>Class <code>const_slice_policies</code></h3> <p>The policies which are used for proxies representing an slice access (via the Python slice notation <code>[</code><i>x</i><code>:</code><i>y</i><code>]</code>) to a <code>const&nbsp;object</code>.</p> <h4><a name="const_slice_policies-spec-synopsis"></a>Class <code>const_slice_policies</code> synopsis</h4> <pre> namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api { struct const_slice_policies { typedef std::pair&lt;handle&lt;&gt;, handle&lt;&gt; &gt; key_type; static object get(object const&amp; target, key_type const&amp; key); }; }}} </pre> <h4><a name="const_slice_policies-spec-statics"></a>Class <code>const_slice_policies</code> static functions</h4> <pre> static object get(object const&amp; target, key_type const&amp; key); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> accesses the slice of <code>target</code> specified by <code>key</code>.</dt> <dt><b>Returns:</b> An <code>object</code> managing the result of the slice access.</dt> <dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href= "errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a Python exception is raised.</dt> </dl> <h3><a name="slice_policies-spec"></a>Class <code>slice_policies</code></h3> <p>The policies which are used for proxies representing an slice access to a mutable <code>object</code>.</p> <h4><a name="slice_policies-spec-synopsis"></a>Class <code>slice_policies</code> synopsis</h4> <pre> namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api { struct slice_policies : const_slice_policies { static object const&amp; set(object const&amp; target, key_type const&amp; key, object const&amp; value); static void del(object const&amp; target, key_type const&amp; key); }; }}} </pre> <h4><a name="slice_policies-spec-statics"></a>Class <code>slice_policies</code> static functions</h4> <pre> static object const&amp; set(object const&amp; target, key_type const&amp; key, object const&amp; value); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> sets the slice of <code>target</code> specified by <code>key</code> to <code>value</code>.</dt> <dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href= "errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a Python exception is raised.</dt> </dl> <pre> static void del(object const&amp; target, key_type const&amp; key); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> deletes the slice of <code>target</code> specified by <code>key</code>.</dt> <dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href= "errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a Python exception is raised.</dt> </dl> <!-- end --> <h3><a name="object_operators-spec"></a>Class template <code>object_operators&lt;U&gt;</code></h3> <p>This is the base class of <code>object</code> and its <code>proxy</code> template used to supply common interface: member functions, and operators which must be defined within the class body. Its template parameter <code>U</code> is expected to be a class derived from <code>object_operators&lt;U&gt;</code>. In practice users should never use this class directly, but it is documented here because it supplies important interface to <code>object</code> and its proxies.</p> <h4><a name="object_operators-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template <code>object_operators</code> synopsis</h4> <pre> namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api { template &lt;class U&gt; class object_operators { public: // function call // object operator()() const; template &lt;class A0&gt; object operator()(A0 const&amp;) const; template &lt;class A0, class A1&gt; object operator()(A0 const&amp;, A1 const&amp;) const; ... template &lt;class A0, class A1,...class An&gt; object operator()(A0 const&amp;, A1 const&amp;,...An const&amp;) const; detail::args_proxy operator* () const; object operator()(detail::args_proxy const &amp;args) const; object operator()(detail::args_proxy const &amp;args, detail::kwds_proxy const &amp;kwds) const; // truth value testing // typedef unspecified bool_type; operator bool_type() const; // Attribute access // proxy&lt;const_object_attribute&gt; attr(char const*) const; proxy&lt;object_attribute&gt; attr(char const*); proxy&lt;const_object_objattribute&gt; attr(object const&) const; proxy&lt;object_objattribute&gt; attr(object const&); // item access // template &lt;class T&gt; proxy&lt;const_object_item&gt; operator[](T const&amp; key) const; template &lt;class T&gt; proxy&lt;object_item&gt; operator[](T const&amp; key); // slicing // template &lt;class T, class V&gt; proxy&lt;const_object_slice&gt; slice(T const&amp; start, V const&amp; end) const template &lt;class T, class V&gt; proxy&lt;object_slice&gt; slice(T const&amp; start, V const&amp; end); }; }}} </pre> <h4><a name="object_operators-spec-observers"></a>Class template <code>object_operators</code> observer functions</h4> <pre> object operator()() const; template &lt;class A0&gt; object operator()(A0 const&amp;) const; template &lt;class A0, class A1&gt; object operator()(A0 const&amp;, A1 const&amp;) const; ... template &lt;class A0, class A1,...class An&gt; object operator()(A0 const&amp; a1, A1 const&amp; a2,...An const&amp; aN) const; </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> call&lt;object&gt;(object(*static_cast&lt;U*&gt;(this)).ptr(), a1, a2,...aN)</dt> </dl> <pre> object operator()(detail::args_proxy const &amp;args) const; </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> call object with arguments given by the tuple <varname>args</varname></dt> </dl> <pre> object operator()(detail::args_proxy const &amp;args, detail::kwds_proxy const &amp;kwds) const; </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> call object with arguments given by the tuple <varname>args</varname>, and named arguments given by the dictionary <varname>kwds</varname></dt> </dl> <pre> operator bool_type() const; </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> Tests truth value of <code>*this</code>.</dt> <dt><b>Returns:</b> call&lt;object&gt;(object(*static_cast&lt;U*&gt;(this)).ptr(), a1, a2,...aN)</dt> </dl> <pre> proxy&lt;const_object_attribute&gt; attr(char const* name) const; proxy&lt;object_attribute&gt; attr(char const* name); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Requires:</b> name is an <a href= "definitions.html#ntbs">ntbs</a>.</dt> <dt><b>Effects:</b> accesses the named attribute of <code>*this</code>.</dt> <dt><b>Returns:</b> a proxy object which binds <code>object(*static_cast&lt;U*&gt;(this))</code> as its target, and <code>name</code> as its key.</dt> </dl> <pre> proxy&lt;const_object_objattribute&gt; attr(const object& name) const; proxy&lt;object_objattribute&gt; attr(const object& name); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Requires:</b> name is a <code>object</code> holding a string.</dt> <dt><b>Effects:</b> accesses the named attribute of <code>*this</code>.</dt> <dt><b>Returns:</b> a proxy object which binds <code>object(*static_cast&lt;U*&gt;(this))</code> as its target, and <code>name</code> as its key.</dt> </dl> <pre> template &lt;class T&gt; proxy&lt;const_object_item&gt; operator[](T const&amp; key) const; template &lt;class T&gt; proxy&lt;object_item&gt; operator[](T const&amp; key); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> accesses the item of <code>*this</code> indicated by <code>key</code>.</dt> <dt><b>Returns:</b> a proxy object which binds <code>object(*static_cast&lt;U*&gt;(this))</code> as its target, and <code>object(key)</code> as its key.</dt> </dl> <pre> template &lt;class T, class V&gt; proxy&lt;const_object_slice&gt; slice(T const&amp; start; start, V const&amp; finish) const template &lt;class T, class V&gt; proxy&lt;object_slice&gt; slice(T const&amp; start; start, V const&amp; finish); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> accesses the slice of <code>*this</code> indicated by <code>std::make_pair(object(start), object(finish))</code>.</dt> <dt><b>Returns:</b> a proxy object which binds <code>object(*static_cast&lt;U*&gt;(this))</code> as its target, and <code>std::make_pair(object(start), object(finish))</code> as its key.</dt> </dl> <!-- --> <h3><a name="object-spec"></a>Class <code>object</code></h3> <p>The intention is that <code>object</code> acts as much like a Python variable as possible. Thus expressions you'd expect to work in Python should generally work in the same way from C++. Most of <code>object</code>'s interface is provided by its base class <code><a href="#object_operators-spec">object_operators</a>&lt;object&gt;</code>, and the <a href="#functions">free functions</a> defined in this header. </p> <h4><a name="object-spec-synopsis"></a>Class <code>object</code> synopsis</h4> <pre> namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api { class object : public object_operators&lt;object&gt; { public: object(); object(object const&amp;); template &lt;class T&gt; explicit object(T const&amp; x); ~object(); object&amp; operator=(object const&amp;); PyObject* ptr() const; bool is_none() const; }; }}} </pre> <h4><a name="object-spec-ctors"></a>Class <code>object</code> constructors and destructor</h4> <pre> object(); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> Constructs an object managing a reference to the Python <code>None</code> object.</dt> <dt><b>Throws:</b> nothing.</dt> </dl> <pre> template &lt;class T&gt; explicit object(T const&amp; x); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> converts <code>x</code> to python and manages a reference to it.</dt> <dt><b>Throws:</b> <code>error_already_set</code> and sets a Python <code>TypeError</code> exception if no such conversion is possible.</dt> </dl> <pre> ~object(); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> decrements the reference count of the internally-held object.</dt> </dl> <h4><a name="object-spec-modifiers"></a>Class <code>object</code> modifiers</h4> <pre> object&amp; operator=(object const&amp; rhs); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> increments the reference count of the object held by <code>rhs</code> and decrements the reference count of the object held by <code>*this</code>.</dt> </dl> <h4><a name="object-spec-observers"></a>Class <code>object</code> observers</h4> <pre> PyObject* ptr() const; </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Returns:</b> a pointer to the internally-held Python object.</dt> </dl> <pre> bool is_none() const; </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Returns:</b> result of (ptr() == Py_None)</dt> </dl> <!-- --> <h3><a name="proxy-spec"></a>Class template <code>proxy</code></h3> <p>This template is instantiated with various Policies described in this document in order to implement attribute, item, and slice access for <code>object</code>. It stores an object of type <code>Policies::key_type</code>.</p> <h4><a name="proxy-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template <code>proxy</code> synopsis</h4> <pre> namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api { template &lt;class Policies&gt; class proxy : public object_operators&lt;proxy&lt;Policies&gt; &gt; { public: operator object() const; proxy const&amp; operator=(proxy const&amp;) const; template &lt;class T&gt; inline proxy const&amp; operator=(T const&amp; rhs) const; void del() const; template &lt;class R&gt; proxy operator+=(R const&amp; rhs); template &lt;class R&gt; proxy operator-=(R const&amp; rhs); template &lt;class R&gt; proxy operator*=(R const&amp; rhs); template &lt;class R&gt; proxy operator/=(R const&amp; rhs); template &lt;class R&gt; proxy operator%=(R const&amp; rhs); template &lt;class R&gt; proxy operator&lt;&lt;=(R const&amp; rhs); template &lt;class R&gt; proxy operator&gt;&gt;=(R const&amp; rhs); template &lt;class R&gt; proxy operator&amp;=(R const&amp; rhs); template &lt;class R&gt; proxy operator|=(R const&amp; rhs); }; }}} </pre> <h4><a name="proxy-spec-observers"></a>Class template <code>proxy</code> observer functions</h4> <pre> operator object() const; </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> applies <code>Policies::get(</code><i>target</i><code>,</code>&nbsp;<i>key</i> <code>)</code> with the proxy's target and key objects.</dt> </dl> <h4><a name="proxy-spec-modifiers"></a>Class template <code>proxy</code> modifier functions</h4> <pre> proxy const&amp; operator=(proxy const&amp; rhs) const; template &lt;class T&gt; inline proxy const&amp; operator=(T const&amp; rhs) const; </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> <code>Policies::set(</code><i>target</i><code>,</code>&nbsp;<i>key</i> <code>,&nbsp;object(rhs))</code> with the proxy's target and key objects.</dt> </dl> <pre> template &lt;class R&gt; proxy operator+=(R const&amp; rhs); template &lt;class R&gt; proxy operator-=(R const&amp; rhs); template &lt;class R&gt; proxy operator*=(R const&amp; rhs); template &lt;class R&gt; proxy operator/=(R const&amp; rhs); template &lt;class R&gt; proxy operator%=(R const&amp; rhs); template &lt;class R&gt; proxy operator&lt;&lt;=(R const&amp; rhs); template &lt;class R&gt; proxy operator&gt;&gt;=(R const&amp; rhs); template &lt;class R&gt; proxy operator&amp;=(R const&amp; rhs); template &lt;class R&gt; proxy operator|=(R const&amp; rhs); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> for a given operator@=, <code>object(*this)&nbsp;@=&nbsp;rhs;</code></dt> <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code></dt> </dl> <pre> void del() const; </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> <code>Policies::del(</code><i>target</i><code>,</code>&nbsp;<i>key</i> <code>)</code> with the proxy's target and key objects.</dt> </dl> <!-- --> <h2><a name="functions"></a>Functions</h2> <pre> <a name="del-spec"></a>template &lt;class T&gt; void del(proxy&lt;T&gt; const&amp; x); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> x.del()</dt> </dl> <pre> <a name="comparisons-spec"></a> template&lt;class L,class R&gt; object operator&gt;(L const&amp;l,R const&amp;r); template&lt;class L,class R&gt; object operator&gt;=(L const&amp;l,R const&amp;r); template&lt;class L,class R&gt; object operator&lt;(L const&amp;l,R const&amp;r); template&lt;class L,class R&gt; object operator&lt;=(L const&amp;l,R const&amp;r); template&lt;class L,class R&gt; object operator==(L const&amp;l,R const&amp;r); template&lt;class L,class R&gt; object operator!=(L const&amp;l,R const&amp;r); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> returns the result of applying the operator to <code>object(l)</code> and <code>object(r)</code>, respectively, in Python.</dt> </dl> <pre> <a name="binary-spec"></a> template&lt;class L,class R&gt; object operator+(L const&amp;l,R const&amp;r); template&lt;class L,class R&gt; object operator-(L const&amp;l,R const&amp;r); template&lt;class L,class R&gt; object operator*(L const&amp;l,R const&amp;r); template&lt;class L,class R&gt; object operator/(L const&amp;l,R const&amp;r); template&lt;class L,class R&gt; object operator%(L const&amp;l,R const&amp;r); template&lt;class L,class R&gt; object operator&lt;&lt;(L const&amp;l,R const&amp;r); template&lt;class L,class R&gt; object operator&gt;&gt;(L const&amp;l,R const&amp;r); template&lt;class L,class R&gt; object operator&amp;(L const&amp;l,R const&amp;r); template&lt;class L,class R&gt; object operator^(L const&amp;l,R const&amp;r); template&lt;class L,class R&gt; object operator|(L const&amp;l,R const&amp;r); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> returns the result of applying the operator to <code>object(l)</code> and <code>object(r)</code>, respectively, in Python.</dt> </dl> <pre> <a name="assignment-spec"></a> template&lt;class R&gt; object&amp; operator+=(object&amp;l,R const&amp;r); template&lt;class R&gt; object&amp; operator-=(object&amp;l,R const&amp;r); template&lt;class R&gt; object&amp; operator*=(object&amp;l,R const&amp;r); template&lt;class R&gt; object&amp; operator/=(object&amp;l,R const&amp;r); template&lt;class R&gt; object&amp; operator%=(object&amp;l,R const&amp;r); template&lt;class R&gt; object&amp; operator&lt;&lt;=(object&amp;l,R const&amp;r) template&lt;class R&gt; object&amp; operator&gt;&gt;=(object&amp;l,R const&amp;r); template&lt;class R&gt; object&amp; operator&amp;=(object&amp;l,R const&amp;r); template&lt;class R&gt; object&amp; operator^=(object&amp;l,R const&amp;r); template&lt;class R&gt; object&amp; operator|=(object&amp;l,R const&amp;r); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> assigns to l the result of applying the corresponding Python inplace operator to <code>l</code> and <code>object(r)</code>, respectively.</dt> <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>l</code>.</dt> </dl> <pre> inline long len(object const&amp; obj); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> PyObject_Length(obj.ptr()) </dt> <dt><b>Returns:</b> len() of object.</dt> </dl> <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2> Python code: <pre> def sum_items(seq): result = 0 for x in seq: result += x return result </pre> C++ version: <pre> object sum_items(object seq) { object result = object(0); for (int i = 0; i &lt; len(seq); ++i) result += seq[i]; return result; } </pre> <p>Revised <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan --> 15 March, 2010 <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" --> </p> <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href= "http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2008.</i></p> </body> </html>