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href="/atom.xml" title="Magicland" type="application/atom+xml"><link rel="alternate" href="/rss2.xml" title="Magicland" type="application/rss+xml"><title>我们从哪里来？——图灵方程式、贝洛索夫反应与自组织生命起源探索 - Magicland</title><meta name="keywords" content="随笔, 混沌,探索,MHuiG, @MHuiG, Blog, 博客, Magicland, 魔法世界"><meta desc name="description" content="这里探讨的是一个非常简单的问题，我们是怎么来到这里的？文章探讨人类从简单元素到生命体的构成，介绍图灵用数学方程式解释生物形态发生（如动物斑纹生成），以及贝洛索夫发现的试液自发变色现象，印证简单规则可产生复杂生物现象。 - MHuiG - Magicland"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="og:title" content="我们从哪里来？"><meta property="og:url" content="https://blog.mhuig.top/p/dad4292a/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Magicland"><meta property="og:description" content="这里探讨的是一个非常简单的问题，我们是怎么来到这里的？文章探讨人类从简单元素到生命体的构成，介绍图灵用数学方程式解释生物形态发生（如动物斑纹生成），以及贝洛索夫发现的试液自发变色现象，印证简单规则可产生复杂生物现象。"><meta property="og:locale"><meta property="og:image" content="https://blog.mhuig.top/lib/favicon/android-chrome-192x192.png"><meta property="article:published_time" 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target="_blank" rel="external nofollow noopener noreferrer" href="https://github.com/MHuiG" title="GitHub" active-action="action-https:githubcomMHuiG"><i class="fa-brands fa-github fa-fw"></i> GitHub</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></header><div id="l_body"><div id="l_cover"><div id="none" class="cover-wrapper post featured" style="display:none"><div class="cover-bg lazyload placeholder" data-bg></div><div class="cover-body"><div class="top"><p class="title">Magicland</p><p class="subtitle">「看庭前花开花落,望天上云卷云舒」</p></div><div class="bottom"><div class="menu navigation"><div class="list-h"><a target="_blank" rel="external nofollow noopener noreferrer" href="https://github.com/MHuiG" active-action="action-https:githubcomMHuiG"><i class="fa-brands fa-github color-github fa-fw"></i><p>Github</p></a><a href="/pages/friends/" active-action="action-pagesfriends"><i class="fa-duotone fa-link color-friends fa-fw"></i><p>友链</p></a><a href="/pages/about/" active-action="action-pagesabout"><i class="fa-duotone fa-user-tie color-about fa-fw"></i><p>关于</p></a><a href="https://www.travellings.cn/go-by-clouds.html" target="_blank" active-action="action-https:wwwtravellingscngo-by-cloudshtml" rel="external nofollow noopener noreferrer"><i class="fa-duotone fa-subway color-travellings fa-fw"></i><p>Travelling</p></a></div></div></div></div><div id="scroll-down" style="display:none"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down scroll-down-effects"></i></div></div></div><div id="safearea"><div class="body-wrapper"><div id="l_main" class><article itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" class="article post white-box reveal md shadow floatable blur article-type-post" id="post" itemprop="blogPost"><link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="https://blog.mhuig.top/p/dad4292a/"><span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization"><meta itemprop="name" content="Magicland"></span><span hidden itemprop="post" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><meta itemprop="name" content="我们从哪里来？"><meta itemprop="description" content="这里探讨的是一个非常简单的问题，我们是怎么来到这里的？文章探讨人类从简单元素到生命体的构成，介绍图灵用数学方程式解释生物形态发生（如动物斑纹生成），以及贝洛索夫发现的试液自发变色现象，印证简单规则可产生复杂生物现象。"></span><div class="headimg-div"><div class="headimg-a"> <img itemprop="image" class="headimg lazyload" alt="我们从哪里来？" src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651884877591/1622901746000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651884877591/1622901746000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="></div></div><div class="article-meta" id="top"><h1 class="hidden" itemprop="name headline"> 我们从哪里来？</h1><div class="new-meta-box"><div class="new-meta-item author" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a itemprop="url" class="author" target="_blank" href="https://mhuig.top/" rel="nofollow noopener" alt="author"><img itemprop="image" src="/lib/avatar/avatar-16.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="/lib/avatar/avatar-16.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="author"><p itemprop="name">MHuiG</p></a></div><div class="new-meta-item wordcount"><a class="notlink"><i class="fa-duotone fa-keyboard fa-fw" aria-hidden="true"></i><p>字数：11k 字</p></a></div><div class="new-meta-item readtime"><a class="notlink"><i class="fa-duotone fa-hourglass-half fa-fw" aria-hidden="true"></i><p>时长：36 分钟</p></a></div></div></div><div id="layoutHelper-page-plugins"></div><div id="post-body" itemprop="articleBody"><p>这里探讨的是一个非常简单的问题，我们是怎么来到这里的？</p><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="前言"><a href="#前言" class="headerlink" title="前言"></a>前言</h2><p>世界上的所有人都是由这些元素和化合物组成的，他们的平常甚至让我们高智能的人类感到尴尬。</p><p>事实上，人体的99%都是由空气、水、碳以及白垩组成，另外还能找到少量的比较特别的元素，如铁、锌、磷和硫。实际上，组成人体的所有物质加起来最多花几十块钱就能买到。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651884978846/1622900624000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651884978846/1622900624000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="平常的元素和化合物"></p><p>但是，也不知道怎么的，这些数以万计的普普通通的原子能够携手起来，组成一个能够思考呼吸的活生生的人。</p><p>这些简单的积木是如何组合在一起。这无疑是最令人着迷的问题。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651889782185/a4r44-c8547.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651889782185/a4r44-c8547.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="数以万计的普普通通的原子能够携手起来"></p><p>你可能会认为仅仅通过科学是不能够回答这个神奇的问题的。但是你敢肯定吗？现在，我们有理由相信，科学已经在这个大胆解释这个问题方面超越了宗教和哲学的解释力。</p><p>下面我们将通过一系列相互盘根错节的伟大发现来解释自然界的不为人知的一面。</p><p>在这之中蕴含了世上最基本的法则，即不确定性的产生。</p><p>这是关于看似廖无生气、毫无目的和动机的物质世界，是如何自发的产生这些极其精细的绚丽的自然。</p><p>这是关于世间最基本的法则是如何使这个世界展现出混沌和不可预测性，如何通过简单的物质创造出人。</p><p>这是关于一个奇异的发现，即有序和混沌之间，奇特而难以置信的联系。</p></div><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="图灵的方程式"><a href="#图灵的方程式" class="headerlink" title="图灵的方程式"></a>图灵的方程式</h2><p>自然界充满了生长、发展和混乱，其中到处都是离奇的形状和杂乱的斑点。自然界的图案从来都不会固定不变，从来都不会按原样重复。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651889463476/af2ce-a1zgl.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651889463476/af2ce-a1zgl.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="自然界充满了生长、发展和混乱"></p><p>这一切看上去混乱的现象都受到数学方程式的影响。事实上，他们完全被数学规则所支配。这种数学规则与我们长久以来的直觉相悖。因此不难相信第一个能够担负此揭示自然界的数学根基重任的人会拥有超乎寻常的智慧。</p><p>他即是一个伟大的科学家，同时也是一个大悲剧。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651888582327/1622900727000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651888582327/1622900727000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="阿兰·图灵"></p><p>他1912年生于伦敦，他的名字就是阿兰·图灵。</p><p>阿兰·图灵是一个不凡之人，他是有史以来最伟大的数学家之一。他提出了许多具有基础性的理论和见解。他的思想为现代计算机的出现提供了理论基础。</p><p>在二战期间，他在布莱切利园工作，也就是今天的米尔顿凯恩斯外。当时政府正在这里进行一个叫做X站的秘密项目。他的建立是为了破解德军的情报密码。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651890262954/1622900823000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651890262954/1622900823000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="破解情报密码"></p><p>X站项目组的密码破解人员做出了卓越有成效的工作，其中图灵的贡献至关重要。他亲自参与了破解德国海军密码的工作，因为他的工作数以万计的盟军得以幸存，同时这也导致战略形势的有利扭转。</p><p>但是图灵的天赋不仅仅表现在破解密码上，这仅仅是他那超乎常人的洞察力的一部分。对于图灵来说，自然界的密码才是终极密码。在他的一生中，他热切的寻找着破解这个密码的方法。</p><p>图灵是一个很有独创精神的人，他意识到这样一种可能性，简单的数学方程式可以描述复杂的生物世界的一些现象。他的这种想法以前从来没有人尝试过，自然界中所有的迷中最吸引图灵的，就是如何能够使用数学方程式来描述人类的智能。</p><p>图灵迷上这个想法是有原因的，这就是年轻的克里斯托弗·马尔孔的死。图灵是同性恋，克里斯托弗·马尔孔的死，在那时以及他的一生产生了重要的影响。克里斯托弗·马尔孔突然的死亡了导致阿兰图灵在情感方面产生了极大的触动。但是你能想象，他想把这个事实用科学来解释，他想解释的问题是，我们的心智怎么了，什么是心智。</p><p>图灵相信生物界的复杂的系统是可以用数学方程式来描述的，并且人类的智能也是如此。</p><p>他的这种信念导致了现代计算机的产生。</p><p>之后一个更加激进的想法出现在图灵的脑中，这个想法就是通过简单的数学描述来解释胚胎中发生的复杂的过程。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651890431721/1622900852000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651890431721/1622900852000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="形态发生"></p><p>这个过程被叫做形态发生。它非常令人费解，起初胚胎中的所有细胞都是相同的，细胞们开始组合到一起，并且细胞之间渐渐产生了差异，这是如何发生的呢？物质不会自己思考，也没有一个中央系统在里面进行调度，一开始都是一样的细胞，为什么有的能够变成皮肤，而有的却变成了眼睛呢？</p><p>形态发生是一类现象中的一个例子，这类现象叫做自组织现象。</p><p>在图灵之前没有人懂得自组织现象的机制。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651890676486/1622900879000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651890676486/1622900879000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="图灵的论文"></p><p>直到1952年 图灵发表了他的这一篇论文，阐述了用数学方程式来解释形态发生现象。论文中的大胆的猜测是令人震惊的，其中图灵使用了一个在天文学和原子物理学中很常见的一种数学方程式，来描述生命过程。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651890793922/1622900911000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651890793922/1622900911000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="方程式"></p><p>之前从来没有人做过这种尝试，然而图灵的方程式却第一次的做到了，描述了一个生物系统的自我组织的过程，这解释了即使简单的、毫无自然界事物特性的东西，也可以演变出栩栩如生的东西。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651890914867/1622900936000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651890914867/1622900936000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="花纹"></p><p>图灵的成果中令人大吃一惊的地方是，我们可以通过设定非常简单，甚至简单到可以仅仅通过简单的方程式就能描述的初始状态，然后让它进行演变。然后突然间，复杂和混乱就会出现，产生的复杂图案就像是自然界的结果。</p><p>从许多方面来看这些都是难以置信的。</p><p>其实图灵的方程式描述的都是我们很熟知的东西，但是从来没有人将这些数学方程式应用到生物学领域。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651891052829/1622900955000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651891052829/1622900955000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="沙丘"></p><p>试想一阵风吹过沙丘，进而产生了一系列图形。小颗粒自我组织成波纹浪花和沙丘，即使那些小颗粒是彼此相同的。并且没有人告诉他们到底要怎么去组成属于他们的那一部分。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651891152209/1622900990000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651891152209/1622900990000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="沙丘"></p><p>图灵认为，以一种非常形似的方式，在胚胎中渗过的化学物质可能会引导细胞进行自我组织，进而产生各种不同的形状。这是图灵给出的非常粗略的解释，他阐述了一堆毫无生气的化学物质，如何演化为各种不同的形状。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651891266117/1622901027000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651891266117/1622901027000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="方程式能够自发的产生生物图案"></p><p>在他的论文中做了一些改进，来使他的方程式能够自发的产生生物图案，那种与动物表皮相似的图案。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651891369870/1622901057000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651891369870/1622901057000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="图灵到处向别人展示自己生成的图形，你看这难道不像母牛身上的图案吗"></p><p>图灵到处向别人展示自己生成的图形，你看这难道不像母牛身上的图案吗，其他人的反应是，这个人的脑子有问题吧。但是图灵相信自己在做一件有意义的事情，他们的确像母牛身上的花纹，这就解释了母牛拥有这种斑点花纹的现象。</p><p>这样一个数学从未触及的领域，生物界的图案，生成动物斑纹，突然间，这个领域向我们敞开了门。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651891440349/1622901084000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651891440349/1622901084000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="斑马"></p><p>我们发现数学方程式在这个领域会有用武之地，即使图灵提出的方程式，并不是这一新理论的全部，但仍然是一次重要的创举，提出了这种新方法的可能性。</p><p>我们现在知道形态发生，要比图灵所描述的数学方程式复杂多了。事实上，关于DNA分子确切的运转机制，仍然是现代科学上争论的话题。</p><p>但是图灵提出的数学支配万物的观点确是革命性的，阿兰·图灵的论文是整个形态发生理论的奠基石，他为我们提供了一种解释，连达尔文都没能提出的，解释自然界生物花纹的产生机制。</p><p>达尔文仅仅告诉我们，生物的花纹是来源于基因的，并且这种花纹的继承是决定于环境的，但是达尔文并没有揭示，这种生物花纹到底是如何生长的，而这是真正的迷。</p><p>图灵的贡献在于提供了了解这种化学机制的途径。图灵提出了一种伟大而勇敢的见解。</p><p>不幸的是我们仅仅能够推测这颗伟大的大脑，是如何想出这些的，在他发表他的开创性论文之后不久，一个可怕的并且完全可以避免的悲剧摧毁了他的生命。</p><p>在他在布莱切利园破解密码工作之后，你一定可以想到图灵会得到很多赞誉，以感谢他为国家做出的贡献。这再明显不过了。战后发生在他身上的事情是一个悲剧，这是英国科学史上令人感到羞耻的事情。</p><p>同年，图灵发表了关于形态发生的论文，他与阿诺德默里这个男人发生了短暂的情感，但是这段情感发展的很令人不愉快，默里对图灵进行了一次入室盗窃，但图灵将这件事情报告给警察的时候，警察连同图灵一起逮捕了。法庭上，原告声称，图灵以他的学历来诱导默里走上了歧途。图灵被判有严重的猥亵罪，法官给了图灵可怕的选择，他要么进监狱，要么接受雌性荷尔蒙注射，进而治疗他的同性恋倾向，他选择了后者。这导致了他连续不断的消沉。</p><p>1954年6月8日，图灵的尸体被他的清洁工发现。他是一天前死于咬了一口自己注入了氰化物的苹果，结束了自己的生命。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651891520960/1622901121000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651891520960/1622901121000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="阿兰图灵"></p><p>阿兰图灵死的时候41岁，这对于科学来说是一种无法估量的损失。图灵不曾想到他的思想会启发后人，将一种全新的数学方法应用到生物学领域。科学家发现他发现的这种方程式，确实能够解释好多生物组织的形态。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651894599643/a8cbv-pgvmv.gif" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651894599643/a8cbv-pgvmv.gif" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="科学家发现他发现的这种方程式，确实能够解释好多生物组织的形态"></p><p>回头看看，我们知道图灵真正捕捉到了复杂与混乱源于简单规则，这样的法则。他意外的迈出了，通往新科学的第一步。</p></div><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="贝洛索夫的试液"><a href="#贝洛索夫的试液" class="headerlink" title="贝洛索夫的试液"></a>贝洛索夫的试液</h2><p>这个过程的第二步更是始料未及，可悲的是伟大的第二步也是一个悲剧。</p><p>在20世纪50年代初，在图灵发表他的对后人影响巨大的论文之际，一名杰出的俄国化学家 斯·贝洛索夫，开始了他自己的探索，关于自然界中的化学。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651892538829/1622901153000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651892538829/1622901153000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="高墙铁网之后的苏维埃卫生部"></p><p>正在高墙铁网之后的苏维埃卫生部，他正在研究我们的身体是如何从糖中提取能量的。像图灵一样贝洛索夫也是在一个个人项目中工作，他刚刚完成了一段从事科学工作的经历。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651892611869/1622901174000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651892611869/1622901174000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="贝洛索夫"></p><p>贝洛索夫构想好了一种新的化合物配方，来模仿人体内葡萄糖的吸收，这种混合物就摆在实验室的座位前面，在被摇晃的时候清澈而透明。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651892724851/1622901205000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651892724851/1622901205000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="清澈而透明"></p><p>在他添加最后一种试剂的时候，整个混合物的颜色发生了变化。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651892781722/1622901226000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651892781722/1622901226000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="混合物的颜色发生了变化"></p><p>当然，这还不算什么特别的，就像我们将墨汁倒入水中水也会改变颜色。</p><p>但是接下来发生的事情令人感到惊奇，混合物又变得清澈无色了。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651894155349/avk6u-14rsn.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651894155349/avk6u-14rsn.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="混合物又变得清澈无色了"></p><p>贝洛索夫感到很吃惊，化学物质混合以后会发生反应，但这个过程不能自发的发生逆反应，在不受外界干预的情况下发生可逆变化。</p><p>你可以很容易的将一个无色的液体变成有色的，但这个过程的逆过程却不太可能。这太奇怪了，贝洛索夫的试液并没有简单的发生逆变化，试液被摇晃后，就不断的在无色和有色之间变化，就好像这个试液在受一种神秘的内部机制驱动一样。</p><p>他非常谨慎小心地又重复多次这个实验，他的混合物能够不断的在无色和有色之间变化，他发现的东西好像魔术一样。一个好像是违反自然法则的物理现象。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651895091865/ar3ou-yxt38.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651895091865/ar3ou-yxt38.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="混合物不断的在无色和有色之间变化"></p><p>贝洛索夫觉得自己的发现意义重大，将自己的发现记录下来，并努力让更多的人了解他的发现，但是当他将他的发现递交到一个顶尖的苏联科学杂志的时候，他收到了一个完全出乎意料的诅咒式的回复，杂志的编辑告诉贝洛索夫，他的发现是不可能在实验室重现的，因为这与基本的物理法则相违背，对这个现象的唯一的解释就是，贝洛索夫在实验的时候出了错，他的发现是不会被出版的。</p><p>这个拒绝深深的打击了贝洛索夫，他感到非常的羞辱，结果放弃了自己的实验，而后他又放弃了自己从事的事业。</p><p>具有悲剧色彩的讽刺是，由于贝洛索夫所处的闭塞环境，贝洛索夫从来没有机会看到图灵的工作成果。如果他看到了图灵的发现，就能为自己的发现提供有力的证据，事实上，贝洛索夫的不稳定试液，不仅没有违背物理法则，而且是实在就是真实的，能够体现图灵的预言的例子，尽管这两者的发现初看起来并没有什么联系。</p><p>其他科学家发现，如果将贝洛索夫的试液的一种变种，不加搅拌的放入培养皿中，而不是摇晃他们的话，他们就会发生自我组织，事实上 ，他们产生的条纹会比图灵预测的花纹要复杂。</p><p>他们会产生令人惊诧的复杂的条纹，毫无预兆。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651901523363/txg4p-n8rrb.gif" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651901523363/txg4p-n8rrb.gif" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="令人惊诧的复杂的条纹"></p><p>贝洛索夫实验的惊奇之处在于，它能生成一种系统，这种系统产生了图灵方程式所预测的图案，在一个看上去无色的溶液中，产生了这种奇异的原型图案，这明显不是什么抽象科学，贝洛索夫图案的运动模式 ，与我们心脏在跳动的时候周围细胞的运动模式完全相同。动物的皮毛和心脏的跳动，自组织现象在自然界中随处可见。</p></div><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="牛顿经典物理学"><a href="#牛顿经典物理学" class="headerlink" title="牛顿经典物理学"></a>牛顿经典物理学</h2><p>为什么在科学界在图灵和贝洛索夫的年代 ，却对这种想法不感兴趣甚至持有敌意呢？</p><p>原因就是人类的臭毛病，主流科学家不喜欢这种观点，这与主流科学家的科学直觉相违背，也与现有的科学成就相违背，若想改变这种观念，我们需要一种彻底的，改变传统的发现。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651901961810/1622901247000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651901961810/1622901247000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="科学家们把宇宙看作一个巨大而复杂的机械装置，有点像一个大号的太阳系仪"></p><p>实际上，在20世纪初期，科学家们把宇宙看作一个巨大而复杂的机械装置，有点像一个大号的太阳系仪，整个宇宙就好像是一个巨大的错综复杂的机器 ，严格的遵守着数学规则。如果你知道这个机器的运转机制和初始状态，那么随着你转动这个手柄，它将严格地按照预期的行为运转。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651912139468/Qmb3R75LN6KBmAAsKWBAjtLPH9cMXFyKyC9HbL53Fnnyaj.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651912139468/Qmb3R75LN6KBmAAsKWBAjtLPH9cMXFyKyC9HbL53Fnnyaj.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="如果你知道这个机器的运转机制和初始状态，那么随着你转动这个手柄，它将严格地按照预期的行为运转。"></p><p>在牛顿生活的时代里，当人们在探索驱使宇宙运转的法则时，他们把宇宙看作这种按照确定规则运转的机器。宇宙就好比是一个被设定好的机器，遵循确定的法则按部就班的按照这个法则运转。</p><p>宇宙中复杂的现象是有复杂的内部规则驱使的，但是一旦一开始让它运转它只会做一件事。人们从这里看到的现象，都可以使用严格的数学公式来描述。</p><p>这实际上是很简单的事情，一旦找到能够描述系统运行的数学方程式，那么你就能够预测系统的走向。</p><p>这是一个伟大的想法。</p><p>它开始于牛顿的万有引力。万有引力成功的解释了行星围绕太阳运转的现象。科学家们后来又不断的发现了新的方程，牛顿物理似乎已成为了预言宇宙的终极方法。</p><p>它给我们暗示了这样一种可能，从原则上讲，未来是可以预测的。</p><p>我们采用的测量手段越精确，我们就能越精确的预测未来的情形。</p><p>但是牛顿物理产生了一个可怕的后果，如果有一个系统我们能够用数学方程式精确描述，就像这个太阳仪一样，那么一旦它表现出了一些我们不能预测的行为之后，科学家就只能认为，是有某种外界力量影响了这个系统，比如说是沙土跑进去了，或者是小零件磨损了，或者有人对它进行了认为的改动。</p><p>一般情况下，我们会这样假设，如果我们遇到了非预期的现象，那么这种现象应该是来自系统外部的干扰，而不是来自系统内部的。不可预测的现象，不是来自系统的本身，而是来自与外部对它的影响。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651912644187/QmW5L4jof6bBLQpdi9NVkhkvAwGftfL4idCUw2NBQT66EC.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651912644187/QmW5L4jof6bBLQpdi9NVkhkvAwGftfL4idCUw2NBQT66EC.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="复杂图案可以从系统中自我生成"></p><p>从这种观点的角度来看，自我组织这种现象是很荒谬的，而图灵和贝洛索夫所表达的，复杂图案可以从系统中自我生成，而不需要外界力量是非常受当时的主流科学所忌讳的。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651903667581/1622901291000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651903667581/1622901291000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="新时代的奇景"></p><p>要想使人接受自我组织理论，那么，就必须推翻牛顿物理学，但这看上去很不可能，无论如何这种新思想在60年代末期，成为了新时代的奇景。</p></div><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="蝴蝶效应"><a href="#蝴蝶效应" class="headerlink" title="蝴蝶效应"></a>蝴蝶效应</h2><p>然而同时，伴随着登月计划，一小群信奉牛顿力学的科学家，意外的发现了一些事情不对劲，完全不对劲。</p><p>在20世纪后半叶，科学界的噩梦出现了，这个噩梦，动摇了牛顿的思想，并将我们推向了一片思想的混乱。</p><p>具有讽刺意味的是，迫使科学界接受自我组织理论的事情，是一种我们叫做混沌的现象。</p><p>混沌这个词被广泛使用，但是在科学领域中，它有它专指的意义。它指的是在一个能被数学方程式精确描述的系统中，可以自发生成不可预测的现象，并且不需要任何外界的干预。</p><p>通过使用非常简单的法则或方程式，并且里面不包含任何的随机性，系统中的所有元素都是确定的，并且我们完全掌握系统的法则，即使是这样的系统也会产生完全不可预测的现象。</p><p>混沌的发现并不讨主流科学的喜欢，有一个人迫使科学界接受混沌，他就是美国的气象学家爱德华·洛伦兹。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651903780613/1622901315000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651903780613/1622901315000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="爱德华·洛伦兹"></p><p>在20世纪60年代早期，他试图寻找能够预测天气变化的数学模型。就像许多他的同事一样，他相信天气系统与我们太阳系仪是一样具有确定性的，一个可以被数学描述和预测的物理系统。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651903844803/1622901337000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651903844803/1622901337000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="寻找能够预测天气变化的数学模型"></p><p>但是他错了，当洛伦兹写下一个用于描述气流的及其简单的数学方程式时，这些方程式并没有达到他预想的目的，他们没有做出任何有价值的预测，这就好像说某一天中的一阵清风，将会决定一个月后的某天是冰雪连天，还是清空万里。</p><p>对于一个像太阳系仪这样精准的系统来说，怎么会产生不可预测性呢？</p><p>这源于他的内部构造，由于齿轮的链接方式。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651903911179/1622901366000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651903911179/1622901366000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="齿轮的链接方式"></p><p>事实上，在某种情况下，即使在初始的时候有一点点误差，哪怕这个误差小到难以测量，这个误差会随着机械的运转而不断被放大，随着系统的运转，系统的状态会一点一点的偏离你所期望的状态。</p><p>洛伦兹在一次演讲中表达了这一颠覆性的想法，演讲的题目是——一只蝴蝶在巴西扇动翅膀会使美国的德克萨斯刮一场龙卷风吗？</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651903970361/1622901384000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651903970361/1622901384000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="一只蝴蝶在巴西扇动翅膀会使美国的德克萨斯刮一场龙卷风吗？"></p><p>这是一次有力而吸引人的演讲，数月之内，我们的语言中就添加了一个新的词汇——蝴蝶效应。</p><p>蝴蝶效应就是混沌系统的标志，它开启了之后的一切。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651904039312/1622901407000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651904039312/1622901407000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="罗伯特·梅"></p><p>在70年代早期 一个叫罗伯特·梅的年轻澳大利亚人，正在研究一个数学方程式，用它来模拟生物种群随时间的变化。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651904157346/1622901433000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651904157346/1622901433000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="模拟生物种群随时间的变化"></p><p>但是这个过程中同样牵扯到蝴蝶效应，哪怕生物的繁殖率发生了极小的变动，都会导致种群数量结果发生巨大的变化，这个数值可能会毫无征兆的上下起伏。</p><p>传统的使用数学方程式，来描述系统行为的方法似乎走到了死胡同，某种意义上，这是信仰牛顿学说的人的美梦之终结。</p><p>随着我们的计算能力的提高，我们就有能力处理更复杂的方程组，但刚才我们所看到的否认了这种观念。</p><p>你可以从一个及其简单的方程式开始，这个方程式简单而不存在任何的随机性，但是如果它产生的行为能够表现出一种混沌性，那么你就不能再回溯到系统的初始状态了。</p><p>数百年来所建立的科学观点在几年内就被瓦解了，可以精确描述宇宙的运行的这一想法变成了幻影。</p><p>看上去具有逻辑确定的事情，却变得更像是一种信仰。更糟的是，这种现像到处都是。因为混沌到处都是。</p><p>似乎不可预测性是固有的，存在于我们生活的宇宙中。</p><p>全球气候可能会在几年的时间内，发生剧烈的变化；股市可能会毫无征兆的崩盘；我们可能会在一夜之间从地球上灭绝。</p><p>如果这种事情发生的话 没有人能够阻止，不幸的是，我不得不说以上这些都是真的。但是盲目的恐惧混沌现象是毫无意义的。</p><p>因为混沌是一条基本的物理法则，我们必须承认它是生活中的一部分。</p><p>混沌理论的出现一直影响到之后20到30年人们的思想，它改变了人们对于科学工作的看法，它深刻的改变了科学家看问题的方式，以至于科学家们现在已经离不开混沌理论了。</p><p>混沌理论想要说明的是，简单的数学方程式能够繁衍出复杂的行为，这种复杂性超出你我的想象，所以简单而机械的系统能够表现出复杂和丰富的行为。</p><p>混沌理论的发现，是科学史上的一次重大的转折点，它摧毁了牛顿信仰者的梦想，科学家们现在越来越看得惯图灵和贝洛索夫在自发生成花纹上所做的工作。</p></div><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="自反馈系统"><a href="#自反馈系统" class="headerlink" title="自反馈系统"></a>自反馈系统</h2><p>更重要的是，由于他们的工作，一个伟大的真相浮出水面，那是一种内在而隐蔽的关联，一个贯穿宇宙的关联，关联着自然的神秘力量和自我组织现象，以及蝴蝶效应产生的混沌结果。</p><p>图灵、贝洛索夫、梅、洛伦兹这些人都分别发现了一种重大思想的不同侧面。他们发现自然界具有固有的不可预测性，这种不可预测性的内部驱动力，也可以使系统表现出特定的结构和花纹，有序与混沌，似乎要比我们想象的要联系的更加紧密，但这种联系是如何实现的呢？贝洛索夫的花纹与天气变化之间有什么联系呢？</p><p>首先，虽然两个系统都有复杂的工作机制，但他们都是基于及其简单的是数学法则，其次，这些数学法则都具有一种独特的特性，都具有自我链接的特性或者说是自反馈。</p><p>为了向你展示这一点，展示简单的自反馈系统的力量，将使用一种看上去简单甚至无聊的实验。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651912964326/QmZqSugWDjd8VZ8SZE5j4HvybVZYXff9xUE39ojvppp6y1.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651912964326/QmZqSugWDjd8VZ8SZE5j4HvybVZYXff9xUE39ojvppp6y1.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="看上去简单甚至无聊的实验"></p><p>身后的屏幕连接到一台摄像机，这台摄像机同时也在拍摄着我和屏幕，这样不断的循环就能产生无数个人的影像，都投影到屏幕上，这是一个典型的自反馈系统。图片中不断的嵌套着其他的图片。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651913329114/QmWV24AgpeYQ1Xswa1tXnTXghZip3YoUbokjZu3rq3dD2W.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651913329114/QmWV24AgpeYQ1Xswa1tXnTXghZip3YoUbokjZu3rq3dD2W.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="奇怪的事情"></p><p>这乍看上去肯定有规则，但当我们放大镜头，奇怪的事情发生了，我首先发现的是实物图像和屏幕上显示的图像不像了，火柴的微小运动被迅速放大，当影像在摄像机和屏幕之间反复映射的时候，即使我能用精确的数学对外的每一步动作进行描述，但我却不能预测火焰微小的变化，会导致最终的图像如何变化，这就是一种实实在在的蝴蝶效应。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651912903184/chaos-11.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651912903184/chaos-11.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="这些奇异而美丽的图案"></p><p>下面的现象变得更离奇了，通过像系统中添加一点点的扰动，这些奇异而美丽的图案就出现了，这种简单的依赖反馈的系统，呈现出了混沌与有序，同样的数学方程式同时产生了混沌和有序的图案。</p><p>这将改变你对世界的看法，在传统观念中，自然界都是有序的，混乱存在与系统之外，即有序与混乱是相互独立的这种想法是错的，其实混乱和有序，就像同一架钢琴上弹出的高音和低音，这个发现有史以来第一次如此接近自然界的数学本质。</p><p>我们能从图灵的工作，以及化学和生物中得到的，最重要的启示是，所有复杂的图形都是来自，宇宙间简单的演变过程，像扩散， 像化学反应率，这些简单的过程最终导致了图案的产生，所以到处能看到图案，他们不断的产生。</p></div><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="曼德勃罗集合"><a href="#曼德勃罗集合" class="headerlink" title="曼德勃罗集合"></a>曼德勃罗集合</h2><p>从70年代开始越来越多的科学家，开始接受混沌理论，以及对自然界能够自发产生复杂花纹的认可，但是有一位科学家比别人走的更远，对这个令人惊奇颇感迷惑的问题带了个新思路，他是一个具有传奇色彩的不喜欢按套路出牌的人，他叫伯努瓦·曼德勃罗。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651904381727/1622901464000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651904381727/1622901464000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="伯努瓦·曼德勃罗"></p><p>伯努瓦·曼德勃罗 并不是一个寻常的孩子，他跳了两个年级。并且由于他是战时欧洲的犹太人，所以他受到的正规教育极其有限，他基本上是靠自学以及亲属对他的教育，他从来没有正式的学习过字母，甚至没有学过5以上的乘法。</p><p>但是和图灵一样，曼德勃罗具有一种洞悉事物本质的本领，他能从混乱中看到我们所看不到的规律，他能够发现形式和结构，然而我们却仅仅能看到一片混乱，他能够感知一种新奇的数学，用来支配整个自然界的运转。</p><p>曼德勃罗的一生都致力于找到一种能够揭示自然界复杂性的一种数学支持。</p><p>曼德勃罗当时为IBM工作，而不是学校的学术圈内，他试图解决一大堆的问题，关于自然界以及金融界的不确定性，在各个方面的表现。</p><p>我觉得他知道自己，所做的所有工作都是一个大问题的不同侧面。</p><p>他是一个具有原创精神的人，他觉得求解这个大问题是他真正想做的事情。</p><p>在曼德勃罗看来，几百年来传统的数学研究都仅限于，规则的图形是一种很不可取的行为，就像直线和圆，传统的数学是没有办法描述不规则的形状的，而真实世界确是有不规则形状组成的，就像这个鹅卵石，它是一个球体还是一个立方体呢，还是它们中间的某种形状？他到底是一种什么形状？</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651904439211/1622901484000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651904439211/1622901484000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="鹅卵石"></p><p>曼德勃罗想，是否有一种法则，能够描述自然界的不规则性，那些蓬松的云朵、树和河流的分支，以及蜿蜒的海岸线之间有什么共同的数学基础。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651904647765/tdciw-vtf8h.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651904647765/tdciw-vtf8h.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="蜿蜒的海岸线"></p><p>是的，有的。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651904729020/1622901537000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651904729020/1622901537000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="树"></p><p>自然界中所有的形状的共同特点，就是自相似性。这指的是事物的局部，不断的在更微小的尺度上重复自己，不断的精细到每一个细微之处，树枝就是一个绝好的例子，他们不断的分叉，重复这这个简单的过程，在更微小的尺度上不断重复这这个过程。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651904865998/1622901575000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651904865998/1622901575000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="山"></p><p>我们的肺的结构同样遵循这个原则构建，我们体内血管的分布同样遵循这样的规则，河流分成更小的溪流也是这样，自然界可以依照这种方法不断重复各种形状。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651904958065/1622901626000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651904958065/1622901626000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="河流的分支"></p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651905035295/1622901658000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651905035295/1622901658000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="花椰菜"></p><p>看看这个罗马花椰菜，他的总体结构是由许多重复的小圆锥组成的，曼德勃罗意识到自我重复性，是一种全新的几何学的基础，并给这种几何图形起了一个名字——分形。</p><p>分形看上去非常简单直观，但是我们如何才能用数学对它进行描述，你能够利用分形的本质画一幅相似的图形吗？那么这张图形会像什么？你能仅使用一些简单的数学法则，来绘制一幅看上去像是自然创造的图案吗？</p><p>曼德勃罗找到了答案。</p><p>曼德勃罗爱20世纪50年代末就职与IBM，因此有机会使用计算机，并且利用计算机这个工具来寻找自然界的数学本质。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651905151754/1622901722000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651905151754/1622901722000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="计算机"></p><p>在新一代的超级计算机的帮助下，他开始研究一个看上去很奇怪，但却异常简单的数学方程式，使用这个数学方程式可以绘制一幅不同寻常的图形，我将向你展示的是一幅非常吸引人的图画。它完全由数学产生，惊人之举往往不同寻常。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651905217952/1622901746000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651905217952/1622901746000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="曼德勃罗集合"></p><p>这就是曼德勃罗集合，他被称为上帝的指纹，当我们仔细看看这幅图后，你就知道我们为什么这么叫了。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651911381354/QmX84mdwTXsPKytV1wAPnaePgVjaC26rD6PugzzP4hwteZ.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651911381354/QmX84mdwTXsPKytV1wAPnaePgVjaC26rD6PugzzP4hwteZ.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="上帝的指纹"></p><p><a href="https://blog.mhuig.top/Mandelbrot/" target="_blank">>>鼠标选择区域放大查看曼德勃罗集合细节<<</a></p><p>就像树和花椰菜一样，你看得越仔细你发现的细节就越多，在这个集合中的每一个图形，都包含了无穷多个小图形，小的子图无穷无尽，然而所有这些复杂的分支都来自有一个简单的方程，这个方程有一个非常重要的特性，它是自反馈的。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651910111916/ckct.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651910111916/ckct.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="每一次输出都成为了下一次计算的输入"></p><p>每一次输出都成为了下一次计算的输入，这种反馈系统展示了一个简单的，方程式是如何展现出无比绚丽的图案的。</p><p>但是令人惊奇的是，曼德勃罗集合并不是一个奇怪的数学巧合，它的这种无穷分形的特性，反映了一种自然的有序的本性，图灵图案、 贝洛索夫的化学反应、曼德勃罗的分形都分别指向了一个自然本质。</p></div><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="简单的法则-无穷的创造"><a href="#简单的法则-无穷的创造" class="headerlink" title="简单的法则 无穷的创造"></a>简单的法则 无穷的创造</h2><p>当我们看到自然界的复杂面貌时，我们倾向于问，他们来自哪里，我们总是抱有这样的观念。</p><p>简单的事物不能导致复杂性的产生，复杂的现象必须源于复杂的设计。</p><p>但是我们刚才看到的数学方程式告诉我们，极其简单的法则也会繁衍出复杂的现象。</p><p>当你看到复杂现象的时候，你应该想到，驱使它产生的只不过是简单的法则，所以同一个方程式从不同的角度看，既简单又复杂，这就意味着我们需要重新思考，简单性于复杂性之间的关系。</p><p>复杂的系统可以基于简单的法则。</p><p>这是一个重大的启示，也是一种伟大的思想。它似乎适用于整个世界。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651905281938/1622901775000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651905281938/1622901775000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="飞鸟"></p><p>看看这群飞鸟，每一只鸟都遵循简单的法则，但是整个鸟群确是一个极其复杂的东西，他会自动的避开障碍在没有领航情况下进行自我导航，甚至是做计划。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651905339509/1622901802000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651905339509/1622901802000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="鸟群"></p><p>虽然这个鸟群的行为很显著，但我们却不能预测他的行为，它不会重复原先的行为，即使是在相同的环境下。</p><p>就像贝洛索夫的化学反应一样，每次你进行这个化学反应产生的图案都稍有不同，他们可能看上去相似但却不可能相同。</p><p>对于自反馈的影响和 沙丘同样是这样，我们知道它会产生某种图像，但是我们却不能预测确切的形状。</p></div><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="生物进化的原料"><a href="#生物进化的原料" class="headerlink" title="生物进化的原料"></a>生物进化的原料</h2><p>我们关心的问题是，大自然能够以这种方式将简单的法则，演绎出复杂的现象吗？</p><p>试着解释一下为什么会有生命的存在，它能够解释为什么充满砂石的世界，是怎么产生人类的吗？</p><p>毫无生机的事物是如何变得充满智能的呢？</p><p>进化正是基于这些简单的生物花纹，进化将这些当成原料，并把它们以不同的方式结合在一起，看看哪些结合方式有效，哪些无效，</p><p>保存那些有效的结合，并在它们的基础上进一步演化。</p><p>这是一个完全没有意识控制的变换过程，但这基本上就是现实中发生的事情，放眼望去，进化的过程到处都是使用自然界的自我组织的图案。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651905430407/1622901848000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651905430407/1622901848000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="血管的组织形式"></p><p>我们的心脏使用类似贝洛索夫反应的方式来驱使它有节律跳动，我们的血管的组织形式就像分形，就连我们的脑细胞也是遵循极其简单的规则，进化过程丰富并筛选这我们的世界的复杂性。</p><p>这是近代科学最有魅力的发现。</p></div><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="计算机模拟的进化机制"><a href="#计算机模拟的进化机制" class="headerlink" title="计算机模拟的进化机制"></a>计算机模拟的进化机制</h2><p>一方面你拥有一个具有自组织能力的复杂系统，它可以产生不可预测的行为，另一方面需要将进化机制作用于它，这样才能产生适应环境的东西，进化通过无拘无束的创造力，约束着系统的演确实难以置信。</p><p>但当这个约束过程发生在宇宙级的时间尺度上，就容易理解了，从地球上第一次出现生物到我们人类的产生，整整花了35亿年的时间，但是我们现在手头上，有一种可以在更短的尺度上模拟这个过程的发明。</p><p>你知道我指的是什么吗？</p><p>很可能你天天就坐在这个发明面前，当然，这就是计算机。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651905511883/1622901879000.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651905511883/1622901879000.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="计算机"></p><p>现代的计算机每秒可以进行上亿次计算，我们可以让它们做一些奇特的事情，它们可以模拟进化过程，确切的说，计算机可以利用进化规则，来约束自己产生真实世界中的现象，使用进化规则来约束和筛选生物组织。</p><p>现在，计算机科学家发现这种能够自我演变的软件，可以取代人类最聪明的头脑来解决问题。</p><p>我们在最初的实验研究中发现，进化这种系统就像一种算法一样创造着，能够适应环境的复杂系统。</p><p>托斯顿和他的研究小组的研究目标是，使用计算机模拟的进化机制，来创造能够控制躯体运动的虚拟大脑。</p><p>一开始他们随即设置了100个虚拟大脑，就像你看到的这样这些大脑很笨，然后进化的力量来了，计算机自动的选择表现稍好的大脑，然后让它们产生后代，然后再选择能够做的更好的大脑，并让它们继续产生后代，下一代中能够更好的控制躯体行动的大脑，会继续得到繁殖后代的机会。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651909457438/qqle7w3342fypeiduzglqj2ius.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651909457438/qqle7w3342fypeiduzglqj2ius.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="进化的力量"></p><p>令人惊奇的是，通过10代的繁衍，虽然还是有一些不稳定，但这些小人确实能够行走了。</p><p>更神奇的事情是，你最终得到了一种能够正确行走的东西，但是令人感到有点害怕得到是，你却不知该它为什么能走，以及是如何行走的。</p><p>你眼睁睁看着这个大脑，却不知道它内部是如何工作的，因为这个结果是进化自动产生的结果，经过20代的繁衍后，</p><p>我们看到了这个，</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651908352234/bafybe.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651908352234/bafybe.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="很笨的大脑"></p><p>变成了这个，</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651907861029/bafybeigincrzxgdqpdiiylnrgy7ahzmlsiuqulp4f5yzpra3cwqfmn2vni.ipfs.infura-ipfs.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651907861029/bafybeigincrzxgdqpdiiylnrgy7ahzmlsiuqulp4f5yzpra3cwqfmn2vni.ipfs.infura-ipfs.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="复杂的行走行为"></p><p>这些虚拟生物随后演化出了比行走更复杂的行为，它们产生的行为，是很难通过传统的编程方式实现的，它们对于突发事件做出了像人类一样的反应。</p><p>即使这些算法都是由我们人类编写的，但当它们一旦开始进化之后，我们就难以加以控制了，然后我们预想不到的事情就发生了。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651906736218/bafybeibwticqzlzd7cor4lgbfdr2efofzpzvwc7hcft32okxvc5qrvkhru.ipfs.infura-ipfs.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651906736218/bafybeibwticqzlzd7cor4lgbfdr2efofzpzvwc7hcft32okxvc5qrvkhru.ipfs.infura-ipfs.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="你创造了它们，然后它们抛开你自己做主"></p><p>真有一种滑稽的感觉，你创造了它们，然后它们抛开你自己做主，一种不假思索的不断尝试的进化过程，创造了这些能够行动并作出反应的虚拟生物。</p><p>我们这里看到的是一个绝妙的实验证据，来证明简单的法则具有无穷的创造力，看着计算机里面自动表演着难以用写程序的方式描述的行为，它是一个展现自我组织能力的绝好例子。</p><p>这说明了进化本身，就像我们看到的其他系统一样，是一个基于简单法则和回馈的系统，在这个系统中复杂性自发的产生了。</p><p>想想看，这个简单的法则就是，机体需要重复略有变化的行为，反馈来源于环境，这种环境选择了更适应它的行为得到生存，结果就是，在没有可以设计和规划的情况下，前所未有的复杂性就这样产生了。</p><p>有意思的事情是，一个个体可以进化到更高的一个结构状态，一旦你获得了一种包含某种行为的系统，并且这些行为可以被选择，被某种过程选择或被环境的反馈选择。所以进化过程这个达尔文学术的中心议题，在某种意义上就是图灵的反馈系统运行在多个过程之上。</p></div><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="尾声"><a href="#尾声" class="headerlink" title="尾声"></a>尾声</h2><p>这就是整个事情的本质，未经过精心设计的极其简单的法则，能够无意识的创造出无比复杂的系统。</p><p>这样看来，这些计算机虚拟的生物就是自组织系统，就像贝洛索夫在他的化学实验中发现的现象一样，就像沙丘和曼德勃罗集合所呈现出的现象一样，就像我们的肺、心脏以及我们这个星球上的天气系统。</p><p>伟大的设计并不需要一个伟大的设计者，这就是宇宙所固有的本性。</p><p>令人难以接受这种观点的是，所有形状、花纹和结构的产生，并不需要一个有意识的创造者，但这种设计本身可能需要一个更聪明的设计者，他做的事情就是将整个宇宙，作为一个巨大的仿真，在这里你设定了一些初始条件，然后一切的一切都自发的产生了。</p><p>伴随着所有的惊奇，伴随着所有的美丽，图案形成的数学本质预示着同样的图案会在许许多多不同的场合出现。</p><p>如化学生物系统，在这些系统的本质里，都存在同样的数学基础，在这些内部本质的外面，就是我们看到的今天的这个世界。</p><p>我想，这是一个令人兴奋的想法，那么我们最终能从这些当中学到什么呢？</p><p>这就是宇宙间所有的复杂性，所有的多样性，都源于一些简单而毫无目的的法则的不断繁衍的结果，但是请记住,尽管这个过程力量无比，但他却具有固有的不可预测性，即使我可以充满信心的告诉你未来精彩无限，但我仍要负责任的告诉你，未来将会发生什么确是不为人知的。</p><div style="position:relative;width:100%;height:0;padding-bottom:75%"><iframe src="https://bilibili.com/blackboard/html5mobileplayer.html?aid=372402420&bvid=BV19Z4y1579T&cid=244367170&p=1&hideCoverInfo=1&danmaku=0" scrolling="no" border="0" frameborder="no" framespacing="0" allowfullscreen="true" 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