@rundexter/dexter-interactive

{ "People": { "Politicians and leaders": [ { "page": "Sargon_of_Akkad", "title": "Sargon of Akkad", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Sargon_of_Akkad_on_his_victory_stele.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Sargon_of_Akkad_on_his_victory_stele.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad", "summary": "Sargon of Akkad, also known as Sargon the Great, was the first ruler of the Akkadian Empire, known for his conquests of the Sumerian city-states in the 24th to 23rd centuries BC. He is sometimes identified as the first person in recorded history to rule over an empire." }, { "page": "Hammurabi", "title": "Hammurabi", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammurabi", "summary": "Hammurabi was the sixth king of the First Babylonian dynasty of the Amorite tribe, reigning from c. 1792 BC to c. 1750 BC. He was preceded by his father, Sin-Muballit, who abdicated due to failing health. During his reign, he conquered Elam and the city-states of Larsa, Eshnunna, and Mari. He ousted Ishme-Dagan I, the king of Assyria, and forced his son Mut-Ashkur to pay tribute, bringing almost all of Mesopotamia under Babylonian rule." }, { "page": "Hatshepsut", "title": "Hatshepsut", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Seated_Statue_of_Hatshepsut_MET_Hatshepsut2012.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Seated_Statue_of_Hatshepsut_MET_Hatshepsut2012.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut", "summary": "Hatshepsut was the fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. She was the second historically confirmed female pharaoh, the first being Sobekneferu." }, { "page": "Ramesses_II", "title": "Ramesses II", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/RamsesIIEgypt.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/RamsesIIEgypt.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II", "summary": "Ramesses II, also known as Ramesses the Great, was the third pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt. He is often regarded as the greatest, most celebrated, and most powerful pharaoh of the New Kingdom, itself the most powerful period of Ancient Egypt. His successors and later Egyptians called him the \"Great Ancestor\"." }, { "page": "Cyrus_the_Great", "title": "Cyrus the Great", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Illustrerad_Verldshistoria_band_I_Ill_058.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Illustrerad_Verldshistoria_band_I_Ill_058.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great", "summary": "Cyrus II of Persia commonly known as Cyrus the Great, and also called Cyrus the Elder by the Greeks, was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, the first Persian Empire." }, { "page": "Alexander_the_Great", "title": "Alexander the Great", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Alexander_the_Great_mosaic.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Alexander_the_Great_mosaic.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great", "summary": "Alexander III of Macedon, commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king (basileus) of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and a member of the Argead dynasty. He was born in Pella in 356 BC and succeeded his father Philip II to the throne at the age of 20. He spent most of his ruling years on an unprecedented military campaign through western Asia and northeast Africa, and by the age of thirty, he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from Greece to northwestern India. He was undefeated in battle and is widely considered one of history's most successful military commanders." }, { "page": "Ashoka", "title": "Ashoka", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Ashoka's_visit_to_the_Ramagrama_stupa_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Southern_gateway.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Ashoka's_visit_to_the_Ramagrama_stupa_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Southern_gateway.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka", "summary": "Ashoka, also known as Ashoka the Great, was an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty, who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from c. 268 to 232 BCE. The grandson of the founder of the Maurya Dynasty, Chandragupta Maurya, Ashoka promoted the spread of Buddhism across ancient Asia. Considered by many to be one of India's greatest emperors, Ashoka expanded Chandragupta's empire to reign over a realm stretching from present-day Afghanistan in the west to Bangladesh in the east. It covered the entire Indian subcontinent except for parts of present-day Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala. The empire's capital was Pataliputra, with provincial capitals at Taxila and Ujjain." }, { "page": "Qin_Shi_Huang", "title": "Qin Shi Huang", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Qinshihuang.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Qinshihuang.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang", "summary": "Qin Shi Huang was the founder of the Qin dynasty and the first emperor of a unified China. From 247 to 221 BC he was Zheng, King of Qin. He became China's first emperor when he was 38 after the Qin had conquered all of the other Warring States and unified all of China in 221 BC. Rather than maintain the title of \"king\" borne by the previous Shang and Zhou rulers, he ruled as the First Emperor (始皇帝) of the Qin dynasty from 221 BC to 210 BC. His self-invented title \"emperor\" would continue to be borne by Chinese rulers for the next two millennia." }, { "page": "Julius_Caesar", "title": "Julius Caesar", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Retrato_de_Julio_C%C3%A9sar_%2826724093101%29_%28cropped%29.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Retrato_de_Julio_C%C3%A9sar_%2826724093101%29_%28cropped%29.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar", "summary": "Gaius Julius Caesar was a Roman general and statesman who played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire." }, { "page": "Augustus", "title": "Augustus", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Statue-Augustus.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus", "summary": "Caesar Augustus was the first Roman emperor, reigning from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. His status as the founder of the Roman Principate has consolidated an enduring legacy as one of the most effective and controversial leaders in human history. The reign of Augustus initiated an era of relative peace known as the Pax Romana. The Roman world was largely free from large-scale conflict for more than two centuries, despite continuous wars of imperial expansion on the Empire's frontiers and the year-long civil war known as the \"Year of the Four Emperors\" over the imperial succession." }, { "page": "Charlemagne", "title": "Charlemagne", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Charlemagne_denier_Mayence_812_814.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Charlemagne_denier_Mayence_812_814.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne", "summary": "Charlemagne or Charles the Great, numbered Charles I, was the King of the Franks from 768, the King of the Lombards from 774, and the Emperor of the Romans from 800. During the Early Middle Ages, he united the majority of western and central Europe. He was the first recognised emperor to rule from western Europe since the fall of the Western Roman Empire around three centuries earlier. The expanded Frankish state that Charlemagne founded is called the Carolingian Empire. He was later canonised by Antipope Paschal III." }, { "page": "Genghis_Khan", "title": "Genghis Khan", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan", "summary": "Genghis Khan, also officially Genghis Huangdi, was the founder and first Great Khan and Emperor of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death. He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia. After founding the Empire and being proclaimed Genghis Khan, he launched the Mongol invasions that conquered most of Eurasia, reaching as far west as Poland and the Levant in the Middle East. Campaigns initiated in his lifetime include those against the Qara Khitai, Khwarezmia, and the Western Xia and Jin dynasties, and raids into Medieval Georgia, the Kievan Rus', and Volga Bulgaria. These campaigns were often accompanied by large-scale massacres of the civilian populations, especially in the Khwarazmian- and Western Xia–controlled lands. Because of this brutality, which left millions dead, he is considered by many to have been a brutal ruler. By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China. Due to his exceptional military successes, Genghis Khan is often considered to be the greatest conqueror of all time." }, { "page": "Joan_of_Arc", "title": "Joan of Arc", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Joan_of_Arc_miniature_graded.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Joan_of_Arc_miniature_graded.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc", "summary": "Joan of Arc, nicknamed \"The Maid of Orléans\", is considered a heroine of France for her role during the Lancastrian phase of the Hundred Years' War, and was canonized as a Catholic saint. She was born to Jacques d'Arc and Isabelle Romée, a peasant family, at Domrémy in the Vosges of northeast France. Joan claimed to have received visions of the archangel Michael, Saint Margaret, and Saint Catherine of Alexandria instructing her to support Charles VII and recover France from English domination late in the Hundred Years' War. The as-yet-unanointed King Charles VII sent Joan to the Siege of Orléans as part of a relief army. She gained prominence after the siege was lifted only nine days later. Several additional swift victories led to Charles VII's consecration at Reims. This long-awaited event boosted French morale and paved the way for the final French victory at Castillon in 1453." }, { "page": "Suleiman_the_Magnificent", "title": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/EmperorSuleiman.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/EmperorSuleiman.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent", "summary": "Suleiman I, commonly known as Suleiman the Magnificent in the West and Suleiman the Lawgiver in his realm, was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 until his death in 1566. Under his administration, the Ottoman caliphate ruled over at least 25 million people." }, { "page": "Elizabeth_I", "title": "Elizabeth I", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Darnley_stage_3.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Darnley_stage_3.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I", "summary": "Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death on 24 March 1603. Sometimes called the Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the last of the five monarchs of the House of Tudor." }, { "page": "Catherine_the_Great", "title": "Catherine the Great", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Catherine_II_by_J.B.Lampi_%281780s%2C_Kunsthistorisches_Museum%29.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Catherine_II_by_J.B.Lampi_%281780s%2C_Kunsthistorisches_Museum%29.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_the_Great", "summary": "Catherine II, most commonly known as Catherine the Great, was Empress of Russia from 1762 until 1796—the country's longest-ruling female leader. She came to power following a coup d'état that overthrew her husband and second cousin, Peter III. Under her reign, Russian culture was revitalised. Russia grew larger and probably stronger, and though the significance of Russia as the great power in Europe had been undermined by the same pro-Prussian policy of Peter III and Catherine II with the loss of the major part of Poland and Ukraine, of Holstein-Gottorp and of the status of an arbiter in Germany Russia was recognized as one of the great powers worldwide, because it intervened into the affairs of America, Africa, India." }, { "page": "George_Washington", "title": "George Washington", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington", "summary": "George Washington was an American political leader, military general, statesman, and founding father who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Previously, he led Patriot forces to victory in the nation's War for Independence. He presided at the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which established the U.S. Constitution\nand a federal government. Washington has been called the \"Father of His Country\" for his manifold leadership in the formative days of the new nation." }, { "page": "Napoleon", "title": "Napoleon", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Grandes_Armes_Imp%C3%A9riales_%281804-1815%292.svg/477px-Grandes_Armes_Imp%C3%A9riales_%281804-1815%292.svg.png", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/477px-Grandes_Armes_Imp%C3%A9riales_%281804-1815%292.svg.png", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon", "summary": "Napoleon Bonaparte, born Napoleone di Buonaparte, byname \"Le Corse\" or \"Le Petit Caporal\", was a French statesman and military leader who became notorious as an artillery commander during the French Revolution. He led many successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars and was Emperor of the French as Napoleon I from 1804 until 1814 and again briefly in 1815 during the Hundred Days. Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions during the Napoleonic Wars. He won many of these wars and a vast majority of his battles, building a large empire that ruled over much of continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815. Napoleon is regarded as one of the greatest military commanders in history, and his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide. His political and cultural legacy has made him one of the most celebrated and controversial leaders in human history." }, { "page": "Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar", "title": "Simón Bolívar", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_Signature.svg/252px-Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_Signature.svg.png", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/252px-Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_Signature.svg.png", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar", "summary": "Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios Ponte-Andrade y Blanco, generally known as Simón Bolívar and also colloquially as El Libertador, or the Liberator, was a Venezuelan military and political leader who led what are currently the countries of Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Panama to independence from the Spanish Empire." }, { "page": "Abraham_Lincoln", "title": "Abraham Lincoln", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln", "summary": "Abraham Lincoln was an American statesman and lawyer who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 to 1865. Lincoln led the nation through the American Civil War, the country's greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis. He succeeded in preserving the Union, abolishing slavery, bolstering the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy." }, { "page": "Mahatma_Gandhi", "title": "Mahatma Gandhi", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Mahatma-Gandhi%2C_studio%2C_1931.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Mahatma-Gandhi%2C_studio%2C_1931.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi", "summary": "Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist, and political ethicist, who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule, and in turn inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. The honorific Mahātmā, first applied to him in 1914 in South Africa, is now used throughout the world. His contributions to the formation of Modern India also gave him the title – \"Father of the Nation\"." }, { "page": "Vladimir_Lenin", "title": "Vladimir Lenin", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-71043-0003%2C_Wladimir_Iljitsch_Lenin.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-71043-0003%2C_Wladimir_Iljitsch_Lenin.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin", "summary": "Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known by his alias Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. Under his administration, Russia, and later the wider Soviet Union, became a one-party Marxist–Leninist state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Ideologically a communist, he developed a variant of Marxism known as Leninism." }, { "page": "Winston_Churchill", "title": "Winston Churchill", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Sir_Winston_Churchill_-_19086236948.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Sir_Winston_Churchill_-_19086236948.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill", "summary": "Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, was a British statesman, army officer, and writer. He was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945, when he led the country to victory in the Second World War, and again from 1951 to 1955. Apart from two years between 1922 and 1924, Churchill was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1900 to 1964 and represented a total of five constituencies. Ideologically an economic liberal and imperialist, he was for most of his career a member of the Conservative Party, as leader from 1940 to 1955. He was a member of the Liberal Party from 1904 to 1924." }, { "page": "Joseph_Stalin", "title": "Joseph Stalin", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Stalin_Full_Image.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Stalin_Full_Image.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin", "summary": "Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet politician who ruled the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. He served as the general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1952) and premier of the Soviet Union (1941–1953). Despite initially governing the Soviet Union as part of a collective leadership, he eventually consolidated power to become the country's de facto dictator by the 1930s. A communist ideologically committed to the Leninist interpretation of Marxism, Stalin formalised these ideas as Marxism–Leninism, while his own policies are known as Stalinism." }, { "page": "Adolf_Hitler", "title": "Adolf Hitler", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Hitler_portrait_crop.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Hitler_portrait_crop.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler", "summary": "Adolf Hitler was a German politician and leader of the Nazi Party. He rose to power as the chancellor of Germany in 1933 and then as Führer in 1934. During his dictatorship from 1933 to 1945, he initiated World War II in Europe by invading Poland on 1 September 1939. He was closely involved in military operations throughout the war and was central to the perpetration of the Holocaust." }, { "page": "Mao_Zedong", "title": "Mao Zedong", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Mao_Zedong_in_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Mao_Zedong_in_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong", "summary": "Mao Zedong, also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who was the founding father of the People's Republic of China (PRC), which he ruled as the chairman of the Communist Party of China from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976. Ideologically a Marxist–Leninist, his theories, military strategies, and political policies are collectively known as Maoism." }, { "page": "Nelson_Mandela", "title": "Nelson Mandela", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Nelson_Mandela_1994.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Nelson_Mandela_1994.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela", "summary": "Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by tackling institutionalised racism and fostering racial reconciliation. Ideologically an African nationalist and socialist, he served as the president of the African National Congress (ANC) party from 1991 to 1997." } ], "Religious figures": [ { "page": "Abraham", "title": "Abraham", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Rembrandt_Abraham_Serving_the_Three_Angels.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Rembrandt_Abraham_Serving_the_Three_Angels.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham", "summary": "Abraham is the common patriarch of the Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity and Islam. In Judaism, he is the founding father of the covenant of the pieces, the special relationship between the Hebrews and God; in Christianity, he is the prototype of all believers, Jewish or Gentile; and in Islam he is seen as a link in the chain of prophets that begins with Adam and culminates in Muhammad." }, { "page": "Moses", "title": "Moses", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Philippe_de_Champaigne_-_Moses_with_the_Ten_Commandments_-_WGA04717.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Philippe_de_Champaigne_-_Moses_with_the_Ten_Commandments_-_WGA04717.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses", "summary": "Moses, also known as Moshe Rabbenu, is the most important prophet in Judaism, and an important prophet in Christianity, Islam, the Baháʼí Faith, and a number of other Abrahamic religions. In the biblical narrative he was the leader of the Israelites and lawgiver, to whom the authorship of the first five books of the bible, the Torah, or \"acquisition of the Torah from heaven,\" is attributed." }, { "page": "Laozi", "title": "Laozi", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Philbar_3.png", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Philbar_3.png", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laozi", "summary": "Lao Tzu, also rendered as Laozi and Lao-Tze, was an ancient Chinese philosopher and writer. He is the reputed author of the Tao Te Ching, the founder of philosophical Taoism, and a deity in religious Taoism and traditional Chinese religions." }, { "page": "Gautama_Buddha", "title": "Gautama Buddha", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha", "summary": "The Buddha was a philosopher, mendicant, meditator, spiritual teacher, and religious leader who lived in Ancient India. He is revered as the founder of the world religion of Buddhism, and worshiped by most Buddhist schools as the Enlightened One who has transcended Karma and escaped the cycle of birth and rebirth. He taught for around 45 years and built a large following, both monastic and lay. His teaching is based on his insight into duḥkha and the end of dukkha – the state called Nibbāna or Nirvana." }, { "page": "Jesus", "title": "Jesus", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Cefal%C3%B9_Pantocrator_retouched.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Cefal%C3%B9_Pantocrator_retouched.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus", "summary": "Jesus, also referred to as Jesus of Nazareth or Jesus Christ, was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious leader. He is the central figure of Christianity, the world's largest religion. Most Christians believe he is the incarnation of God the Son and the awaited Messiah prophesied in the Old Testament." }, { "page": "Paul_the_Apostle", "title": "Paul the Apostle", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/The_Predication_of_Saint_Paul_LACMA_M.2000.179.24.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/The_Predication_of_Saint_Paul_LACMA_M.2000.179.24.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle", "summary": "Paul the Apostle, commonly known as Saint Paul and also known by his Hebrew name Saul of Tarsus, was an apostle who taught the gospel of Christ to the first-century world. Paul is generally considered one of the most important figures of the Apostolic Age and from the mid-30s to the mid-50s AD he founded several Christian communities in Asia Minor and Europe." }, { "page": "Muhammad", "title": "Muhammad", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Dark_vignette_Al-Masjid_AL-Nabawi_Door800x600x300.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Dark_vignette_Al-Masjid_AL-Nabawi_Door800x600x300.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad", "summary": "Muhammad was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet, sent to preach and confirm the monotheistic teachings of Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. He is viewed as the final prophet of God in all the main branches of Islam, though some modern denominations diverge from this belief. Muhammad united Arabia into a single Muslim polity, with the Quran as well as his teachings and practices forming the basis of Islamic religious belief." }, { "page": "Adi_Shankara", "title": "Adi Shankara", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankara", "summary": "Adi Shankaracharya was an Indian philosopher and theologian who consolidated the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta. He is credited with unifying and establishing the main currents of thought in Hinduism." }, { "page": "Martin_Luther", "title": "Martin Luther", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Martin_Luther_by_Cranach-restoration.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Martin_Luther_by_Cranach-restoration.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther", "summary": "Martin Luther, was a German professor of theology, priest, author, composer, Augustinian monk, and a seminal figure in the Reformation. Luther was ordained to the priesthood in 1507. He came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church; in particular, he disputed the view on indulgences. Luther proposed an academic discussion of the practice and efficacy of indulgences in his Ninety-five Theses of 1517. His refusal to renounce all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Holy Roman Emperor." } ], "Explorers": [ { "page": "Marco_Polo", "title": "Marco Polo", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Marco_Polo_-_costume_tartare.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Marco_Polo_-_costume_tartare.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo", "summary": "Marco Polo was a Venetian merchant, explorer, and writer who travelled through Asia along the Silk Road between 1271 and 1295. His travels are recorded in The Travels of Marco Polo, a book that described to Europeans the then mysterious culture and inner workings of the Eastern world, including the wealth and great size of the Mongol Empire and China in the Yuan Dynasty, giving their first comprehensive look into China, Persia, India, Japan and other Asian cities and countries." }, { "page": "Ibn_Battuta", "title": "Ibn Battuta", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Handmade_oil_painting_reproduction_of_Ibn_Battuta_in_Egypt%2C_a_painting_by_Hippolyte_Leon_Benett..jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Handmade_oil_painting_reproduction_of_Ibn_Battuta_in_Egypt%2C_a_painting_by_Hippolyte_Leon_Benett..jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta", "summary": "Ibn Battuta was a Muslim Berber Moroccan scholar and explorer who widely travelled the medieval world. Over a period of thirty years, Ibn Battuta visited most of the Islamic world and many non-Muslim lands, including Central Asia, Southeast Asia, India and China. Near the end of his life, he dictated an account of his journeys, titled A Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Traveling. He travelled more than any other explorer in distance, totaling around 117,000 km, surpassing Zheng He with about 50,000 km and Marco Polo with 12,000 km." }, { "page": "Zheng_He", "title": "Zheng He", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Zheng_He.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Zheng_He.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He", "summary": "Zheng He was a Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat, fleet admiral, and court eunuch during China's early Ming dynasty. He was originally born as Ma He in a Muslim family and later adopted the surname Zheng conferred by Emperor Yongle. Zheng commanded expeditionary treasure voyages to Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Western Asia, and East Africa from 1405 to 1433. According to legend, his larger ships carried hundreds of sailors on four decks and were almost twice as long as any wooden ship ever recorded." }, { "page": "Christopher_Columbus", "title": "Christopher Columbus", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Portrait_of_a_Man%2C_Said_to_be_Christopher_Columbus.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Portrait_of_a_Man%2C_Said_to_be_Christopher_Columbus.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus", "summary": "Christopher Columbus was an explorer and navigator who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean, opening the way for European exploration and colonization of the Americas. His expeditions, sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, were the first European contact with the Caribbean, Central America, and South America." }, { "page": "Vasco_da_Gama", "title": "Vasco da Gama", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Lisboa-Museu_Nacional_de_Arte_Antiga-Retrato_dito_de_Vasco_da_Gama-20140917.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Lisboa-Museu_Nacional_de_Arte_Antiga-Retrato_dito_de_Vasco_da_Gama-20140917.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama", "summary": "Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira, was a Portuguese explorer and the first European to reach India by sea." }, { "page": "Ferdinand_Magellan", "title": "Ferdinand Magellan", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Ferdinand_Magellan.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Ferdinand_Magellan.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan", "summary": "Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese explorer who organised the Spanish expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to 1522, resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Earth, which was completed by Juan Sebastián Elcano." }, { "page": "James_Cook", "title": "James Cook", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Captainjamescookportrait.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Captainjamescookportrait.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook", "summary": "Captain James Cook was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the British Royal Navy. He made detailed maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific Ocean, during which he achieved the first recorded European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands, and the first recorded circumnavigation of New Zealand." }, { "page": "Roald_Amundsen", "title": "Roald Amundsen", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Amundsen_in_fur_skins.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Amundsen_in_fur_skins.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen", "summary": "Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen was a Norwegian explorer of polar regions and a key figure of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. He led the first expedition to traverse the Northwest Passage by sea, from 1903 to 1906, and the first expedition to the South Pole in 1911. He led the first expedition proven to have reached the North Pole in a dirigible in 1926. He disappeared while taking part in a rescue mission for the airship Italia in 1928." } ], "Philosophers and social scientists": [ { "page": "Confucius", "title": "Confucius", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kongzi_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/203px-Kongzi_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/203px-Kongzi_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius", "summary": "Confucius was a Chinese philosopher and politician of the Spring and Autumn period." }, { "page": "Herodotus", "title": "Herodotus", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Marble_bust_of_Herodotos_MET_DT11742.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Marble_bust_of_Herodotos_MET_DT11742.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus", "summary": "Herodotus was an ancient Greek historian who was born in Halicarnassus in the Persian Empire. He is known for having written the book The Histories, a detailed record of his \"inquiry\" on the origins of the Greco-Persian Wars. He is widely considered to have been the first writer to have treated historical subjects using a method of systematic investigation—specifically, by collecting his materials and then critically arranging them into an historiographic narrative. On account of this, he is often referred to as \"The Father of History,\" a title first conferred on him by the first-century BC Roman orator Cicero." }, { "page": "Socrates", "title": "Socrates", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Socrates_Louvre.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Socrates_Louvre.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates", "summary": "Socrates was a Greek philosopher from Athens who is credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, and as being the first moral philosopher of the Western ethical tradition of thought.\nAn enigmatic figure, he authored no texts, and is known chiefly through the accounts of classical writers composing after his lifetime, particularly his students Plato and Xenophon. Other sources include the contemporaneous Antisthenes, Aristippus, and Aeschines of Sphettos. Aristophanes, a playwright, is the main contemporary author to have written plays mentioning Socrates during Socrates' lifetime, though a fragment of Ion of Chios' Travel Journal provides important information about Socrates' youth." }, { "page": "Plato", "title": "Plato", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato", "summary": "Plato was an Athenian philosopher during the Classical period in Ancient Greece, founder of the Platonist school of thought, and the Academy, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world." }, { "page": "Aristotle", "title": "Aristotle", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle", "summary": "Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical period in Ancient Greece. Taught by Plato, he was the founder of the Lyceum, the Peripatetic school of philosophy, and the Aristotelian tradition. His writings cover many subjects including physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, theatre, music, rhetoric, psychology, linguistics, economics, politics, and government. Aristotle provided a complex synthesis of the various philosophies existing prior to him. It was above all from his teachings that the West inherited its intellectual lexicon, as well as problems and methods of inquiry. As a result, his philosophy has exerted a unique influence on almost every form of knowledge in the West and it continues to be a subject of contemporary philosophical discussion." }, { "page": "Avicenna", "title": "Avicenna", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Avicenna_Portrait_on_Silver_Vase_-_Museum_at_BuAli_Sina_%28Avicenna%29_Mausoleum_-_Hamadan_-_Western_Iran_%287423560860%29.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Avicenna_Portrait_on_Silver_Vase_-_Museum_at_BuAli_Sina_%28Avicenna%29_Mausoleum_-_Hamadan_-_Western_Iran_%287423560860%29.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna", "summary": "Ibn Sina, also known as Abu Ali Sina, Pur Sina (پورسینا), and often known in the West as Avicenna, was a Persian polymath who is regarded as one of the most significant physicians, astronomers, thinkers and writers of the Islamic Golden Age, and the father of early modern medicine. Sajjad H. Rizvi has called Avicenna \"arguably the most influential philosopher of the pre-modern era\". He was a Muslim Peripatetic philosopher influenced by Aristotelian philosophy. Of the 450 works he is believed to have written, around 240 have survived, including 150 on philosophy and 40 on medicine." }, { "page": "Thomas_Aquinas", "title": "Thomas Aquinas", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/St-thomas-aquinas.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/St-thomas-aquinas.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas", "summary": "Thomas Aquinas was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, Catholic priest, and Doctor of the Church. An immensely influential philosopher, theologian, and jurist in the tradition of scholasticism, he is also known within the latter as the Doctor Angelicus and the Doctor Communis. The name Aquinas identifies his ancestral origins in the county of Aquino in present-day Lazio, Italy. He was the foremost classical proponent of natural theology and the father of Thomism; of which he argued that reason is found in God. His influence on Western thought is considerable, and much of modern philosophy developed or opposed his ideas, particularly in the areas of ethics, natural law, metaphysics, and political theory." }, { "page": "Ibn_Khaldun", "title": "Ibn Khaldun", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Bust_of_Ibn_Khaldun_%28Casbah_of_Bejaia%2C_Algeria%29.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Bust_of_Ibn_Khaldun_%28Casbah_of_Bejaia%2C_Algeria%29.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun", "summary": "Ibn Khaldun was an Arab scholar of Islam, social scientist and historian who has been described as the father of the modern disciplines of historiography, sociology, economics, and demography. Niccolò Machiavelli of the Renaissance and the 19th-century European scholars widely acknowledged the significance of his works and considered Ibn Khaldun to be one of the greatest philosophers of the Middle Ages." }, { "page": "Ren%C3%A9_Descartes", "title": "René Descartes", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes", "summary": "\nRené Descartes was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. A native of the Kingdom of France, he spent about 20 years (1629–1649) of his life in the Dutch Republic after serving for a while in the Dutch States Army of Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange and the Stadtholder of the United Provinces. One of the most notable intellectual figures of the Dutch Golden Age, Descartes is also widely regarded as one of the founders of modern philosophy." }, { "page": "John_Locke", "title": "John Locke", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/John_Locke.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/John_Locke.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke", "summary": "John Locke was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the \"Father of Liberalism\". Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, following the tradition of Sir Francis Bacon, Locke is equally important to social contract theory. His work greatly affected the development of epistemology and political philosophy. His writings influenced Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well as the American Revolutionaries. His contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence." }, { "page": "Adam_Smith", "title": "Adam Smith", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Adam_Smith_The_Muir_portrait.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Adam_Smith_The_Muir_portrait.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith", "summary": "Adam Smith was a British economist, philosopher, and author born in Scotland, as well as a moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy, and a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment, also known as ''The Father of Economics'' or ''The Father of Capitalism''. Smith wrote two classic works, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). The latter, often abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics. In his work, Adam Smith introduced his theory of absolute advantage." }, { "page": "Immanuel_Kant", "title": "Immanuel Kant", "image": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Kant_gemaelde_3.jpg", "safe_image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Redirect/file/Kant_gemaelde_3.jpg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant", "summary": "Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher and one of the central Enlightenment thinkers. Kant's comprehensive and systematic works in epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics have made him one of the most influential figures in modern Wester