@uttori/audio-midi

[![view on npm](https://img.shields.io/npm/v/@uttori/audio-midi.svg)](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@uttori/audio-midi) [![npm module downloads](https://img.shields.io/npm/dt/@uttori/audio-midi.svg)](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@uttori/audio-midi) [![Tree-Shaking Support](https://badgen.net/bundlephobia/tree-shaking/@uttori/audio-midi)](https://bundlephobia.com/result?p=@uttori/audio-midi) [![Dependency Count](https://badgen.net/bundlephobia/dependency-count/@uttori/audio-midi)](https://bundlephobia.com/result?p=@uttori/audio-midi) [![Minified + GZip](https://badgen.net/bundlephobia/minzip/@uttori/audio-midi)](https://bundlephobia.com/result?p=@uttori/audio-midi) [![Minified](https://badgen.net/bundlephobia/min/@uttori/audio-midi)](https://bundlephobia.com/result?p=@uttori/audio-midi) # Uttori Audio MIDI A utility to manipulate and parse MIDI data. ## Install ```bash npm install --save @uttori/audio-midi ``` * * * # Example ```js import fs from 'fs'; import AudioMIDI from '@uttori/audio-midi'; const data = fs.readFileSync('./song.mid'); const midi = new AudioPadInfo(data); console.log('MIDI:', midi); ``` # API Reference ## Classes <dl> <dt><a href="#AudioMIDI">AudioMIDI</a> ⇐ <code>DataBuffer</code></dt> <dd><p>AudioMIDI - MIDI Utility MIDI File Format Parser & Generator</p> </dd> </dl> ## Typedefs <dl> <dt><a href="#WritableNote">WritableNote</a> : <code>object</code></dt> <dd></dd> <dt><a href="#WritableTrack">WritableTrack</a> : <code>object</code></dt> <dd></dd> <dt><a href="#NoteData">NoteData</a> : <code>object</code></dt> <dd></dd> <dt><a href="#SysExData">SysExData</a> : <code>object</code></dt> <dd></dd> <dt><a href="#EventData">EventData</a> : <code>string</code> | <code>number</code> | <code>Uint8Array</code> | <code><a href="#NoteData">NoteData</a></code> | <code><a href="#SysExData">SysExData</a></code></dt> <dd></dd> <dt><a href="#MidiTrackEvent">MidiTrackEvent</a> : <code>object</code></dt> <dd></dd> <dt><a href="#Header">Header</a> : <code>object</code></dt> <dd></dd> <dt><a href="#Track">Track</a> : <code>object</code></dt> <dd></dd> <dt><a href="#UsedNote">UsedNote</a> : <code>object</code></dt> <dd></dd> </dl> <a name="AudioMIDI"></a> ## AudioMIDI ⇐ <code>DataBuffer</code> AudioMIDI - MIDI Utility MIDI File Format Parser & Generator **Kind**: global class **Extends**: <code>DataBuffer</code> * [AudioMIDI](#AudioMIDI) ⇐ <code>DataBuffer</code> * [new AudioMIDI([input], [options])](#new_AudioMIDI_new) * _instance_ * [.format](#AudioMIDI+format) : <code>number</code> * [.trackCount](#AudioMIDI+trackCount) : <code>number</code> * [.timeDivision](#AudioMIDI+timeDivision) : <code>number</code> * [.chunks](#AudioMIDI+chunks) : [<code>Array.<Track></code>](#Track) * [.readVariableLengthValues](#AudioMIDI+readVariableLengthValues) ⇒ <code>number</code> * [.parse()](#AudioMIDI+parse) * [.addTrack()](#AudioMIDI+addTrack) ⇒ [<code>Track</code>](#Track) * [.addEvent(track, event)](#AudioMIDI+addEvent) * [.saveToDataBuffer()](#AudioMIDI+saveToDataBuffer) ⇒ <code>DataBuffer</code> * [.writeChunk(dataBuffer, chunk)](#AudioMIDI+writeChunk) * [.writeEvent(dataBuffer, event)](#AudioMIDI+writeEvent) * [.getUsedNotes()](#AudioMIDI+getUsedNotes) ⇒ [<code>Array.<UsedNote></code>](#UsedNote) * [.validate()](#AudioMIDI+validate) ⇒ <code>Array.<string></code> * _static_ * [.decodeHeader(chunk)](#AudioMIDI.decodeHeader) ⇒ [<code>Header</code>](#Header) * [.getControllerLabel(controller)](#AudioMIDI.getControllerLabel) ⇒ <code>string</code> * [.getManufacturerLabel(manufacturerId)](#AudioMIDI.getManufacturerLabel) ⇒ <code>string</code> * [.writeVariableLengthValue(dataBuffer, value)](#AudioMIDI.writeVariableLengthValue) * [.writeEventData(dataBuffer, data)](#AudioMIDI.writeEventData) * [.generateTempoEvent(bpm)](#AudioMIDI.generateTempoEvent) ⇒ [<code>MidiTrackEvent</code>](#MidiTrackEvent) * [.generateMetaStringEvent(metaType, data)](#AudioMIDI.generateMetaStringEvent) ⇒ [<code>MidiTrackEvent</code>](#MidiTrackEvent) * [.generateEndOfTrackEvent()](#AudioMIDI.generateEndOfTrackEvent) ⇒ [<code>MidiTrackEvent</code>](#MidiTrackEvent) * [.convertToMidi(options)](#AudioMIDI.convertToMidi) ⇒ [<code>AudioMIDI</code>](#AudioMIDI) * [.noteToMidi(noteString, [octaveOffset], [noteMap])](#AudioMIDI.noteToMidi) ⇒ <code>number</code> * [.midiToNote(midiValue, [octaveOffset], [noteNames])](#AudioMIDI.midiToNote) ⇒ <code>string</code> <a name="new_AudioMIDI_new"></a> ### new AudioMIDI([input], [options]) Creates a new AudioMIDI. | Param | Type | Description | | --- | --- | --- | | [input] | <code>Array.<number></code> \| <code>ArrayBuffer</code> \| <code>Buffer</code> \| <code>DataBuffer</code> \| <code>Int8Array</code> \| <code>Int16Array</code> \| <code>Int32Array</code> \| <code>number</code> \| <code>string</code> \| <code>Uint8Array</code> \| <code>Uint16Array</code> \| <code>Uint32Array</code> \| <code>undefined</code> | The data to process. | | [options] | <code>object</code> | Options for this AudioMIDI instance. | | [options.format] | <code>number</code> | The MIDI format: 0, 1, or 2, default is 0. | | [options.timeDivision] | <code>number</code> | The indication of how MIDI ticks should be translated into time, default is 128. | **Example** *(AudioMIDI)* ```js const data = fs.readFileSync('./song.mid'); const file = new AudioMIDI(data); file.parse(); console.log('Chunks:', file.chunks); ``` <a name="AudioMIDI+format"></a> ### audioMIDI.format : <code>number</code> The MIDI format: 0, 1, or 2 **Kind**: instance property of [<code>AudioMIDI</code>](#AudioMIDI) <a name="AudioMIDI+trackCount"></a> ### audioMIDI.trackCount : <code>number</code> The internal track count. **Kind**: instance property of [<code>AudioMIDI</code>](#AudioMIDI) <a name="AudioMIDI+timeDivision"></a> ### audioMIDI.timeDivision : <code>number</code> The indication of how MIDI ticks should be translated into time. **Kind**: instance property of [<code>AudioMIDI</code>](#AudioMIDI) <a name="AudioMIDI+chunks"></a> ### audioMIDI.chunks : [<code>Array.<Track></code>](#Track) **Kind**: instance property of [<code>AudioMIDI</code>](#AudioMIDI) <a name="AudioMIDI+readVariableLengthValues"></a> ### audioMIDI.readVariableLengthValues ⇒ <code>number</code> Several different values in events are expressed as variable length quantities (e.g. delta time values). A variable length value uses a minimum number of bytes to hold the value, and in most circumstances this leads to some degree of data compresssion. A variable length value uses the low order 7 bits of a byte to represent the value or part of the value. The high order bit is an "escape" or "continuation" bit. All but the last byte of a variable length value have the high order bit set. The last byte has the high order bit cleared. The bytes always appear most significant byte first. **Kind**: instance property of [<code>AudioMIDI</code>](#AudioMIDI) **Returns**: <code>number</code> - The length of the next chunk. <a name="AudioMIDI+parse"></a> ### audioMIDI.parse() Parse a MIDI file from a Uint8Array. **Kind**: instance method of [<code>AudioMIDI</code>](#AudioMIDI) **See** - [ Expanded MIDI 1.0 Messages List (Status Bytes)](https://midi.org/expanded-midi-1-0-messages-list) - [ MIDI 1.0 Universal System Exclusive Messages](https://midi.org/midi-1-0-universal-system-exclusive-messages) - [ DLS Proprietary Chunk IDs](https://midi.org/dls-proprietary-chunk-ids) <a name="AudioMIDI+addTrack"></a> ### audioMIDI.addTrack() ⇒ [<code>Track</code>](#Track) Adds a new track to the MIDI file. **Kind**: instance method of [<code>AudioMIDI</code>](#AudioMIDI) **Returns**: [<code>Track</code>](#Track) - The new track. <a name="AudioMIDI+addEvent"></a> ### audioMIDI.addEvent(track, event) Adds an event to a track. **Kind**: instance method of [<code>AudioMIDI</code>](#AudioMIDI) | Param | Type | Description | | --- | --- | --- | | track | [<code>Track</code>](#Track) | The track to add the event to. | | event | <code>Event</code> \| <code>Array.<Event></code> | The event to add. | <a name="AudioMIDI+saveToDataBuffer"></a> ### audioMIDI.saveToDataBuffer() ⇒ <code>DataBuffer</code> Writes the MIDI data to a binary file. **Kind**: instance method of [<code>AudioMIDI</code>](#AudioMIDI) **Returns**: <code>DataBuffer</code> - The binary data buffer. <a name="AudioMIDI+writeChunk"></a> ### audioMIDI.writeChunk(dataBuffer, chunk) Write a track chunk to the data buffer. **Kind**: instance method of [<code>AudioMIDI</code>](#AudioMIDI) | Param | Type | Description | | --- | --- | --- | | dataBuffer | <code>DataBuffer</code> | The data buffer to write to. | | chunk | [<code>Track</code>](#Track) | The track chunk to write. | <a name="AudioMIDI+writeEvent"></a> ### audioMIDI.writeEvent(dataBuffer, event) Helper function to write an event to the data buffer. **Kind**: instance method of [<code>AudioMIDI</code>](#AudioMIDI) | Param | Type | Description | | --- | --- | --- | | dataBuffer | <code>DataBuffer</code> | The data buffer to write to. | | event | [<code>MidiTrackEvent</code>](#MidiTrackEvent) | The event to write. | <a name="AudioMIDI+getUsedNotes"></a> ### audioMIDI.getUsedNotes() ⇒ [<code>Array.<UsedNote></code>](#UsedNote) Returns a sorted list of all unique note numbers used in "Note On" events, along with their note names (e.g. "C3", "D#4"). **Kind**: instance method of [<code>AudioMIDI</code>](#AudioMIDI) **Returns**: [<code>Array.<UsedNote></code>](#UsedNote) - Array of note data <a name="AudioMIDI+validate"></a> ### audioMIDI.validate() ⇒ <code>Array.<string></code> Validate a MIDI instance for common issues. Matching Note Ons / Offs: A `velocity > 0` "Note On" increments `activeNotes[note]`. A "Note Off" or "Note On" with `velocity == 0` decrements. If the count is already 0, that is invalid. At the end of the track, if any notes still have a positive count, that is also invalid. Meta Events: We do a small switch on `event.metaType` to check if the declared metaEventLength is correct for well-known meta events (End of Track, Set Tempo, Time Signature, etc.). Chunk Length: Since the parser already stored each chunk's `chunkLength`, we do minimal checks: if `chunkLength > 0` but there are zero events, or vice versa, that is unusual. **Kind**: instance method of [<code>AudioMIDI</code>](#AudioMIDI) **Returns**: <code>Array.<string></code> - Array of warning / error messages discovered, an empty array if no issues are found. <a name="AudioMIDI.decodeHeader"></a> ### AudioMIDI.decodeHeader(chunk) ⇒ [<code>Header</code>](#Header) Decodes and validates MIDI Header. Checks for `MThd` header, reads the chunk length, format, track count, and PPQN (pulses per quarter note) / PPQ (pulses per quarter) / PQN (per quarter note) / TPQN (ticks per quarter note) / TPB (ticks per beat). Signature (Decimal): [77, 84, 104, 100, ...] Signature (Hexadecimal): [4D, 54, 68, 64, ...] Signature (ASCII): [M, T, h, d, ...] **Kind**: static method of [<code>AudioMIDI</code>](#AudioMIDI) **Returns**: [<code>Header</code>](#Header) - The decoded values. **Throws**: - <code>Error</code> Invalid WAV header | Param | Type | Description | | --- | --- | --- | | chunk | <code>Buffer</code> \| <code>string</code> \| <code>Uint8Array</code> | Data Blob | <a name="AudioMIDI.getControllerLabel"></a> ### AudioMIDI.getControllerLabel(controller) ⇒ <code>string</code> Return the human readable controller name from the ID. **Kind**: static method of [<code>AudioMIDI</code>](#AudioMIDI) **Returns**: <code>string</code> - The human-readable controller name. **See** - [ MidiKit Help Controllers](https://www.mixagesoftware.com/en/midikit/help/) - [ MIDI 1.0 Control Change Messages (Data Bytes)](https://midi.org/midi-1-0-control-change-messages) | Param | Type | Description | | --- | --- | --- | | controller | <code>number</code> | The controller ID. | <a name="AudioMIDI.getManufacturerLabel"></a> ### AudioMIDI.getManufacturerLabel(manufacturerId) ⇒ <code>string</code> Return the human readable manufacturer name from the ID. **Kind**: static method of [<code>AudioMIDI</code>](#AudioMIDI) **Returns**: <code>string</code> - The human-readable manufacturer name. **See**: [ MidiKit Help MIDI Manufacturers List](https://www.mixagesoftware.com/en/midikit/help/HTML/manufacturers.html) | Param | Type | Description | | --- | --- | --- | | manufacturerId | <code>number</code> | The manufacturer ID. | <a name="AudioMIDI.writeVariableLengthValue"></a> ### AudioMIDI.writeVariableLengthValue(dataBuffer, value) Write a variable-length value. **Kind**: static method of [<code>AudioMIDI</code>](#AudioMIDI) | Param | Type | Description | | --- | --- | --- | | dataBuffer | <code>DataBuffer</code> | The data buffer to write to. | | value | <code>number</code> | The value to write as a variable-length quantity. | <a name="AudioMIDI.writeEventData"></a> ### AudioMIDI.writeEventData(dataBuffer, data) Write event data. **Kind**: static method of [<code>AudioMIDI</code>](#AudioMIDI) | Param | Type | Description | | --- | --- | --- | | dataBuffer | <code>DataBuffer</code> | The data buffer to write to. | | data | <code>Uint8Array</code> \| <code>Array.<number></code> | The event data to write. | <a name="AudioMIDI.generateTempoEvent"></a> ### AudioMIDI.generateTempoEvent(bpm) ⇒ [<code>MidiTrackEvent</code>](#MidiTrackEvent) Generate a Set Tempo event with a provided BPM. **Kind**: static method of [<code>AudioMIDI</code>](#AudioMIDI) **Returns**: [<code>MidiTrackEvent</code>](#MidiTrackEvent) - The tempo event with the correct byte values. | Param | Type | Description | | --- | --- | --- | | bpm | <code>number</code> | The desired tempo in Beats Per Minute. | <a name="AudioMIDI.generateMetaStringEvent"></a> ### AudioMIDI.generateMetaStringEvent(metaType, data) ⇒ [<code>MidiTrackEvent</code>](#MidiTrackEvent) Generate a Meta String event: - 0x01: 'Text Event' - 0x02: 'Copyright Notice' - 0x03: 'Sequence / Track Name' - 0x04: 'Instrument Name' - 0x05: 'Lyrics' - 0x06: 'Marker' - 0x07: 'Cue Point' - 0x08: 'Program Name' - 0x09: 'Device (Port) Name' **Kind**: static method of [<code>AudioMIDI</code>](#AudioMIDI) **Returns**: [<code>MidiTrackEvent</code>](#MidiTrackEvent) - The meta string event with the encoded string data. | Param | Type | Description | | --- | --- | --- | | metaType | <code>number</code> | The meta event type. (e.g., 0x03 for Track Name). | | data | <code>string</code> | The string value for the event (e.g., the name of the track). | <a name="AudioMIDI.generateEndOfTrackEvent"></a> ### AudioMIDI.generateEndOfTrackEvent() ⇒ [<code>MidiTrackEvent</code>](#MidiTrackEvent) Generate an end of track event. **Kind**: static method of [<code>AudioMIDI</code>](#AudioMIDI) **Returns**: [<code>MidiTrackEvent</code>](#MidiTrackEvent) - The end of track event. <a name="AudioMIDI.convertToMidi"></a> ### AudioMIDI.convertToMidi(options) ⇒ [<code>AudioMIDI</code>](#AudioMIDI) Convert a collection of tracks and notes into a new AudioMIDI instance. **Kind**: static method of [<code>AudioMIDI</code>](#AudioMIDI) **Returns**: [<code>AudioMIDI</code>](#AudioMIDI) - The newly constured MIDI | Param | Type | Description | | --- | --- | --- | | options | <code>object</code> | The options | | [options.ppq] | <code>number</code> | The pulses per quarter note, default is 480. | | [options.bpm] | <code>number</code> | The BPM of the track, when blank no tempo event will be added. | | [options.tracks] | [<code>Array.<WritableTrack></code>](#WritableTrack) | The MIDI tracks to write. | | [options.skipNotes] | <code>Array.<number></code> | The MIDI notes to ship, if any. | **Example** ```js const midi = AudioMIDI.convertToMidi({ bpm, ppq, tracks: [ { notes: myCustomNotes.map((note) => { return { note: note.midiNote, velocity: note.velocity, length: note.length, } }), metaStringEvents: { 0x03: `Custom MIDI`, }, } ], skipNotes: [128], }); return midi; ``` <a name="AudioMIDI.noteToMidi"></a> ### AudioMIDI.noteToMidi(noteString, [octaveOffset], [noteMap]) ⇒ <code>number</code> Convert a note string like `C1` or `D#2` to the MIDI value. **Kind**: static method of [<code>AudioMIDI</code>](#AudioMIDI) **Returns**: <code>number</code> - The MIDI value for the provided note. | Param | Type | Default | Description | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | noteString | <code>string</code> | | The notation string. | | [octaveOffset] | <code>number</code> | <code>2</code> | The default octave offset for C1, where a value of 2 means C1 = 36; default is 2. | | [noteMap] | <code>Record.<string, number></code> | | The note map to use for the conversion. | **Example** ```js AudioMIDI.noteToMidi('C4') === 72 AudioMIDI.noteToMidi('C3') === 60 AudioMIDI.noteToMidi('C2') === 48 AudioMIDI.noteToMidi('C1') === 36 AudioMIDI.noteToMidi('C-1') === 12 AudioMIDI.noteToMidi('C-2') === 0 ``` <a name="AudioMIDI.midiToNote"></a> ### AudioMIDI.midiToNote(midiValue, [octaveOffset], [noteNames]) ⇒ <code>string</code> Convert a MIDI value back to a note string like `C1` or `D#2`. **Kind**: static method of [<code>AudioMIDI</code>](#AudioMIDI) **Returns**: <code>string</code> - The note label corresponding to the MIDI value. | Param | Type | Default | Description | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | midiValue | <code>number</code> | | The MIDI value (0-127). | | [octaveOffset] | <code>number</code> | <code>2</code> | The default octave offset for C1, where a value of 2 means C1 = 36; default is 2. | | [noteNames] | <code>Array.<string></code> | | The note names to use for the conversion. | **Example** ```js AudioMIDI.midiToNote(72) === 'C4' AudioMIDI.midiToNote(60) === 'C3' AudioMIDI.midiToNote(48) === 'C2' AudioMIDI.midiToNote(36) === 'C1' AudioMIDI.midiToNote(12) === 'C-1' AudioMIDI.midiToNote(0) === 'C-2' ``` <a name="WritableNote"></a> ## WritableNote : <code>object</code> **Kind**: global typedef **Properties** | Name | Type | Description | | --- | --- | --- | | ticks | <code>number</code> | The delay in ticks until the next track. | | midiNote | <code>number</code> | The MIDI note value. | | velocity | <code>number</code> | The velocity of the note (0-127). | | length | <code>number</code> | The length of the note in ticks. | <a name="WritableTrack"></a> ## WritableTrack : <code>object</code> **Kind**: global typedef **Properties** | Name | Type | Description | | --- | --- | --- | | [bpm] | <code>number</code> | The BPM of the track, when blank no tempo event will be added. | | [metaStringEvents] | <code>Record.<number, string></code> | A key value collection of meta events to add where they key is the event type and the value is the data to add. | | [notes] | [<code>Array.<WritableNote></code>](#WritableNote) | A collection of notes to write on the track. | <a name="NoteData"></a> ## NoteData : <code>object</code> **Kind**: global typedef **Properties** | Name | Type | Description | | --- | --- | --- | | note | <code>string</code> | A note value. | | velocity | <code>number</code> | The velocity of the note (0-127). | | length | <code>number</code> | The length of the note in ticks. | <a name="SysExData"></a> ## SysExData : <code>object</code> **Kind**: global typedef **Properties** | Name | Type | Description | | --- | --- | --- | | manufacturerId | <code>number</code> | The manufacturer's ID code. | | manufacturerLabel | <code>string</code> | The manufacturer's label based on the ID. | | data | <code>Array.<number></code> | The SysEx data bytes. | <a name="EventData"></a> ## EventData : <code>string</code> \| <code>number</code> \| <code>Uint8Array</code> \| [<code>NoteData</code>](#NoteData) \| [<code>SysExData</code>](#SysExData) **Kind**: global typedef <a name="MidiTrackEvent"></a> ## MidiTrackEvent : <code>object</code> **Kind**: global typedef **Properties** | Name | Type | Description | | --- | --- | --- | | deltaTime | <code>number</code> | The delta time of the MIDI event. | | type | <code>number</code> | The type of the event (e.g., meta event, regular event). | | label | <code>string</code> | A human-readable label describing the event. | | data | [<code>EventData</code>](#EventData) | The data associated with the event. | | [metaType] | <code>number</code> | The subtype of the meta event. | | [metaEventLength] | <code>number</code> | The length of the meta event data. | | [channel] | <code>number</code> | The MIDI channel the event is for. | | [tag] | <code>number</code> | The tag for the M-Live Tag event. | <a name="Header"></a> ## Header : <code>object</code> **Kind**: global typedef **Properties** | Name | Type | Description | | --- | --- | --- | | type | <code>string</code> | The type of the chunk (e.g., MThd, MTrk). | | format | <code>number</code> | The format of the MIDI file (header only). | | trackCount | <code>number</code> | The number of tracks in the MIDI file (header only). | | timeDivision | <code>number</code> | The time division of the MIDI file (header only). | | chunkLength | <code>number</code> | The length of the chunk data. | <a name="Track"></a> ## Track : <code>object</code> **Kind**: global typedef **Properties** | Name | Type | Description | | --- | --- | --- | | type | <code>string</code> | The type of the chunk (e.g., MThd, MTrk). | | chunkLength | <code>number</code> | The length of the chunk data. | | events | [<code>Array.<MidiTrackEvent></code>](#MidiTrackEvent) | The collection of events in the track. | <a name="UsedNote"></a> ## UsedNote : <code>object</code> **Kind**: global typedef **Properties** | Name | Type | Description | | --- | --- | --- | | noteNumber | <code>number</code> | The numeric value of the note. | | noteString | <code>string</code> | The human-readable note string. | * * * ## Tests To run the test suite, first install the dependencies, then run `npm test`: ```bash npm install npm test DEBUG=Uttori* npm test ``` ## Contributors * [Matthew Callis](https://github.com/MatthewCallis) ## References I found these links really helpful for understanding the MIDI format. - https://midi.org/midi-1-0-control-change-messages - https://midi.org/community/midi-specifications/yamaha-meta-events-in-midi-files - https://www.mixagesoftware.com/en/midikit/help/HTML/meta_events.html - https://web.archive.org/web/20140325195418/http://www.ta7.de/txt/musik/musi0006.htm#expand - https://www.lim.di.unimi.it/IEEE/MIDI/META.HTM - https://www.un4seen.com/forum/?topic=20355.msg142507#msg142507 - https://www.music.mcgill.ca/~ich/classes/mumt306/StandardMIDIfileformat.html - http://www.jososoft.dk/yamaha/docs_specs.htm ## License * [MIT](LICENSE)