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<html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII"> <title>Detailed Semantics</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../doc/src/boostbook.css" type="text/css"> <meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.78.1"> <link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;Boost.Optional"> <link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;Boost.Optional"> <link rel="prev" href="synopsis.html" title="Synopsis"> <link rel="next" href="dependencies_and_portability.html" title="Dependencies and Portability"> </head> <body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"> <table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr> <td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../../../boost.png"></td> <td align="center"><a href="../../../../../index.html">Home</a></td> <td align="center"><a href="../../../../../libs/libraries.htm">Libraries</a></td> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/faq.html">FAQ</a></td> <td align="center"><a href="../../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td> </tr></table> <hr> <div class="spirit-nav"> <a accesskey="p" href="synopsis.html"><img src="../../../../../doc/src/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../doc/src/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../doc/src/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="dependencies_and_portability.html"><img src="../../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a> </div> <div class="section"> <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"> <a name="boost_optional.detailed_semantics"></a><a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html" title="Detailed Semantics">Detailed Semantics</a> </h2></div></div></div> <p> Because <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> might be of reference type, in the sequel, those entries whose semantic depends on <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> being of reference type or not will be distinguished using the following convention: </p> <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "> <li class="listitem"> If the entry reads: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span></code><span class="emphasis"><em>(not a ref)</em></span><code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>, the description corresponds only to the case where <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> is not of reference type. </li> <li class="listitem"> If the entry reads: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span></code>, the description corresponds only to the case where <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> is of reference type. </li> <li class="listitem"> If the entry reads: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>, the description is the same for both cases. </li> </ul></div> <div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note"> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td> <th align="left">Note</th> </tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p> The following section contains various <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">()</span></code> which are used only to show the postconditions as sample code. It is not implied that the type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> must support each particular expression but that if the expression is supported, the implied condition holds. </p></td></tr> </table></div> <p> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/space.png" alt="space"></span> </p> <h4> <a name="boost_optional.detailed_semantics.h0"></a> <span class="phrase"><a name="boost_optional.detailed_semantics.optional_class_member_functions"></a></span><a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#boost_optional.detailed_semantics.optional_class_member_functions">optional class member functions</a> </h4> <p> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/space.png" alt="space"></span> </p> <a name="reference_optional_constructor"></a><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">noexcept</span><span class="special">;</span></code> </p></blockquote></div> <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Effect:</strong></span> Default-Constructs an <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span></code>. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Postconditions:</strong></span> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="keyword">this</span></code> is <span class="underline">uninitialized</span>. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Notes:</strong></span> T's default constructor <span class="underline">is not</span> called. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Example:</strong></span> <pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">def</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">!</span><span class="identifier">def</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> </pre> </li> </ul></div> <p> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/space.png" alt="space"></span> </p> <a name="reference_optional_constructor_none_t"></a><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">none_t</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">noexcept</span><span class="special">;</span></code> </p></blockquote></div> <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Effect:</strong></span> Constructs an <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span></code> uninitialized. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Postconditions:</strong></span> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="keyword">this</span></code> is <span class="underline">uninitialized</span>. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Notes:</strong></span> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>'s default constructor <span class="underline">is not</span> called. The expression <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">none</span></code> denotes an instance of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">none_t</span></code> that can be used as the parameter. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Example:</strong></span> <pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">none</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">n</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">none</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">!</span><span class="identifier">n</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> </pre> </li> </ul></div> <p> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/space.png" alt="space"></span> </p> <a name="reference_optional_constructor_value"></a><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span> </code><span class="emphasis"><em>(not a ref)</em></span><code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">)</span></code> </p></blockquote></div> <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Requires:</strong></span> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">is_copy_constructible</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">value</span></code> is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">true</span></code>. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Effect:</strong></span> Directly-Constructs an <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span></code>. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Postconditions:</strong></span> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="keyword">this</span></code> is <span class="underline">initialized</span> and its value is a <span class="emphasis"><em>copy</em></span> of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">v</span></code>. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Throws:</strong></span> Whatever <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="special">)</span></code> throws. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Notes: </strong></span> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="special">)</span></code> is called. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Exception Safety:</strong></span> Exceptions can only be thrown during <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="special">);</span></code> in that case, this constructor has no effect. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Example:</strong></span> <pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">opt</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">opt</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> </pre> </li> </ul></div> <p> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/space.png" alt="space"></span> </p> <div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">ref</span> <span class="special">)</span></code> </p></blockquote></div> <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Effect:</strong></span> Directly-Constructs an <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span></code>. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Postconditions:</strong></span> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="keyword">this</span></code> is <span class="underline">initialized</span> and its value is an instance of an internal type wrapping the reference <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ref</span></code>. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Throws:</strong></span> Nothing. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Example:</strong></span> <pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">vref</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">opt</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">vref</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">opt</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">++</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// mutate referee</span> <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">opt</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span> </pre> </li> </ul></div> <p> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/space.png" alt="space"></span> </p> <a name="reference_optional_constructor_move_value"></a><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span> </code><span class="emphasis"><em>(not a ref)</em></span><code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">)</span></code> </p></blockquote></div> <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Requires:</strong></span> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">is_move_constructible</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">value</span></code> is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">true</span></code>. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Effect:</strong></span> Directly-Move-Constructs an <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span></code>. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Postconditions:</strong></span> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="keyword">this</span></code> is <span class="underline">initialized</span> and its value is move-constructed from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">v</span></code>. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Throws:</strong></span> Whatever <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="special">)</span></code> throws. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Notes: </strong></span> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="special">)</span></code> is called. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Exception Safety:</strong></span> Exceptions can only be thrown during <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="special">);</span></code> in that case, the state of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">v</span></code> is determined by exception safety guarantees for <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&amp;)</span></code>. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Example:</strong></span> <pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="identifier">v1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">v2</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">opt</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">move</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v1</span><span class="special">));</span> <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">opt</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">v2</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> </pre> </li> </ul></div> <p> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/space.png" alt="space"></span> </p> <div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">ref</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">delete</span></code> </p></blockquote></div> <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Notes:</strong></span> This constructor is deleted </li></ul></div> <p> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/space.png" alt="space"></span> </p> <a name="reference_optional_constructor_bool_value"></a><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span></code> <span class="emphasis"><em>(not a ref)</em></span><code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">condition</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span></code> </p></blockquote></div> <div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">condition</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span></code> </p></blockquote></div> <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"> If condition is true, same as: </li></ul></div> <div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span></code> <span class="emphasis"><em>(not a ref)</em></span><code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">)</span></code> </p></blockquote></div> <div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">)</span></code> </p></blockquote></div> <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"> otherwise, same as: </li></ul></div> <div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span> </code><span class="emphasis"><em>(not a ref)</em></span><code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">()</span></code> </p></blockquote></div> <div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">()</span></code> </p></blockquote></div> <p> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/space.png" alt="space"></span> </p> <a name="reference_optional_constructor_optional"></a><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span> </code><span class="emphasis"><em>(not a ref)</em></span><code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">rhs</span> <span class="special">);</span></code> </p></blockquote></div> <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Requires:</strong></span> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">is_copy_constructible</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">value</span></code> is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">true</span></code>. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Effect:</strong></span> Copy-Constructs an <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span></code>. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Postconditions:</strong></span> If rhs is initialized, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="keyword">this</span></code> is initialized and its value is a <span class="emphasis"><em>copy</em></span> of the value of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">rhs</span></code>; else <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="keyword">this</span></code> is uninitialized. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Throws:</strong></span> Whatever <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="special">)</span></code> throws. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Notes:</strong></span> If rhs is initialized, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="special">)</span></code> is called. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Exception Safety:</strong></span> Exceptions can only be thrown during <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="special">);</span></code> in that case, this constructor has no effect. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Example:</strong></span> <pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">uninit</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(!</span><span class="identifier">uninit</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">uinit2</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">uninit</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">uninit2</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">uninit</span> <span class="special">);</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">);</span> <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">init</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">init2</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">init</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">init2</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">init</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> </pre> </li> </ul></div> <p> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/space.png" alt="space"></span> </p> <div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">rhs</span> <span class="special">);</span></code> </p></blockquote></div> <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Effect:</strong></span> Copy-Constructs an <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span></code>. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Postconditions:</strong></span> If <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">rhs</span></code> is initialized, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="keyword">this</span></code> is initialized and its value is another reference to the same object referenced by <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">rhs</span></code>; else <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="keyword">this</span></code> is uninitialized. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Throws:</strong></span> Nothing. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Notes:</strong></span> If <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">rhs</span></code> is initialized, both <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="keyword">this</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">rhs</span></code> will reefer to the same object (they alias). </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Example:</strong></span> <pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">uninit</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(!</span><span class="identifier">uninit</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">uinit2</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">uninit</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">uninit2</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">uninit</span> <span class="special">);</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">2</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">ref</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">ref</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">init</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">init2</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">init</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">init2</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">init</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="number">3</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">init2</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="number">3</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> </pre> </li> </ul></div> <p> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/space.png" alt="space"></span> </p> <a name="reference_optional_move_constructor_optional"></a><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span> </code><span class="emphasis"><em>(not a ref)</em></span><code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">rhs</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">noexcept</span><span class="special">(</span></code><span class="emphasis"><em>see below</em></span><code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">);</span></code> </p></blockquote></div> <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Requires:</strong></span> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">is_move_constructible</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">value</span></code> is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">true</span></code>. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Effect:</strong></span> Move-constructs an <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span></code>. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Postconditions:</strong></span> If <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">rhs</span></code> is initialized, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="keyword">this</span></code> is initialized and its value is move constructed from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">rhs</span></code>; else <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="keyword">this</span></code> is uninitialized. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Throws:</strong></span> Whatever <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="special">)</span></code> throws. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Notes:</strong></span> If <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">rhs</span></code> is initialized, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="special">)</span></code> is called. The expression inside <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">noexcept</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">is_nothrow_move_constructible</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">value</span></code>. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Exception Safety:</strong></span> Exceptions can only be thrown during <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="special">);</span></code> in that case, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">rhs</span></code> remains initialized and the value of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">rhs</span></code> is determined by exception safety of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&amp;)</span></code>. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Example:</strong></span> <pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">unique_ptr</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">uninit</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(!</span><span class="identifier">uninit</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">unique_ptr</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">uinit2</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">move</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">uninit</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">uninit2</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">uninit</span> <span class="special">);</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">unique_ptr</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">uniqye_ptr</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">))</span> <span class="special">);</span> <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">**</span><span class="identifier">init</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">unique_ptr</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">init2</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">move</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">init</span> <span class="special">);</span> <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">init</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="keyword">nullptr</span> <span class="special">);</span> <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">init2</span> <span class="special">);</span> <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">**</span><span class="identifier">init2</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> </pre> </li> </ul></div> <p> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/space.png" alt="space"></span> </p> <div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">rhs</span> <span class="special">);</span></code> </p></blockquote></div> <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Effect:</strong></span> Move-Constructs an <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span></code>. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Postconditions:</strong></span> If <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">rhs</span></code> is initialized, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="keyword">this</span></code> is initialized and its value is another reference to the same object referenced by <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">rhs</span></code>; else <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="keyword">this</span></code> is uninitialized. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Throws:</strong></span> Nothing. </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Notes:</strong></span> If <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">rhs</span></code> is initialized, both <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="keyword">this</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">rhs</span></code> will reefer to the same object (they alias). </li> <li class="listitem"> <span class="bold"><strong>Example:</strong></span> <pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">unique_ptr</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">uninit</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(!</span><span class="identifier">uninit</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">unique_ptr</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">uinit2</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">move</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">uninit</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">uninit2</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">uninit</span> <span class="special">);</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">unique_ptr</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">))</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">unique_ptr</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">init</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">unique_pt