bookbag/src/2018/Fall/BI 341/Week 1/1-Genes-Protein-and-Variation.mdx

A place to store my notes.

---
name: Genes Protein and Variation
route: /2018/fall/bi341/week1/1
menu: BI 341
order: 2
---

# The Genetic Code of Genes and Genome

## Chapter 1

## DNA Structure: Double Helix

Defects in an enzymatic pathway can produce in phenotypes.

  - Black Urine (*Alkaptnonuria)

With a carbon chain, the molecule is build up *or down*, structurally.

One small defect in an allele can display itself in a variety of ways (phenotype).

Peptides do not form in the correct order -> Proteins do not fold correctly -> Shape does not fit -> Black Urine

## Chapter 6

## DNA Structure, Replication, and Manipulation

## DNA: Molecule of Heredity

Inherited traits are affected by genes that are transmitted from parents to offspring in reproduction.

Genes are composed of the chemical deoxyribonucleic acid = **DNA**

DNA was discovered by Friedrich Miescher in 1869.

In the 1920's, microscopic studies with special stains showed that DNA is present in chromosomes.

In 1944 Avery, McLeod and McCarthy provide 1st evidence that DNA is the genetic material.

Griffith experiemtation with rats and bacteria. Involving immunity, vaccination, disease prevention.

Ijecting dead virus into the body instead of live virus. Helps to eliminate possibility of virus flipping and attacking host.

**Transformation** -> Bacterial sex.

## Genome Size

The genetic complement of a cell or virus constitutes its genome.

In eukaryotes, this term is used to refer to one complete haploid set of chromosomes, such as that found in a sperm or egg.

The *C-value* -> the DNA content of the haploid genome.

Units of length of nucleic acid in which genome sizes are expressed:

  - *kilobase* (kb) 1,000 base pairs
  - *megabase* (Mb) 1,000 kilobases

## Viral Genomes

Typically in the range of 100 - 1,000 kb.

## Bacterial Genomes

Typically larger, in the range of 1 - 10  Mb.

## Eukaryotic Genomes

Typically in the range of 100 - 1,000 Mb.

Among Eukaryotes, genome size differs.

## The C-Value Paradox

## DNA: Chemical Composition