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**翻译状态：** 本文是英文页面 [Desktop_entries](/index.php/Desktop_entries "Desktop entries") 的[翻译](/index.php/ArchWiki_Translation_Team_(%E7%AE%80%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87) "ArchWiki Translation Team (简体中文)")，最后翻译时间：2018-07-03，点击[这里](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php?title=Desktop_entries&diff=0&oldid=519256)可以查看翻译后英文页面的改动。
[XDG 桌面配置项规范](https://specifications.freedesktop.org/desktop-entry-spec/desktop-entry-spec-latest.html)为应用程序和[桌面环境](/index.php/Desktop_environment "Desktop environment")的菜单整合提供了一个标准方法。只要桌面环境遵守[菜单规范](https://specifications.freedesktop.org/menu-spec/menu-spec-latest.html)，应用程序图标就可以显示在系统菜单中。
每个桌面项必须包含 `Type` 和 `Name`，还可以选择定义自己在程序菜单中的显示方式。
桌面配置项大致分为三类：
应用程序
文件后缀是 *.desktop*，定义如何启动程序，支持哪些 MIME。
链接
文件后缀是 *.desktop*，定义指向某个 `URL` 的链接。
目录
文件后缀是 *.directory*，定义应用程序菜单中的子菜单。
下列章节概述如何创建它们并使其生效。
`.desktop` 文件中还定义了数据文件的 MIME 类型关联。[Default applications (简体中文)](/index.php/Default_applications_(%E7%AE%80%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87) "Default applications (简体中文)") 介绍了它们的配置方法。
[XDG MIME Applications](/index.php/XDG_MIME_Applications "XDG MIME Applications") 会使用应用程序项的 `MimeType` 字段。
将 [XDG 自动启动程序](/index.php/XDG_Autostart "XDG Autostart")项放到特定位置，可以[自动启动](/index.php/Autostarting "Autostarting")应用程序。
## Contents
* [1 应用程序配置项](#.E5.BA.94.E7.94.A8.E7.A8.8B.E5.BA.8F.E9.85.8D.E7.BD.AE.E9.A1.B9)
* [1.1 范例文件](#.E8.8C.83.E4.BE.8B.E6.96.87.E4.BB.B6)
* [1.2 关键字定义](#.E5.85.B3.E9.94.AE.E5.AD.97.E5.AE.9A.E4.B9.89)
* [2 图标](#.E5.9B.BE.E6.A0.87)
* [2.1 通用图像格式](#.E9.80.9A.E7.94.A8.E5.9B.BE.E5.83.8F.E6.A0.BC.E5.BC.8F)
* [2.2 图标格式转换](#.E5.9B.BE.E6.A0.87.E6.A0.BC.E5.BC.8F.E8.BD.AC.E6.8D.A2)
* [2.3 Obtaining icons](#Obtaining_icons)
* [3 工具](#.E5.B7.A5.E5.85.B7)
* [3.1 gendesk](#gendesk)
* [3.1.1 用法](#.E7.94.A8.E6.B3.95)
* [3.2 lsdesktopf](#lsdesktopf)
* [3.3 fbrokendesktop](#fbrokendesktop)
* [4 提示与技巧](#.E6.8F.90.E7.A4.BA.E4.B8.8E.E6.8A.80.E5.B7.A7)
* [4.1 从终端启动程序](#.E4.BB.8E.E7.BB.88.E7.AB.AF.E5.90.AF.E5.8A.A8.E7.A8.8B.E5.BA.8F)
* [4.2 隐藏桌面配置项](#.E9.9A.90.E8.97.8F.E6.A1.8C.E9.9D.A2.E9.85.8D.E7.BD.AE.E9.A1.B9)
* [4.3 修改环境变量](#.E4.BF.AE.E6.94.B9.E7.8E.AF.E5.A2.83.E5.8F.98.E9.87.8F)
* [5 参阅](#.E5.8F.82.E9.98.85)
## 应用程序配置项
应用程序配置项，即 `.desktop` 文件是元信息资源和应用程序快捷图标的集合。系统程序的配置项通常位于 `/usr/share/applications` 或 `/usr/local/share/applications`目录，单用户安装的程序位于 `~/.local/share/applications` 目录，桌面环境会优先使用用户的配置项。
### 范例文件
下面是一个示例结构和注释，这个示例文件没有使用所有的键值，[freedesktop.org 规范](https://specifications.freedesktop.org/desktop-entry-spec/desktop-entry-spec-latest.html#recognized-keys)包含了完整的键值列表.
```
[Desktop Entry]
# The type as listed above
Type=Application
# The version of the desktop entry specification to which this file complies
Version=1.0
# The name of the application
Name=jMemorize
# A comment which can/will be used as a tooltip
Comment=Flash card based learning tool
# The path to the folder in which the executable is run
Path=/opt/jmemorise
# The executable of the application, possibly with arguments.
Exec=jmemorize
# The name of the icon that will be used to display this entry
Icon=jmemorize
# Describes whether this application needs to be run in a terminal or not
Terminal=false
# Describes the categories in which this entry should be shown
Categories=Education;Languages;Java;
```
### 关键字定义
全部有效的桌面配置项可参阅[freedesktop.org网站](https://specifications.freedesktop.org/desktop-entry-spec/desktop-entry-spec-latest.html#recognized-keys)。 举例：`Type`关键字（类型）定义了三类桌面项：应用程序（Application (type 1)），链接（Link (type 2)）和目录（Directory (type 3)）。
* `Version` （版本）关键字不是指应用程序的版本，而是本文件所遵循的**桌面配置项规范**的版本。
* `Name`（名称）、`GenericName`（通称）和`Comment` 注释often contain redundant values in the form of combinations of them, like:
```
Name=Pidgin Internet Messenger
GenericName=Internet Messenger
```
or
```
Name=NoteCase notes manager
Comment=Notes Manager
```
This should be avoided, as it will only be confusing to users. The `Name` key should only contain the name, or maybe an abbreviation/acronym if available.
* `GenericName` should state what you would generally call an application that does what this specific application offers (i.e. Firefox is a "Web Browser").
* `Comment` is intended to contain any usefull additional information.
## 图标
参考 [图标主题标准](https://specifications.freedesktop.org/icon-theme-spec/icon-theme-spec-latest.html).
### 通用图像格式
用于图标的图像文件格式简述如下：
<caption>Support for image formats for icons as specified by the freedesktop.org standard.</caption>
| Extension | Full Name and/or Description | Graphics Type | Container Format | Supported |
| .[png](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics "wikipedia:Portable Network Graphics") | Portable Network Graphics | [Raster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_graphics "wikipedia:Raster graphics") | No | Yes |
| .[svg(z)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics "wikipedia:Scalable Vector Graphics") | Scalable Vector Graphics | [Vector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_graphics "wikipedia:Vector graphics") | No | Yes (optional) |
| .[xpm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_PixMap "wikipedia:X PixMap") | X PixMap | [Raster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_graphics "wikipedia:Raster graphics") | No | Yes (不推荐) |
| .[gif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_Interchange_Format "wikipedia:Graphics Interchange Format") | Graphics Interchange Format | [Raster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_graphics "wikipedia:Raster graphics") | No | No |
| .[ico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICO_(icon_image_file_format) | MS Windows Icon Format | [Raster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_graphics "wikipedia:Raster graphics") | Yes | No |
| .[icns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Icon_Image "wikipedia:Apple Icon Image") | Apple Icon Image | [Raster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_graphics "wikipedia:Raster graphics") | Yes | No |
### 图标格式转换
If you stumble across an icon which is in a format that is not supported by the freedesktop.org standard (like `gif` or `ico`), you can use the *convert* tool (which is part of the [imagemagick](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=imagemagick) package) to convert it to a supported/recommended format, e.g.:
```
$ convert <icon name>.gif <icon name>.png
```
If you convert from a container format like `ico`, you will get all images that were encapsulated in the `ico` file in the form `<icon name>-<number>.png`. If you want to know the size of the image, or the number of images in a container file like `ico` you can use the *identify* tool (also part of the [imagemagick](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=imagemagick) package):
`$ identify /usr/share/vlc/vlc48x48.ico`
```
/usr/share/vlc/vlc48x48.ico[0] ICO 32x32 32x32+0+0 8-bit DirectClass 84.3kb
/usr/share/vlc/vlc48x48.ico[1] ICO 16x16 16x16+0+0 8-bit DirectClass 84.3kb
/usr/share/vlc/vlc48x48.ico[2] ICO 128x128 128x128+0+0 8-bit DirectClass 84.3kb
/usr/share/vlc/vlc48x48.ico[3] ICO 48x48 48x48+0+0 8-bit DirectClass 84.3kb
/usr/share/vlc/vlc48x48.ico[4] ICO 32x32 32x32+0+0 8-bit DirectClass 84.3kb
/usr/share/vlc/vlc48x48.ico[5] ICO 16x16 16x16+0+0 8-bit DirectClass 84.3kb
```
As you can see, the example *ico* file, although its name might suggest a single image of size 48x48, contains no less than 6 different sizes, of which one is even greater than 48x48, namely 128x128.
Alternatively, you can use *icotool* (from [icoutils](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=icoutils)) to extract png images from ico container:
```
$ icotool -x <icon name>.ico
```
For extracting images from .icns container, you can use *icns2png* (provided by [libicns](https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/libicns/)):
```
$ icns2png -x <icon name>.icns
```
### Obtaining icons
Although packages that already ship with a *.desktop* file most certainly contain an icon or a set of icons, there is sometimes the case when a developer has not created a *.desktop* file, but may ship icons, nonetheless. So a good start is to look for icons in the source package. You can i.e. first filter for the extension with **find** and then use **grep** to filter further for certain buzzwords like the package name, "icon", "logo", etc, if there are quite a lot of images in the source package.
```
$ find /path/to/source/package -regex ".*\.\(svg\|png\|xpm\|gif\|ico\)$"
```
If the developers of an application do not include icons in their source packages, the next step would be to search on their web sites. Some projects, like i.e. *tvbrowser* have an [artwork/logo page](http://enwiki.tvbrowser.org/index.php/Banners,_Logos_and_other_Promotion_Material) where additional icons may be found. If a project is multi-platform, there may be the case that even if the linux/unix package does not come with an icon, the Windows package might provide one. If the project uses a [Version control system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_control_system "wikipedia:Version control system") like CVS/SVN/etc. and you have some experience with it, you also might consider browsing it for icons. If everything fails, the project might simply have no icon/logo yet.
## 工具
### gendesk
[gendesk](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=gendesk) started as an Arch Linux-specific tool for generating .desktop files by fetching the needed information directly from PKGBUILD files. Now it is a general tool that takes command-line arguments.
Icons can be automatically downloaded from [openiconlibrary](http://openiconlibrary.sourceforge.net/), if available. (The source for icons can easily be changed in the future).
#### 用法
* Add `gendesk` to makedepends
* Start the `prepare()` function with:
`gendesk --pkgname "$pkgname" --pkgdesc "$pkgdesc"`
* Alternatively, if an icon is already provided ($pkgname.png, for instance). The `-n` flag is for not downloading an icon or using the default icon. Example:
`gendesk -n --pkgname "$pkgname" --pkgdesc "$pkgdesc"`
* `$srcdir/$pkgname.desktop` will be created and can be installed in the `package()` function with:
`install -Dm644 "$pkgname.desktop" "$pkgdir/usr/share/applications/$pkgname.desktop"`
* The icon can be installed with:
`install -Dm644 "$pkgname.png" "$pkgdir/usr/share/pixmaps/$pkgname.png"`
* Use `--name='Program Name'` for choosing a name for the menu entry.
* Use `--exec='/opt/some_app/elf --some-arg --other-arg'` for setting the exec field.
* See the [gendesk project](https://github.com/xyproto/gendesk) for more information.
### lsdesktopf
[lsdesktopf](https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/lsdesktopf/) can list available *.desktop* files or search their contents.
```
$ lsdesktopf
$ lsdesktopf --list
$ lsdesktopf --list gtk zh_TW,zh_CN,en_GB
```
It can also perform MIME-type-related searches. See [XDG MIME Applications#lsdesktopf](/index.php/XDG_MIME_Applications#lsdesktopf "XDG MIME Applications").
### fbrokendesktop
The [fbrokendesktop](https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/fbrokendesktop/) Bash script detects broken `Exec` values pointing to non-existent paths. Without any arguments it uses preset directories in the `DskPath` array. It shows only broken *.desktop* with full path and filename that is missing.
Examples
```
$ fbrokendesktop
$ fbrokendesktop /usr
$ fbrokendesktop /usr/share/apps/kdm/sessions/icewm.desktop
```
## 提示与技巧
### 从终端启动程序
安装软件包 [dex](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=dex)，并运行 `dex */path/to/application.desktop*`.
### 隐藏桌面配置项
首先，将桌面配置项复制到 `~/.local/share/applications`，避免修改被后续升级覆盖。
要在所有环境隐藏，在桌面配置项中加入 `NoDisplay=true`. 要在某个环境中隐藏，在桌面配置项中加入 `NotShowIn=*desktop-name*`
*desktop-name* 可以是 *GNOME*, *Xfce*, *KDE* 等，指定多个桌面时用分号隔开。
### 修改环境变量
在 `Exec` 命令中可以使用 `env` 修改环境变量:
`~/.local/share/applications/abiword.desktop` `Exec=env LANG=he_IL.UTF-8 abiword %U`
## 参阅
* [DeveloperWiki:Removal of desktop files](/index.php/DeveloperWiki:Removal_of_desktop_files "DeveloperWiki:Removal of desktop files")
* [desktop wikipedia article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.desktop "wikipedia:.desktop")
* [information for developers](http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Howto_desktop_files)