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Python 代码"><meta itemprop="description" content="分析Python现有源码加密方案（.pyc文件、代码混淆、py2exe、Cython）的优缺点，提出通过定制Python解释器结合对称与非对称加密实现更优保护：构建环境加密源码，解释器内置私钥解密执行，同时禁用字节码防止反编译。"></span><div class="article-meta" id="top"><h1 class="title allow-select" itemprop="name headline"> 如何加密你的 Python 代码</h1><div class="new-meta-box"><div class="new-meta-item author" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a itemprop="url" class="author" target="_blank" href="https://mhuig.top/" rel="nofollow noopener" alt="author"><img itemprop="image" src="/lib/avatar/avatar-16.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="/lib/avatar/avatar-16.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="author"><p itemprop="name">MHuiG</p></a></div><div class="new-meta-item wordcount"><a class="notlink"><i class="fa-duotone fa-keyboard fa-fw" aria-hidden="true"></i><p>字数：6.8k 字</p></a></div><div class="new-meta-item readtime"><a class="notlink"><i class="fa-duotone fa-hourglass-half fa-fw" aria-hidden="true"></i><p>时长：27 分钟</p></a></div></div></div><div id="layoutHelper-page-plugins"></div><div id="post-body" itemprop="articleBody"><p>讲述了如何通过修改 Python 解释器达到加解密 Python 代码的目的。</p><span id="more"></span><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="前言"><a href="#前言" class="headerlink" title="前言"></a>前言</h2><p>本文将首先介绍下现有源码加密方案的思路、方法、优点与不足，进而介绍如何通过定制 Python 解释器来达到更好地加解密源码的目的。</p></div><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="现有加密方案"><a href="#现有加密方案" class="headerlink" title="现有加密方案"></a>现有加密方案</h2><p>由于 Python 的动态特性和开源特点，导致 Python 代码很难做到很好的加密。社区中的一些声音认为这样的限制是事实，应该通过法律手段而不是加密源码达到商业保护的目的；而还有一些声音则是不论如何都希望能有一种手段来加密。于是乎，人们想出了各种或加密、或混淆的方案，借此来达到保护源码的目的。</p><p>常见的源码保护手段有如下几种：</p><ul><li>发行 .pyc 文件</li><li>代码混淆</li><li>使用 py2exe</li><li>使用 Cython</li></ul><p>下面来简单说说这些方案。</p><h3 id="发行-pyc-文件"><a href="#发行-pyc-文件" class="headerlink" title="发行 .pyc 文件"></a>发行 .pyc 文件</h3><h4 id="思路"><a href="#思路" class="headerlink" title="思路"></a>思路</h4><p>大家都知道，Python 解释器在执行代码的过程中会首先生成 .pyc 文件，然后解释执行 .pyc 文件中的内容。当然了，Python 解释器也能够直接执行 .pyc 文件。而 .pyc 文件是二进制文件，无法直接看出源码内容。如果发行代码到客户环境时都是 .pyc 而非 .py 文件的话，那岂不是能达到保护 Python 代码的目的？</p><h3 id="方法"><a href="#方法" class="headerlink" title="方法"></a>方法</h3><p>把 .py 文件编译为 .pyc 文件，是件非常轻松地事情，可不需要把所有代码跑一遍，然后去捞生成的 .pyc 文件。</p><p>事实上，Python 标准库中提供了一个名为 compileall 的库，可以轻松地进行编译。</p><p>执行如下命令能够将遍历<src> 目录下的所有 .py 文件，将之编译为 .pyc 文件：</src></p><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">python -m compileall <src></span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>然后删除<src> 目录下所有 .py 文件就可以打包发布了：</src></p><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">find <src> -name '*.py' -type f -print -exec rm {} \;</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h4 id="优点"><a href="#优点" class="headerlink" title="优点"></a>优点</h4><ul><li>简单方便，提高了一点源码破解门槛</li><li>平台兼容性好，.py 能在哪里运行，.pyc 就能在哪里运行</li></ul><h4 id="不足"><a href="#不足" class="headerlink" title="不足"></a>不足</h4><ul><li>解释器兼容性差，.pyc 只能在特定版本的解释器上运行</li><li>有现成的反编译工具，破解成本低</li></ul><p>python-uncompyle6 就是这样一款反编译工具，效果出众。</p><p>执行如下命令，即可将 .pyc 文件反编译为 .py 文件：</p><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">uncompyle6 *compiled-python-file-pyc-or-pyo*</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h3 id="代码混淆"><a href="#代码混淆" class="headerlink" title="代码混淆"></a>代码混淆</h3><p>如果代码被混淆到一定程度，连作者看着都费劲的话，是不是也能达到保护源码的目的呢？</p><h4 id="思路-1"><a href="#思路-1" class="headerlink" title="思路"></a>思路</h4><p>既然我们的目的是混淆，就是通过一系列的转换，让代码逐渐不那么让人容易明白，那就可以这样下手：</p><ul><li>移除注释和文档。没有这些说明，在一些关键逻辑上就没那么容易明白了。</li><li>改变缩进。完美的缩进看着才舒服，如果缩进忽长忽短，看着也一定闹心。</li><li>在tokens中间加入一定空格。这就和改变缩进的效果差不多。</li><li>重命名函数、类、变量。命名直接影响了可读性，乱七八糟的名字可是阅读理解的一大障碍。</li><li>在空白行插入无效代码。这就是障眼法，用无关代码来打乱阅读节奏。</li></ul><h4 id="方法-1"><a href="#方法-1" class="headerlink" title="方法"></a>方法</h4><h4 id="方法一：使用-oxyry-进行混淆"><a href="#方法一：使用-oxyry-进行混淆" class="headerlink" title="方法一：使用 oxyry 进行混淆"></a>方法一：使用 oxyry 进行混淆</h4><p><a target="_blank" rel="external nofollow noopener noreferrer" href="/go.html?u=aHR0cDovL3B5b2Iub3h5cnkuY29tLw">http://pyob.oxyry.com/</a> 是一个在线混淆 Python 代码的网站，使用它可以方便地进行混淆。</p><p>假定我们有这样一段 Python 代码，涉及到了类、函数、参数等内容：</p><figure class="highlight python"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># coding: utf-8</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">A</span>(<span class="title class_ inherited__">object</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> Description</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> """</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">__init__</span>(<span class="params">self, x, y, default=<span class="literal">None</span></span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="variable language_">self</span>.z = x + y</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="variable language_">self</span>.default = default</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">name</span>(<span class="params">self</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">'No Name'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">always</span>():</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="literal">True</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">num = <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">a = A(num, <span class="number">999</span>, <span class="number">100</span>)</span><br><span class="line">a.name()</span><br><span class="line">always()</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>经过 Oxyry 的混淆，得到如下代码：</p><figure class="highlight python"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">A</span> (<span class="title class_ inherited__">object</span> ):<span class="comment">#line:4</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">""</span><span class="comment">#line:7</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">__init__</span> (O0O0O0OO00OO000O0 ,OO0O0OOOO0000O0OO ,OO0OO00O00OO00OOO ,OO000OOO0O000OOO0 =<span class="literal">None</span> ):<span class="comment">#line:9</span></span><br><span class="line"> O0O0O0OO00OO000O0 .z =OO0O0OOOO0000O0OO +OO0OO00O00OO00OOO <span class="comment">#line:10</span></span><br><span class="line"> O0O0O0OO00OO000O0 .default =OO000OOO0O000OOO0 <span class="comment">#line:11</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">name</span> (O000O0O0O00O0O0OO ):<span class="comment">#line:13</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">'No Name'</span><span class="comment">#line:14</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">always</span> ():<span class="comment">#line:17</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="literal">True</span> <span class="comment">#line:18</span></span><br><span class="line">num =<span class="number">1</span> <span class="comment">#line:21</span></span><br><span class="line">a =A (num ,<span class="number">999</span> ,<span class="number">100</span> )<span class="comment">#line:22</span></span><br><span class="line">a .name ()<span class="comment">#line:23</span></span><br><span class="line">always ()</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>混淆后的代码主要在注释、参数名称和空格上做了些调整，稍微带来了点阅读上的障碍。</p><h4 id="方法二：使用-pyobfuscate-库进行混淆"><a href="#方法二：使用-pyobfuscate-库进行混淆" class="headerlink" title="方法二：使用 pyobfuscate 库进行混淆"></a>方法二：使用 pyobfuscate 库进行混淆</h4><p>pyobfuscate 算是一个颇具年头的 Python 代码混淆库了，但却是“老当益壮”了。</p><p>对上述同样一段 Python 代码，经 pyobfuscate 混淆后效果如下：</p><figure class="highlight python"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># coding: utf-8</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="number">64</span> - <span class="number">64</span>: i11iIiiIii</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="number">65</span> - <span class="number">65</span>: O0 / iIii1I11I1II1 % OoooooooOO - i1IIi</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">o0OO00</span> ( <span class="title class_ inherited__">object</span> ) :</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="number">78</span> - <span class="number">78</span>: i11i . oOooOoO0Oo0O</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="number">10</span> - <span class="number">10</span>: IIiI1I11i11</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="number">54</span> - <span class="number">54</span>: i11iIi1 - oOo0O0Ooo</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="number">2</span> - <span class="number">2</span>: o0 * i1 * ii1IiI1i % OOooOOo / I11i / Ii1I</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">__init__</span> ( <span class="variable language_">self</span> , x , y , default = <span class="literal">None</span> ) :</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="variable language_">self</span> . z = x + y</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="variable language_">self</span> . default = default</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="number">48</span> - <span class="number">48</span>: iII111i % IiII + I1Ii111 / ooOoO0o * Ii1I</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">name</span> ( <span class="variable language_">self</span> ) :</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">'No Name'</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="number">46</span> - <span class="number">46</span>: ooOoO0o * I11i - OoooooooOO</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="number">30</span> - <span class="number">30</span>: o0 - O0 % o0 - OoooooooOO * O0 * OoooooooOO</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">Oo0o</span> ( ) :</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="literal">True</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="number">60</span> - <span class="number">60</span>: i1 + I1Ii111 - I11i / i1IIi</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="number">40</span> - <span class="number">40</span>: oOooOoO0Oo0O / O0 % ooOoO0o + O0 * i1IIi</span><br><span class="line">I1Ii11I1Ii1i = <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">Ooo = o0OO00 ( I1Ii11I1Ii1i , <span class="number">999</span> , <span class="number">100</span> )</span><br><span class="line">Ooo . name ( )</span><br><span class="line">Oo0o ( ) <span class="comment"># dd678faae9ac167bc83abf78e5cb2f3f0688d3a3</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>相比于方法一，方法二的效果看起来更好些。除了类和函数进行了重命名、加入了一些空格，最明显的是插入了若干段无关的代码，变得更加难读了。</p><h4 id="优点-1"><a href="#优点-1" class="headerlink" title="优点"></a>优点</h4><ul><li><p>简单方便，提高了一点源码破解门槛</p></li><li><p>兼容性好，只要源码逻辑能做到兼容，混淆代码亦能</p></li></ul><h4 id="不足-1"><a href="#不足-1" class="headerlink" title="不足"></a>不足</h4><ul><li>只能对单个文件混淆，无法做到多个互相有联系的源码文件的联动混淆</li><li>代码结构未发生变化，也能获取字节码，破解难度不大</li></ul><h3 id="使用-py2exe"><a href="#使用-py2exe" class="headerlink" title="使用 py2exe"></a>使用 py2exe</h3><h4 id="思路-2"><a href="#思路-2" class="headerlink" title="思路"></a>思路</h4><p>py2exe 是一款将 Python 脚本转换为 Windows 平台上的可执行文件的工具。其原理是将源码编译为 .pyc 文件，加之必要的依赖文件，一起打包成一个可执行文件。</p><p>如果最终发行由 py2exe 打包出的二进制文件，那岂不是达到了保护源码的目的？</p><h4 id="方法-2"><a href="#方法-2" class="headerlink" title="方法"></a>方法</h4><p>使用 py2exe 进行打包的步骤较为简便。</p><blockquote><p>1.编写入口文件。本示例中取名为 hello.py：</p></blockquote><figure class="highlight python"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span> <span class="string">'Hello World'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><blockquote><p>2.编写 setup.py：</p></blockquote><figure class="highlight python"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> distutils.core <span class="keyword">import</span> setup</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> py2exe</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">setup(console=[<span class="string">'hello.py'</span>])</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><blockquote><p>3.生成可执行文件</p></blockquote><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">python setup.py py2exe</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>生成的可执行文件位于 dist\hello.exe。</p><h4 id="优点-2"><a href="#优点-2" class="headerlink" title="优点"></a>优点</h4><ul><li>能够直接打包成 exe，方便分发和执行</li><li>破解门槛比 .pyc 更高一些</li></ul><h4 id="不足-2"><a href="#不足-2" class="headerlink" title="不足"></a>不足</h4><ul><li>兼容性差，只能运行在 Windows 系统上</li><li>生成的可执行文件内的布局是明确、公开的，可以找到源码对应的 .pyc 文件，进而反编译出源码</li></ul><h3 id="使用-Cython"><a href="#使用-Cython" class="headerlink" title="使用 Cython"></a>使用 Cython</h3><h4 id="思路-3"><a href="#思路-3" class="headerlink" title="思路"></a>思路</h4><p>虽说 Cython 的主要目的是带来性能的提升，但是基于它的原理：将 .py/.pyx 编译为 .c 文件，再将 .c 文件编译为 .so(Unix) 或 .pyd(Windows)，其带来的另一个好处就是难以破解。</p><h4 id="方法-3"><a href="#方法-3" class="headerlink" title="方法"></a>方法</h4><p>使用 Cython 进行开发的步骤也不复杂。</p><blockquote><p>1.编写文件 hello.pyx 或 hello.py：</p></blockquote><figure class="highlight python"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">hello</span>():</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'hello'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><blockquote><p>2.编写 setup.py：</p></blockquote><figure class="highlight python"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> distutils.core <span class="keyword">import</span> setup</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> Cython.Build <span class="keyword">import</span> cythonize</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">setup(name=<span class="string">'Hello World app'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> ext_modules=cythonize(<span class="string">'hello.pyx'</span>))</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><blockquote><p>3.编译为 .c，再进一步编译为 .so 或 .pyd：</p></blockquote><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">python setup.py build_ext --inplace</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>执行 python -c "from hello import hello;hello()" 即可直接引用生成的二进制文件中的 hello() 函数。</p><h4 id="优点-3"><a href="#优点-3" class="headerlink" title="优点"></a>优点</h4><ul><li>生成的二进制 .so 或 .pyd 文件难以破解</li><li>同时带来了性能提升</li></ul><h4 id="不足-3"><a href="#不足-3" class="headerlink" title="不足"></a>不足</h4><ul><li>兼容性稍差，对于不同版本的操作系统，可能需要重新编译</li><li>虽然支持大多数 Python 代码，但如果一旦发现部分代码不支持，完善成本较高</li></ul></div><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="定制-Python-解释器"><a href="#定制-Python-解释器" class="headerlink" title="定制 Python 解释器"></a>定制 Python 解释器</h2><p>考虑前文所述的几个方案，均是从源码的加工入手，或多或少都有些不足。假设我们从解释器的改造入手，会不会能够更好的保护代码呢？</p><p>由于发行商业 Python 程序到客户环境时通常会包含一个 Python 解释器，如果改造解释器能解决源码保护的问题，那么也是可选的一条路。</p><p>假定我们有一个算法，能够加密原始的 Python 代码，这些加密后代码随发行程序一起，可被任何人看到，却难以破解。另一方面，有一个定制好的 Python 解释器，它能够解密这些被加密的代码，然后解释执行。而由于 Python 解释器本身是二进制文件，人们也就无法从解释器中获取解密的关键数据。从而达到了保护源码的目的。</p><p>要实现上述的设想，我们首先需要掌握基本的加解密算法，其次探究 Python 执行代码的方式从而了解在何处进行加解密，最后禁用字节码用以防止通过 .pyc 反编译。</p><h3 id="加解密算法"><a href="#加解密算法" class="headerlink" title="加解密算法"></a>加解密算法</h3><h4 id="对称密钥加密算法"><a href="#对称密钥加密算法" class="headerlink" title="对称密钥加密算法"></a>对称密钥加密算法</h4><p>对称密钥加密（Symmetric-key algorithm）又称为对称加密、私钥加密、共享密钥加密，是密码学中的一类加密算法。这类算法在加密和解密时使用相同的密钥，或是使用两个可以简单地相互推算的密钥。</p><p>对称加密算法的特点是算法公开、计算量小、加密速度快、加密效率高。</p><p>常见的对称加密算法有：DES、3DES、AES、Blowfish、IDEA、RC5、RC6 等。</p><p>对称密钥加解密过程如下：</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651993776477/20200205132717.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651993776477/20200205132717.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="对称密钥加解密过程"></p><p>明文通过密钥加密成密文，密文也可通过相同的密钥解密为明文。</p><p>通过 openssl 工具，我们能够方便选择对称加密算法进行加解密。下面我们以 AES 算法为例，介绍其用法。</p><h4 id="AES-加密"><a href="#AES-加密" class="headerlink" title="AES 加密"></a>AES 加密</h4><p>指定密码进行对称加密</p><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">openssl enc -aes-128-cbc -in test.py -out entest.py -pass pass:123456</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>指定文件进行对称加密</p><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">openssl enc -aes-128-cbc -in test.py -out entest.py -pass file:passwd.txt</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>指定环境变量进行对称加密</p><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">openssl enc -aes-128-cbc -in test.py -out entest.py -pass env:passwd</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h4 id="AES-解密"><a href="#AES-解密" class="headerlink" title="AES 解密"></a>AES 解密</h4><p>指定密码进行对称解密</p><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">openssl enc -aes-128-cbc -d -in entest.py -out test.py -pass pass:123456</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>指定文件进行对称解密</p><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">openssl enc -aes-128-cbc -d -in entest.py -out test.py -pass file:passwd.txt</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>指定环境变量进行对称解密</p><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">openssl enc -aes-128-cbc -d -in entest.py -out test.py -pass env:passwd</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h3 id="非对称密钥加密算法"><a href="#非对称密钥加密算法" class="headerlink" title="非对称密钥加密算法"></a>非对称密钥加密算法</h3><p>密钥加密（英语：public-key cryptography，又译为公开密钥加密），也称为非对称加密（asymmetric cryptography），一种密码学算法类型，在这种密码学方法中，需要一对密钥，一个是私钥，另一个则是公钥。这两个密钥是数学相关，用某用户公钥加密后所得的信息，只能用该用户的私钥才能解密。</p><p>非对称加密算法的特点是算法强度复杂、安全性依赖于算法与密钥但是由于其算法复杂，而使得加密解密速度没有对称加密解密的速度快。</p><p>常见的对称加密算法有：RSA、Elgamal、背包算法、Rabin、D-H、ECC 等。</p><p>非对称密钥加解密过程如下：</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651993843779/20200205132955.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651993843779/20200205132955.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="非对称密钥加解密过程"></p><p>明文通过公钥加密成密文，密文通过与公钥对应的私钥解密为明文。</p><p>通过 openssl 工具，我们能够方便选择非对称加密算法进行加解密。下面我们以 RSA 算法为例，介绍其用法。</p><h4 id="生成私钥、公钥"><a href="#生成私钥、公钥" class="headerlink" title="生成私钥、公钥"></a>生成私钥、公钥</h4><p>辅以 AES-128 算法，生成 2048 比特长度的私钥</p><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">openssl genrsa -aes128 -out private.pem 2048</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>根据私钥来生成公钥</p><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">openssl rsa -in private.pem -outform PEM -pubout -out public.pem</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h4 id="RSA-加密"><a href="#RSA-加密" class="headerlink" title="RSA 加密"></a>RSA 加密</h4><p>使用公钥进行加密</p><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">openssl rsautl -encrypt -in passwd.txt -inkey public.pem -pubin -out enpasswd.txt</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h4 id="RSA-解密"><a href="#RSA-解密" class="headerlink" title="RSA 解密"></a>RSA 解密</h4><p>使用私钥进行解密</p><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">openssl rsautl -decrypt -in enpasswd.txt -inkey private.pem -out passwd.txt</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h3 id="基于加密算法实现源码保护"><a href="#基于加密算法实现源码保护" class="headerlink" title="基于加密算法实现源码保护"></a>基于加密算法实现源码保护</h3><p>对称加密适合加密源码文件，而非对称加密适合加密密钥。如果将两者结合，就能达到加解密源码的目的。</p><h3 id="在构建环境进行加密"><a href="#在构建环境进行加密" class="headerlink" title="在构建环境进行加密"></a>在构建环境进行加密</h3><p>我们发行出去安装包中，源码应该是被加密过的，那么就需要在构建阶段对源码进行加密。加密的过程如下：</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651993959215/20200205133303.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651993959215/20200205133303.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="在构建环境进行加密"></p><ul><li>1.随机生成一个密钥。这个密钥实际上是一个用于对称加密的密码。</li><li>2.使用该密钥对源代码进行对称加密，生成加密后的代码。</li><li>3.使用公钥（生成方法见 非对称密钥加密算法）对该密钥进行非对称加密，生成加密后的密钥。</li></ul><p>不论是加密后的代码还是加密后的密钥，都会放在安装包中。它们能够被用户看到，却无法被破译。而 Python 解释器该如何执行加密后的代码呢？</p><h3 id="Python-解释器进行解密"><a href="#Python-解释器进行解密" class="headerlink" title="Python 解释器进行解密"></a>Python 解释器进行解密</h3><p>假定我们发行的 Python 解释器中内置了与公钥相对应的私钥，有了它就有了解密的可能。而由于 Python 解释器本身是二进制文件，所以不需要担心内置的私钥会被看到。解密的过程如下：</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651993995978/20200205133440.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1651993995978/20200205133440.webp" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Python 解释器进行解密"></p><ul><li>1.Python 解释器执行加密代码时需要被传入指示加密密钥的参数，通过这个参数，解释器获取到了加密密钥</li><li>2.Python 解释器使用内置的私钥，对该加密密钥进行非对称解密，得到原始密钥</li><li>3.Python 解释器使用原始密钥对加密代码进行对称解密，得到原始代码</li><li>4.Python 解释器执行这段原始代码</li></ul><p>可以看到，通过改造构建环节、定制 Python 解释器的执行过程，便可以实现保护源码的目的。改造构建环节是容易的，但是如何定制 Python 解释器呢？我们需要深入了解解释器执行脚本和模块的方式，才能在特定的入口进行控制。</p><h3 id="脚本、模块的执行与解密"><a href="#脚本、模块的执行与解密" class="headerlink" title="脚本、模块的执行与解密"></a>脚本、模块的执行与解密</h3><h4 id="执行-Python-代码的几种方式"><a href="#执行-Python-代码的几种方式" class="headerlink" title="执行 Python 代码的几种方式"></a>执行 Python 代码的几种方式</h4><p>为了找到 Python 解释器执行 Python 代码时的所有入口，我们需要首先执行 Python 解释器都能以怎样的方式执行代码。</p><h5 id="直接运行脚本"><a href="#直接运行脚本" class="headerlink" title="直接运行脚本"></a>直接运行脚本</h5><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">python test.py</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h5 id="直接运行语句"><a href="#直接运行语句" class="headerlink" title="直接运行语句"></a>直接运行语句</h5><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">python -c "print 'hello'"</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h5 id="直接运行模块"><a href="#直接运行模块" class="headerlink" title="直接运行模块"></a>直接运行模块</h5><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">python -m test</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h5 id="导入、重载模块"><a href="#导入、重载模块" class="headerlink" title="导入、重载模块"></a>导入、重载模块</h5><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">python</span><br><span class="line">>>> import test # 导入模块</span><br><span class="line">>>> reload(test) # 重载模块</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p><em>直接运行语句</em> 的方式接收的就是明文的代码，我们也无需对这种方式做额外处理。<br><em>直接运行模块</em>和<em>导入、重载模块</em>这两种方式在流程上是殊途同归的，所以接下来会一起来看。<br>因此我们将分两种情况：运行脚本和加载模块来进一步探究各自的过程和解密方式。</p><h4 id="运行脚本时解密"><a href="#运行脚本时解密" class="headerlink" title="运行脚本时解密"></a>运行脚本时解密</h4><h5 id="运行脚本的过程"><a href="#运行脚本的过程" class="headerlink" title="运行脚本的过程"></a>运行脚本的过程</h5><p>Python 解释器在运行脚本时的代码调用逻辑如下：</p><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"> main WinMain</span><br><span class="line">[Modules/python.c] [PC/WinMain.c]</span><br><span class="line"> \ /</span><br><span class="line"> \ /</span><br><span class="line"> \ /</span><br><span class="line"> \ /</span><br><span class="line"> \ /</span><br><span class="line"> Py_Main</span><br><span class="line"> [Moduls/main.c]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>Python 解释器运行脚本的入口函数因操作系统而异，在 Linux/Unix 系统上，主入口函数是 Modules/python.c 中的 main 函数，在 Windows系统上，则是 PC/WinMain.c 中的 WinMain 函数。不过这两个函数最终都会调用 Moduls/main.c 中的 Py_Main 函数。</p><p>我们不妨来看看 Py_Main 函数中的相关逻辑：</p><figure class="highlight c++"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[Modules/Main.c]</span><br><span class="line">--------------------------------------</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="type">int</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">Py_Main</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">int</span> argc, <span class="type">char</span> **argv)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (command) {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 处理 python -c <command></span></span><br><span class="line"> } <span class="keyword">else</span> <span class="keyword">if</span> (<span class="keyword">module</span>) {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 处理 python -m <module></span></span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">else</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 处理 python <file></span></span><br><span class="line"> ...</span><br><span class="line"> fp = <span class="built_in">fopen</span>(filename, <span class="string">"r"</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> ...</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>处理<command>和<module>的部分我们暂且先不管，在处理文件（通过直接运行脚本的方式）的逻辑中，可以看到解释打开了文件，获得了文件指针。那么如果我们把这里的 fopen 换成是自定义的 decrypt_open 函数，这个函数用来打开一个加密文件，然后进行解密，并返回一个文件指针，这个指针指向解密后的文件。那么，不就可以实现解密脚本的目的了吗？</module></command></p><h5 id="自定义-decrypt-open"><a href="#自定义-decrypt-open" class="headerlink" title="自定义 decrypt_open"></a>自定义 decrypt_open</h5><p>我们不妨新增一个 Modules/crypt.c 文件，用来存放一些自定义的加解密函数。</p><p>decrypt_open 函数大概实现如下：</p><figure class="highlight c++"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[Modules/crypt.c]</span><br><span class="line">--------------------------------------</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* 以解密方式打开文件 */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">FILE *</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">decrypt_open</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">const</span> <span class="type">char</span> *filename, <span class="type">const</span> <span class="type">char</span> *mode)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="type">int</span> plainlen = <span class="number">-1</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="type">char</span> *plaintext = <span class="literal">NULL</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> FILE *fp = <span class="literal">NULL</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (aes_passwd == <span class="literal">NULL</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> fp = <span class="built_in">fopen</span>(filename, <span class="string">"r"</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">else</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> plainlen = <span class="built_in">aes_decrypt</span>(filename, aes_passwd, &plaintext);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 如果无法解密，返回源文件描述符</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (plainlen < <span class="number">0</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> fp = <span class="built_in">fopen</span>(filename, <span class="string">"r"</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 否则，转换为内存文件描述符</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">else</span></span><br><span class="line"> fp = <span class="built_in">fmemopen</span>(plaintext, plainlen, <span class="string">"r"</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> fp;</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>这里的 aes_passwd 是一个全局变量，代表对称加密算法中的密钥。我们暂时假定已经获取该密钥了，后文会说明如何获得。而 aes_decrypt 是自定义的一个使用AES算法进行对称解密的函数，限于篇幅，此函数的实现不再贴出。</p><p>decrypt_open 逻辑如下：</p><ul><li>判断是否获得了对称密钥，如果没获得，直接打开该文件并返回文件指针</li><li>如果获得了，则尝试使用对称算法进行解密<ul><li>如果解密失败，可能就是一段非加密的脚本，直接打开该文件并返回文件指针</li><li>如果解密成功，我们通过解密后的内容创建一个内存文件对象，并返回该文件指针<br>实现了上述这些函数后，我们就能够实现在直接运行脚本时，解密执行被加密代码的目的。</li></ul></li></ul><h4 id="加载模块时解密"><a href="#加载模块时解密" class="headerlink" title="加载模块时解密"></a>加载模块时解密</h4><h5 id="加载模块的过程"><a href="#加载模块的过程" class="headerlink" title="加载模块的过程"></a>加载模块的过程</h5><p>加载模块的逻辑主要实现在 Python/import.c 文件中，其过程如下：</p><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"> Py_Main</span><br><span class="line"> [Moduls/main.c]</span><br><span class="line"> |</span><br><span class="line"> builtin___import__ RunModule</span><br><span class="line"> | |</span><br><span class="line">PyImport_ImportModuleLevel <----┐ PyImport_ImportModule</span><br><span class="line"> | | |</span><br><span class="line"> import_module_level └------- PyImport_Import</span><br><span class="line"> |</span><br><span class="line"> load_next builtin_reload</span><br><span class="line"> | |</span><br><span class="line"> import_submodule PyImport_ReloadModule</span><br><span class="line"> | |</span><br><span class="line"> find_module <---------------------------┘</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><ul><li>通过 python -m<module> 的方式来加载模块时，其入口函数是 Py_Main 函数</module></li><li>通过 import<module> 的方式来加载模块时，其入口函数是 builtin___import__ 函数</module></li><li>通过 reload(<module>) 的方式来加载模块时，其入口函数是 builtin_reload 函数</module></li></ul><p>但不论是哪种方式，最终都会调用 find_module 函数，我们看看这个函数中是否暗藏乾坤呢？</p><figure class="highlight c++"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[Python/<span class="keyword">import</span>.c]</span><br><span class="line">--------------------------------------</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">static</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="title class_">filedescr</span> *</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">find_module</span>(<span class="type">char</span> *fullname, <span class="type">char</span> *subname, PyObject *path, <span class="type">char</span> *buf,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="type">size_t</span> buflen, FILE **p_fp, PyObject **p_loader)</span><br><span class="line">{</span><br><span class="line"> ...</span><br><span class="line"> fp = <span class="built_in">fopen</span>(buf, filemode);</span><br><span class="line"> ...</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>我们在 find_module 函数中找到了打开文件的逻辑，如果直接改成前文实现的 decrypt_open，岂不是就能达成加载模块时解密的目的了？</p><p>总体思路是这样的，但有个细节需要注意，buf 不一定就是 .py 文件，也可能是 .pyc 文件，我们只对 .py 文件做改动，则可以这么写：</p><figure class="highlight c++"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[Python/<span class="keyword">import</span>.c]</span><br><span class="line">--------------------------------------</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">static</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="title class_">filedescr</span> *</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">find_module</span>(<span class="type">char</span> *fullname, <span class="type">char</span> *subname, PyObject *path, <span class="type">char</span> *buf,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="type">size_t</span> buflen, FILE **p_fp, PyObject **p_loader)</span><br><span class="line">{</span><br><span class="line"> ...</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (fdp->type == PY_SOURCE) {</span><br><span class="line"> fp = <span class="built_in">decrypt_open</span>(buf, filemode);</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">else</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> fp = <span class="built_in">fopen</span>(buf, filemode);</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> ...</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>经过上述改动，就实现了加载模块时解密的目的了。</p><h4 id="支持指定密钥文件"><a href="#支持指定密钥文件" class="headerlink" title="支持指定密钥文件"></a>支持指定密钥文件</h4><p>前文中还留有一个待解决的问题：我们一开始是假定解释器已获取到了密钥内容并存放在了全局变量 aes_passwd 中，那么密钥内容怎么获取呢？</p><p>我们需要 Python 解释器能支持一个新的参数选项，通过它来指定已加密的密钥文件，然后再通过非对称算法进行解密，得到 aes_passed。</p><p>假定这个参数选项是 -k<filename>，则可使用如 python -k enpasswd.txt 的方式来告知解释器加密密钥的文件路径。其实现如下：</filename></p><figure class="highlight c++"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[Modules/main.c]</span><br><span class="line">--------------------------------------</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* 命令行选项，注意k:是新增的内容 */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> BASE_OPTS <span class="string">"3bBc:dEhiJk:m:OQ:RsStuUvVW:xX?"</span></span></span><br><span class="line">...</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* Long usage message, split into parts < 512 bytes */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">static</span> <span class="type">char</span> *usage_1 = <span class="string">"\</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">...</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">-k key : decrypt source file by using key file\n\</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">...</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">...</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="type">int</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">Py_Main</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">int</span> argc, <span class="type">char</span> **argv)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> ...</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="type">char</span> *keyfilename = <span class="literal">NULL</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> ...</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">while</span> ((c = _PyOS_GetOpt(argc, argv, PROGRAM_OPTS)) != EOF) {</span><br><span class="line"> ...</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="string">'k'</span>:</span><br><span class="line"> keyfilename = (<span class="type">char</span> *)<span class="built_in">malloc</span>(<span class="built_in">strlen</span>(_PyOS_optarg) + <span class="number">1</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (keyfilename == <span class="literal">NULL</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">Py_FatalError</span>(</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"not enough memory to copy -k argument"</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">strcpy</span>(keyfilename, _PyOS_optarg);</span><br><span class="line"> keyfilename[<span class="built_in">strlen</span>(_PyOS_optarg)] = <span class="string">'\0'</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">break</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> ...</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> ...</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (keyfilename != <span class="literal">NULL</span>) {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="type">int</span> passwdlen;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="type">char</span> *passwd = <span class="literal">NULL</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> passwdlen = <span class="built_in">rsa_decrypt</span>(keyfilename, &passwd);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">set_aes_passwd</span>(passwd);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (passwdlen < <span class="number">0</span>) {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">fprintf</span>(stderr, <span class="string">"%s: parsing key file '%s' error\n"</span>, argv[<span class="number">0</span>], keyfilename);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">free</span>(keyfilename);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">2</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> } <span class="keyword">else</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">free</span>(keyfilename);</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> ...</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>其逻辑如下：</p><ul><li>k:中的 k 表示支持 -k 选项；: 表示选项后跟一个参数，即这里的已加密密钥文件的路径</li><li>解释器在处理到 -k 参数时，获取其后所跟的文件路径，记录在 keyfilename 中</li><li>使用自定义的 rsa_decrypt 函数（限于篇幅，不列出如何实现的逻辑）对已加密密钥文件进行非对称解密，获得密钥的原始内容</li><li>将该密钥内容写入到 aes_passwd 中</li></ul><p>由此，通过显示地指定已加密密钥文件，解释器获得了原始密钥，进而通过该密钥解密已加密代码，再执行原始代码。但是，这里面还潜藏着一个<em>风险</em>：执行代码的过程中会生成 .pyc 文件，通过它反编译出的 .py 文件是未加密的。换句话说，恶意用户可以通过这种手段绕过限制。所以，我们需要<em>禁用字节码</em></p><h4 id="禁用字节码"><a href="#禁用字节码" class="headerlink" title="禁用字节码"></a>禁用字节码</h4><h5 id="不生成-pyc-文件"><a href="#不生成-pyc-文件" class="headerlink" title="不生成 .pyc 文件"></a>不生成 .pyc 文件</h5><p>首先要做的就是不生成 .pyc 文件，这样，恶意用户就没法直接根据 .pyc 文件来得到源码。</p><p>我们知道，通过 -B 选项可以告知 Python 解释器不生成 .pyc 文件。既然定制的 Python 解释器就不生成 .pyc 我们干脆禁用这个选项：</p><figure class="highlight c++"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[Modules/main.c]</span><br><span class="line">--------------------------------------</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* 命令行选项，注意移除了B */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">define</span> BASE_OPTS <span class="string">"3bc:dEhiJm:OQ:RsStuUvVW:xX?"</span></span></span><br><span class="line">...</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* Long usage message, split into parts < 512 bytes */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">static</span> <span class="type">char</span> *usage_1 = <span class="string">"\</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">...</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">//-B : don't write .py[co] files on import; also PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE=x\n\</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">...</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">...</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="type">int</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">Py_Main</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">int</span> argc, <span class="type">char</span> **argv)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> ...</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 不生成 py[co]</span></span><br><span class="line"> Py_DontWriteBytecodeFlag++;</span><br><span class="line"> ...</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>除此以外，Python 解释器还会从环境变量中获取是否不生成 .pyc 文件，因此也需要做处理：</p><figure class="highlight c++"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[Python/pythonrun.c]</span><br><span class="line">--------------------------------------</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="type">void</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">Py_InitializeEx</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">int</span> install_sigs)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> ...</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">f</span> ((p = <span class="built_in">Py_GETENV</span>(<span class="string">"PYTHONDEBUG"</span>)) && *p != <span class="string">'\0'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> Py_DebugFlag = <span class="built_in">add_flag</span>(Py_DebugFlag, p);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> ((p = <span class="built_in">Py_GETENV</span>(<span class="string">"PYTHONVERBOSE"</span>)) && *p != <span class="string">'\0'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> Py_VerboseFlag = <span class="built_in">add_flag</span>(Py_VerboseFlag, p);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> ((p = <span class="built_in">Py_GETENV</span>(<span class="string">"PYTHONOPTIMIZE"</span>)) && *p != <span class="string">'\0'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> Py_OptimizeFlag = <span class="built_in">add_flag</span>(Py_OptimizeFlag, p);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 移除对 PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE 的处理</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> ((p = <span class="built_in">Py_GETENV</span>(<span class="string">"PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE"</span>)) && *p != <span class="string">'\0'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> Py_DontWriteBytecodeFlag = <span class="built_in">add_flag</span>(Py_DontWriteBytecodeFlag, p);</span><br><span class="line"> ...</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h5 id="禁止访问字节码对象-co-code"><a href="#禁止访问字节码对象-co-code" class="headerlink" title="禁止访问字节码对象 co_code"></a>禁止访问字节码对象 co_code</h5><p>仅仅是不生成 .pyc 文件还是不够的，恶意用户已然可以访问对象的 co_code 属性来获取字节码，进而通过反编译的手段获取到源码。因此，我们也需要禁止用户访问字节码对象：</p><figure class="highlight c++"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[Objects/codeobject.c]</span><br><span class="line">--------------------------------------</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">static</span> PyMemberDef code_memberlist[] = {</span><br><span class="line"> {<span class="string">"co_argcount"</span>, T_INT, <span class="built_in">OFF</span>(co_argcount), READONLY},</span><br><span class="line"> {<span class="string">"co_nlocals"</span>, T_INT, <span class="built_in">OFF</span>(co_nlocals), READONLY},</span><br><span class="line"> {<span class="string">"co_stacksize"</span>,T_INT, <span class="built_in">OFF</span>(co_stacksize), READONLY},</span><br><span class="line"> {<span class="string">"co_flags"</span>, T_INT, <span class="built_in">OFF</span>(co_flags), READONLY},</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// {"co_code", T_OBJECT, OFF(co_code), READONLY},</span></span><br><span class="line"> {<span class="string">"co_consts"</span>, T_OBJECT, <span class="built_in">OFF</span>(co_consts), READONLY},</span><br><span class="line"> {<span class="string">"co_names"</span>, T_OBJECT, <span class="built_in">OFF</span>(co_names), READONLY},</span><br><span class="line"> {<span class="string">"co_varnames"</span>, T_OBJECT, <span class="built_in">OFF</span>(co_varnames), READONLY},</span><br><span class="line"> {<span class="string">"co_freevars"</span>, T_OBJECT, <span class="built_in">OFF</span>(co_freevars), READONLY},</span><br><span class="line"> {<span class="string">"co_cellvars"</span>, T_OBJECT, <span class="built_in">OFF</span>(co_cellvars), READONLY},</span><br><span class="line"> {<span class="string">"co_filename"</span>, T_OBJECT, <span class="built_in">OFF</span>(co_filename), READONLY},</span><br><span class="line"> {<span class="string">"co_name"</span>, T_OBJECT, <span class="built_in">OFF</span>(co_name), READONLY},</span><br><span class="line"> {<span class="string">"co_firstlineno"</span>, T_INT, <span class="built_in">OFF</span>(co_firstlineno), READONLY},</span><br><span class="line"> {<span class="string">"co_lnotab"</span>, T_OBJECT, <span class="built_in">OFF</span>(co_lnotab), READONLY},</span><br><span class="line"> {<span class="literal">NULL</span>} <span class="comment">/* Sentinel */</span></span><br><span class="line">};</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><p>到此，一个定制的 Python 解释器完成了。</p><h3 id="演示"><a href="#演示" class="headerlink" title="演示"></a>演示</h3><h4 id="运行脚本"><a href="#运行脚本" class="headerlink" title="运行脚本"></a>运行脚本</h4><p>通过 -k 选项执行已加密密钥文件，Python 解释器可以运行已加密和未加密的 Python 文件。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/imbox@0.0.4/data/20200205135102.gif" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/imbox@0.0.4/data/20200205135102.gif" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="></p><h4 id="加载模块"><a href="#加载模块" class="headerlink" title="加载模块"></a>加载模块</h4><p>可以通过 -m<module> 的方式加载已加密和未加密的模块，也可以通过 import<module> 的方式来加载已加密和未加密的模块。</module></module></p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/imbox@0.0.4/data/20200205135132.gif" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/imbox@0.0.4/data/20200205135132.gif" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="></p><h4 id="禁用字节码-1"><a href="#禁用字节码-1" class="headerlink" title="禁用字节码"></a>禁用字节码</h4><p>通过禁用字节码，我们达到以下效果：</p><ul><li>不会生成 .pyc 文件</li><li>可以访问函数的 func_code</li><li>无法访问代码对象的 co_code，即本示例中的 f.func_code.co_code</li><li>无法使用dis模块来获取字节码</li></ul><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/imbox@0.0.4/data/20200205135145.gif" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/imbox@0.0.4/data/20200205135145.gif" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="></p><h4 id="异常堆栈信息"><a href="#异常堆栈信息" class="headerlink" title="异常堆栈信息"></a>异常堆栈信息</h4><p>尽管代码是加密的，但是不会影响异常时的堆栈信息。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/imbox@0.0.4/data/20200205135158.gif" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/imbox@0.0.4/data/20200205135158.gif" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="></p><h4 id="调试"><a href="#调试" class="headerlink" title="调试"></a>调试</h4><p>加密的代码也是允许调试的，但是输出的代码内容会是加密的，这正是我们所期望的。</p><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/imbox@0.0.4/data/20200205135217.gif" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/imbox@0.0.4/data/20200205135217.gif" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="></p><h3 id="思考"><a href="#思考" class="headerlink" title="思考"></a>思考</h3><ul><li>1.如何防止通过内存操作的方式找到对象的co_code?</li><li>2.如何进一步提升私钥被逆向工程探知的难度？</li><li>3.如何能在调试并希望看到源码的时候看到?</li></ul><h3 id="参考文献"><a href="#参考文献" class="headerlink" title="参考文献"></a>参考文献</h3><p><a target="_blank" rel="external nofollow noopener noreferrer" href="/go.html?u=aHR0cHM6Ly96aHVhbmxhbi56aGlodS5jb20vcC82MDg4ODI4NQ">5种方法，加密你的Python代码</a></p><p><a target="_blank" rel="external nofollow noopener noreferrer" href="/go.html?u=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cucHl0aG9uZi5jbi9yZWFkLzI3MjQ2">如何加密你的Python 代码</a></p><h3 id="附录-gpg-命令行"><a href="#附录-gpg-命令行" class="headerlink" title="附录: gpg 命令行"></a>附录: gpg 命令行</h3><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"># </span><span class="language-bash">生成 gpg 密钥</span></span><br><span class="line">gpg --gen-key</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"># </span><span class="language-bash">生成吊销证书</span></span><br><span class="line">gpg --gen-revoke 735C4581G2442686</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"># </span><span class="language-bash">列出所有 gpg 公钥</span></span><br><span class="line">gpg --list-keys</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"># </span><span class="language-bash">列出所有 gpg 私钥</span></span><br><span class="line">gpg --list-secret-keys</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"># </span><span class="language-bash">删除 gpg 公钥</span></span><br><span class="line">gpg --delete-keys 735C4581G2442686</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"># </span><span class="language-bash">删除 gpg 私钥</span></span><br><span class="line">gpg --delete-secret-keys 735C4581G2442686</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"># </span><span class="language-bash">输出 gpg 公钥 ascii</span></span><br><span class="line">gpg --armor --output public.key --export 735C4581G2442686</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"># </span><span class="language-bash">输出 gpg 私钥 ascii</span></span><br><span class="line">gpg --armor --output private.key --export-secret-keys 735C4581G2442686</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"># </span><span class="language-bash">上传 gpg 公钥</span></span><br><span class="line">gpg --send-keys 735C4581G2442686 --keyserver </span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"># </span><span class="language-bash">查看 gpg 公钥指纹</span></span><br><span class="line">gpg --fingerprint 735C4581G2442686</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"># </span><span class="language-bash">导入 gpg 密钥(导入私钥时会自动导入公钥)</span></span><br><span class="line">gpg --import private.key</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"># </span><span class="language-bash">加密文件</span></span><br><span class="line">gpg --recipient 735C4581G2442686 --output encrypt.file --encrypt origin.file</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"># </span><span class="language-bash">解密文件</span></span><br><span class="line">gpg --output origin.file --decrypt encrypt.file</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"># </span><span class="language-bash">文件签名，生成二进制的 gpg 文件</span></span><br><span class="line">gpg --sign file.txt</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"># </span><span class="language-bash">文件签名，生成文本末尾追加 ASCII 签名的 asc 文件</span></span><br><span class="line">gpg --clearsign file.txt</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"># </span><span class="language-bash">文件签名，生成二进制的 sig 文件</span></span><br><span class="line">gpg --detach-sign file.txt</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"># </span><span class="language-bash">文件签名，生成 ASCII 格式的 asc 文件</span></span><br><span class="line">gpg --detach-sign file.txt</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"># </span><span class="language-bash">签名并加密</span></span><br><span class="line">gpg --local-user 735C4581G2442686 --recipient 735C4581G2442686 --armor --sign --encrypt file.txt</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"># </span><span class="language-bash">验证签名</span></span><br><span class="line">gpg --verify file.txt.asc file.txt</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"># </span><span class="language-bash">延期</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"># </span><span class="language-bash">gpg 也是使用主密钥和子密钥结合加密的</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"># </span><span class="language-bash">pub 和 sub 分别是主公钥和子公钥</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"># </span><span class="language-bash">sec 和 ssb 分别是主私钥和子私钥</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"># </span><span class="language-bash">如果有多个子密钥，会显示更多的 sub 和 ssb</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"># </span><span class="language-bash">一个主密钥可以绑定多个子密钥，平时加密解密使用的都是子密钥</span></span><br><span class="line">gpg --edit-key admin@XXXXXXXX.com</span><br><span class="line">sec rsa4096/6E22BF79E2586289</span><br><span class="line"> 创建于：2019-02-11 有效至：9012-12-08 可用于：SC</span><br><span class="line"> 信任度：未知 有效性：未知</span><br><span class="line">ssb rsa4096/A1FB112628F3B06C</span><br><span class="line"> 创建于：2019-02-11 有效至：9012-12-08 可用于：E</span><br><span class="line">[ 未知 ] (1). Wildlife <admin@XXXXXXXX.com></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"># </span><span class="language-bash">指定子密钥，不指定则为主密钥</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">gpg> </span><span class="language-bash">key 1</span></span><br><span class="line">sec rsa4096/6E22BF79E2586289</span><br><span class="line"> 创建于：2019-02-11 有效至：9012-12-08 可用于：SC</span><br><span class="line"> 信任度：未知 有效性：未知</span><br><span class="line">ssb* rsa4096/A1FB112628F3B06C</span><br><span class="line"> 创建于：2019-02-11 有效至：9012-12-08 可用于：E</span><br><span class="line">[ 未知 ] (1). Wildlife <admin@XXXXXXXX.com></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"># </span><span class="language-bash">更新过期时间</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">gpg> </span><span class="language-bash">expire</span></span><br><span class="line">将要变更子密钥的过期时间。</span><br><span class="line">请设定这个密钥的有效期限。</span><br><span class="line"> 0 = 密钥永不过期</span><br><span class="line"> <n> = 密钥在 n 天后过期</span><br><span class="line"> <n>w = 密钥在 n 周后过期</span><br><span class="line"> <n>m = 密钥在 n 月后过期</span><br><span class="line"> <n>y = 密钥在 n 年后过期</span><br><span class="line">密钥的有效期限是？(0) 2y</span><br><span class="line">密钥于 9014年12月08日 星期二 12时53分35秒 CST 过期</span><br><span class="line">这些内容正确吗？ (y/N) y</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">sec rsa4096/6E22BF79E2586289</span><br><span class="line"> 创建于：2019-02-11 有效至：9012-12-08 可用于：SC</span><br><span class="line"> 信任度：未知 有效性：未知</span><br><span class="line">ssb* rsa4096/A1FB112628F3B06C</span><br><span class="line"> 创建于：2019-02-11 有效至：2022-01-25 可用于：E</span><br><span class="line">[ 未知 ] (1). Wildlife <admin@XXXXXXXX.com></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">gpg> </span><span class="language-bash">save</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure></div></div><div class="footer"><div class="copyright license"><div class="license-title">如何加密你的 Python 代码</div><div class="license-link"><a href="https://blog.mhuig.top/p/b190dcb/">https://blog.mhuig.top/p/b190dcb/</a></div><div class="license-meta"><div class="license-meta-item"><div class="license-meta-title">本文作者</div><div class="license-meta-text">MHuiG</div></div><div class="license-meta-item"><div class="license-meta-title">发布于</div><div class="license-meta-text">Feb 5, 2020</div></div><div class="license-meta-item"><div class="license-meta-title">更新于</div><div class="license-meta-text">Nov 20, 2025</div></div><div class="license-meta-item"><div class="license-meta-title">许可协议</div><div class="license-meta-text"><a 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datetime="2020-02-05T13:08:00+08:00"><a class="notlink"><i class="fa-duotone fa-calendar-alt fa-fw" aria-hidden="true"></i><p>发布于：Feb 5, 2020</p></a></div><div class="new-meta-item date" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2025-11-20T18:18:00+08:00"><a class="notlink"><i class="fa-duotone fa-edit fa-fw" aria-hidden="true"></i><p>更新于：Nov 20, 2025</p></a></div></div></div><div class="prev-next"><a class="prev" href="/p/notes-nosql/"><p class="title"><i class="fa-solid fa-chevron-left" aria-hidden="true"></i>NoSQL 系列专题</p><p class="content">NoSQL（Not Only SQL）指非关系型数据库，是对传统关系型数据库的补充，支持海量数据存储与灵活扩展，无需固定模式。分为键值（如Redis）、文档（如MongoDB）、列族（如HBase）和图数据库（如Neo4j）四大类，分别适用于缓存、内容管理、大数据分析和社交网络等场景。基于CAP理论和BASE模型，在一致性、可用性和分区容错间权衡，满足高并发与分布式需求。</p></a><a class="next" href="/p/4a71133b/"><p class="title">SSM Maven配置模板<i class="fa-solid fa-chevron-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></p><p class="content">SSM（Spring+SpringMVC+MyBatis）框架的Maven配置模板，包含Spring 4.2.4、MyBatis 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toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%8F%91%E8%A1%8C-pyc-%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6"><span class="toc-text">发行 .pyc 文件</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%80%9D%E8%B7%AF"><span class="toc-text">思路</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95"><span class="toc-text">方法</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BC%98%E7%82%B9"><span class="toc-text">优点</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3"><span class="toc-text">不足</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81%E6%B7%B7%E6%B7%86"><span class="toc-text">代码混淆</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%80%9D%E8%B7%AF-1"><span class="toc-text">思路</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a 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href="#%E6%80%9D%E8%80%83"><span class="toc-text">思考</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE"><span class="toc-text">参考文献</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E9%99%84%E5%BD%95-gpg-%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E8%A1%8C"><span class="toc-text">附录: gpg 命令行</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></div></section></div><div class="widget pjax"></div><div class="widget pjax"></div><div class="widget pjax"></div><div class="widget pjax"></div><div class="widget pjax"></div><div class="widget pjax"></div><div class="widget pjax"></div><div class="widget pjax"></div><div class="widget pjax"></div><div class="widget pjax"></div><div class="widget pjax"></div><div class="widget pjax"></div><div class="widget pjax"></div><div class="widget pjax"></div><div class="widget pjax"></div><div class="widget pjax"></div><div class="widget pjax"></div><div class="widget pjax"></div><div class="widget 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