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itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><meta itemprop="name" content="Dehn数学家马克斯·德恩:从希尔伯特问题到拓扑与流亡的学术人生"><meta itemprop="description" content="德国数学家马克斯·德恩以解决希尔伯特第三问题闻名,在拓扑学、纽结理论和群论有奠基性贡献。其学术生涯因纳粹迫害中断,晚年在美国教学。"></span><span hidden=""><meta itemprop="image" content="/lib/favicon/android-chrome-192x192.png"></span><div class="article-meta" id="top"><span hidden="" itemprop="name headline"></span></div><div id="layoutHelper-page-plugins"></div><div id="post-body" itemprop="articleBody"><p> <span class="p logo center large">Dehn</span></p><br><h1 hidden="">Dehn</h1><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="生平"><a href="#生平" class="headerlink" title="生平"></a>生平</h2><p>马克斯・威廉・德恩(Max Wilhelm Dehn,1878-1952)于 1878 年出生于德国 Hamburg。他的父亲马克西米利安・摩西・德恩(Maximilian Moses Dehn,1841-1897)是一位医生。他父亲 Maximilian 于 1867 年在德国 Hamburg 与贝尔塔・拉夫・赫希(Berta Raf Hirsch,1845-1926)结婚。他们共有九个孩子。这个家庭是犹太人,但他们并不把自己视为犹太人,而更把自己看作德国人。</p><p>Dehn 在汉堡长大,就读于 Wilhelm 高中(Wilhelm Gymnasium)。这所学校创办于 1881 年,以德皇 Wilhelm 一世命名。这是一所为大学预科而设的学校,毕业后,Dehn 进入 Freiburg 大学。</p><p>有趣的是,Dehn 的导师希尔伯特(David Hilbert,1862-1943),在 1879 年 - 1880 年就读于柯尼斯堡(Königsberg)的 Wilhelm 高中(Wilhelmsgymnasium)—— 同样以德皇 Wilhelm 一世命名,1874 年创办。</p><p>在 Freiburg,Dehn 学习数学;但和当时许多学生一样,他并不是始终只在一所大学就读。</p><p>他也曾在 Göttingen 学习,并在 David Hilbert 指导下,于 1900 年以论文《关于三角形内角和的 Legendre 定理》(Die Legendreschen Sätze über die Winkelsumme im Dreieck)获得博士学位。</p><p>在这篇论文中,他证明了 Saccheri-Legendre 定理,即在 “绝对几何(absolute geometry)” 中,三角形内角和至多为<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" overflow="overflow"><svg style="vertical-align:-.05ex" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="4.241ex" height="1.579ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -675.9 1874.3 697.9"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="180^\circ"><g data-mml-node="msup" data-latex="180^\circ"><g data-mml-node="mn" data-latex="80"><path data-c="31" d="M269 666C228 624 168 603 89 603L89 564C141 564 184 572 217 588L217 82C217 64 213 52 204 47 195 42 170 39 130 39L95 39 95 0C120 2 174 3 257 3 340 3 394 2 419 0L419 39 384 39C343 39 318 42 310 47 302 52 297 64 297 82L297 636C297 660 295 666 269 666Z"></path><path data-c="38" d="M250 666C201 666 158 650 122 618 86 586 68 546 68 497 68 456 83 419 113 386 120 378 142 361 179 335 88 288 42 227 42 153 42 100 64 57 107 24 147-7 194-22 249-22 305-22 354-4 395 32 436 68 457 115 457 170 457 216 441 257 408 294 396 307 365 330 316 361 393 402 431 454 431 515 431 606 344 666 250 666M379 515C379 463 348 418 286 381L167 459C136 479 120 505 120 536 120 596 185 633 249 633 318 633 379 584 379 515M250 14C168 14 99 73 99 153 99 220 136 274 210 315L328 240C376 209 400 174 400 134 400 62 325 14 250 14Z" transform="translate(500,0)"></path><path data-c="30" d="M249-22C390-22 460 92 460 320 460 473 428 575 365 625 330 652 291 666 250 666 109 666 39 551 39 320 39 136 88-22 249-22M361 524C368 489 371 425 371 332 371 240 367 172 360 128 347 48 310 8 249 8 226 8 203 17 182 34 155 57 139 104 132 176 129 201 128 253 128 332 128 419 131 480 136 513 145 568 163 603 191 618 213 630 232 636 249 636 314 636 350 583 361 524Z" transform="translate(1000,0)"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1533,393.1) scale(0.707)" data-latex="circ"><path data-c="2218" d="M356 250C356 300 347 321 312 356 283 385 247 400 206 400 124 400 56 332 56 250 56 168 124 100 206 100 288 100 356 168 356 250M309 250C309 208 303 200 279 177 259 157 235 147 206 147 149 147 103 193 103 250 103 307 149 353 206 353 263 353 309 307 309 250Z"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container> 。</p><p>这里的绝对几何,指的是满足欧几里得几何全部公理、但不包含平行公设的几何体系。</p><p>1900 年 8 月,Hilbert 在巴黎举行的国际数学家大会上发表了著名演讲《数学问题》(Mathematische Probleme)。</p><p>在演讲中,他提出了十个他认为对数学发展极为重要的问题;实际上,发表出来的版本一共列出了 23 个问题 —— 即后来著名的 <strong>Hilbert 23 问题</strong> 。</p><p>就在 1900 年,Dehn 解决了其中的第 3 个问题,即:</p><p><strong>给定任意两个体积相等的多面体,是否总可以把第一个切分成有限多个多面体小块,再重新拼装成第二个?</strong></p><p>Dehn 在论文《关于体积》(Ueber den Rauminhalt, Math. Ann., 1901)中证明,这个问题的答案是否定的。他利用今天所谓的 <strong>Dehn 不变量(Dehn invariant)</strong> 构造了一个反例。这是 Hilbert 问题中第一个被解决的问题。</p><p>1900 年底前,他把解决 Hilbert 第三问题的论文作为 habilitation 论文提交给明斯特(Münster)大学;次年,他被任命为 Münster 的 Privatdozent(无薪讲师),并一直任此职到 1911 年。</p><p>1907 年,Dehn 与希加德(Poul Heegaard,1871-1948)一起为《数学科学百科全书》(Encyklopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften)撰写了一篇最早的拓扑学系统综述之一。后来对这篇文章的评价是:<br>“它第一次系统地呈现了一条具有深度与美感的研究路线 —— 这条路线可追溯到 Euler、Gauss、Listing、Riemann、Möbius、Betti 和 Poincaré—— 当时它被称作‘位置分析(analysis situs)’,今天大概会被称为几何拓扑。”</p><p>之后,Dehn 试图证明 Poincaré 猜想,当然,他并未成功。不过,正是这些尝试促使他发表了 1910 年的论文《关于三维空间的拓扑》(Über die Topologie des dreidimensionalen Raumes)。</p><p>在这篇论文中,他讨论了由三叶纽结(trefoil knot)及其他若干纽结(knot)的补空间构造出的、具有平凡同调的三维流形。为了研究这些流形,他构造了它们基本群的 Cayley 图(Cayley graph)。</p><p>1911 年,Dehn 被任命为 Kiel 的编外教授;1913 年至 1921 年间,他在 Breslau 大学任正教授。</p><p>1912 年 8 月 23 日,他与安东尼・兰道(Antonie Landau)结婚;二人共有三个孩子:Helmut(1914-2007)、Maria(1915-2013)和 Eva Agathe(1919-2008),都出生于 Breslau。</p><p>1914 年,Dehn 发表论文《两个三叶纽结》(Die beiden Kleeblattschlingen)。琼・西尔维娅・利特尔・伯曼(Joan Sylvia Lyttle Birman,1927- )评价这篇论文:“这篇写于 1914 年、在拓扑空间基本群概念提出后不久的论文,处理了一个简单而优美的问题:确认最简单的纽结所具有的一种性质,而这种性质只需做五分钟实验便会让人产生怀疑 —— 即右手三叶纽结与左手三叶纽结并不同胚。1914 年时,基本群还是一种很新的工具;Dehn 通过研究其外自同构群,以一种相当高明的方式使用了它。在用它证明三叶纽结不是 amphicheiral(即不能与其镜像重合)之后,论文结尾还简要研究了八字纽结(figure-eight knot)基本群的外自同构群,而这个结恰恰是 amphicheiral 的。他还识别出了其生成元(后来得到了证明)。…… 在 1984 年以前,我们实际上并没有什么简单方法来检测一个结是否非 amphicheiral,因此 Dehn 的工作 —— 乍看之下仿佛是用大炮打麻雀 —— 在将近 70 年里始终是核心的文献。</p><p>当然,1914 年也是第一次世界大战开始的年份。Dehn 于 1915 至 1918 年在军队服役,他的学术生涯因此中断。</p><p>服完兵役后,他回到 Breslau 的教授职位;但在 1921 年,他接替比伯巴赫(Ludwig Georg Elias Moses Bieberbach,1886-1982),出任 Frankfurt 大学纯粹与应用数学讲席教授。在那里,他组织了一个著名的数学史研讨班。</p><p>韦伊(André Abraham Weil,1906-1998)写道:“作为一位具有人文气质的数学家,Dehn 把数学看作整个人类思想史中的一个章节 —— 当然绝不是最不重要的那一章 —— 因此他不可能不对数学史研究作出原创性贡献,也不可能不把同事和学生卷入这一事业。这个贡献,或者不如说这一创造,就是 Frankfurt 数学研究所的历史研讨班。表面上看,没有什么比这更简单、更不张扬了:</p><p>选一篇原始文献来读,尽量不仅把握其表层脉络,也把握其内在思想推进的方向。…… 我是在后来几次去 Frankfurt 时才参加这个研讨班的;我总是尽可能多去那里。我已记不清是否早在 1926 年夏季学期,在一次讨论 Cavalieri(1598-1647)的研讨班上,Dehn 就已经展示出这类文本应当如何从作者自身的立场出发来阅读,既考虑作者时代普遍接受了什么,也考虑 Cavalieri 竭力想要实现的新思想。每个人都参加讨论,尽自己所能为集体努力作出贡献。</p><p>1932 年,Dehn 写了论文《人类中的数学》(Das Mathematische im Menschen),发表于恩里克斯(Abramo Giulio Umberto Federigo Enriques,1871-1946)在博洛尼亚编辑的意大利期刊《Scientia》。</p><p>在这篇文章中,Dehn 把 “数学能力” 放在了一个基本的人类学层次上。正是因为相信数学深深扎根于人性之中,正如音乐建立在与生俱来的音乐能力之上一样,他才有信心认为,即使不是职业数学家的人,也能够欣赏这门科学。</p><p>1933 年初,Hitler 在德国上台。Dehn 勉强仍继续主持 Frankfurt 大学的数学研讨班。然而在 1935 年,Dehn 被迫辞职,但仍留在 Frankfurt。</p><p>1936 年,他把子女送出德国:儿子 Helmut 去了美国,女儿 Maria 和 Eva 则被送往英国继续学业。</p><p>之后几年里,Dehn 在若干欧洲国家讲学,并于 1938 年 1 月至 4 月间在英国与两个女儿同住。</p><p>他仍继续发表论文。</p><p>1936 年,他在《Scientia》上发表了《从数学的观点看亚里士多德的空间、时间与数》(Raum, Zeit, Zahl bei Aristoteles vom mathematischen Standpunkt aus)。</p><p>1938 年,他发表了《映射类群》(Die Gruppe der Abbildungsklassen),其中包含今天称为 Dehn twist(德恩扭转)的重要思想。</p><p>1938 年 11 月 11 日,Dehn 被逮捕;但由于被关押的犹太人太多,监狱已经人满为患,他当日稍晚便被释放。随即,担心再次被捕的 Dehn 与妻子逃往 Frankfurt 以北的朋友家。</p><p>几周后,纳粹对犹太人的迫害稍有减弱,于是 Dehn 夫妇冒险逃往 Hamburg,暂时住在 Dehn 的一位姐姐家中;随后于 1939 年 1 月先逃到丹麦,再从那里去往挪威。</p><p>Dehn 不久便在特隆赫姆(Trondheim)的技术学院(如今的挪威科技学院)获得一个临时职位,代替正在休假的布朗(Viggo Brun,1885-1978)——1915 年提出著名的 Brun 筛法(Brun Sieve)。</p><p>然而,1940 年 3 月 1 日,德国入侵挪威,Trondheim 于 4 月 9 日落入德军之手。Dehn 逃离了这座城市,但冒着巨大危险,到 6 月又回到城中,并开始筹划前往美国。</p><p>1940 年 10 月,Dehn 夫妇移民美国,路线是:从挪威到瑞典斯德哥尔摩,再到苏联莫斯科,从那里乘西伯利亚铁路到符拉迪沃斯托克,然后坐船到日本神户,再换船前往旧金山,并于 1941 年 1 月 1 日抵达。</p><p>到了美国后,Dehn 曾在几所大学和学院任教,例如 Idaho 大学 Pocatello 分校、Illinois 理工学院,以及 Maryland 州 Annapolis 的 St. John's College。</p><p>切辛(Paul L. Chessin)曾回忆 Dehn 在 Wisconsin 州 Madison 时的一些个人轶事:“1945 年,Dehn 接替当时 Wisconsin 大学 Madison 分校数学系主任兰格(Rudolf Ernest Langer,1894-1968),后者休假去了 Texas 大学。Dehn 教授来开了几门研究生课程。我上了他的‘非线性偏微分方程’课。他常常在校园酒吧 Rathskellar(那是当时十大联盟大学中唯一的校园啤酒馆)里高谈阔论。我们在酒馆里学到的东西更多,比如他的个人生活。</p><p>他是家里的异类。只要他还留在大学里,就能得到家人的支持。因此,他获得了许多博士学位。他会手持啤酒杯,用希腊语朗诵一些古典文学的段落。公布最终成绩时,他只是点名,然后逐一询问课本章节标题。显然,我们可以提前翻阅,确保答案正确。我记得他给了大约 18 个 A 和 3、4 个 B。上课期间,他会不时打断课堂,表达他对能否通过公民考试的担忧。”</p><p>然而,Dehn 始终没能找到一个全职职位。麦克兰恩(Saunders Mac Lane,1909-2005)后来写道:“…… 大多数逃离欧洲的数学家在美国都多少得到了某种职位…… 我记得有两个失败的例子:Max Dehn—— 以拓扑工作著称 —— 只得到一个很弱的职位。”</p><p>Mac Lane 所说的这个 “很弱的职位”,就是 Black Mountain College。这所学院并不授予正式认证的学位,教学主要集中在创意艺术方面。</p><p>1944 年,Dehn 受邀前往那里作两场讲座时,教员中甚至没有受过专业训练的数学家。他意识到自己无法讲授高等数学,因此讲的是 “数学与装饰艺术的共同根源” 和 “数学思想发展中的若干时刻”。学院随后向他提供了一个每月 25 美元的长期职位。他坚持要求每月 40 美元,最终学院同意了。Dehn 于 1945 年加入该校教师队伍,并一直留在那里直到去世。Black Mountain College 于 1956 年关闭,而 Dehn 是这所学院历史上唯一任教过的数学家。</p><p>佩弗(David Peifer)写道:“Dehn 教授数学、哲学、希腊文和意大利文。在数学方面,他的课程包括数学史和射影几何。他因热爱自然和艺术而被人铭记。他的讲课经常岔出去谈哲学、艺术,以及它们与数学的关系。他最出色的时候,是用一种苏格拉底式的方式来讲授。他很喜欢带着学生在树林里徒步时上课。人们记得他是一位关怀学生、极其投入的教师。”</p><p>Dehn 出色的研究记录,与他晚年最后那个职位的低层次形成了鲜明对照。他是一位凭直觉工作的几何学家,深受 Hilbert 公理化方法的启发。他在拓扑上的工作把他引向了群论,尤其是那些从拓扑中自然产生的群表示问题。</p><p>在 1911 年的论文《关于无限不连续群》(Über unendliche diskontinuierliche Gruppen)中,Dehn 提出了关于群表示的两个重要问题:字问题(word problem)和同构问题(isomorphism problem)。</p><p>字问题提出了一个根本性的问题:对由一个表示给出的群,是否存在一种算法,能够判定一个词是否表示单位元。<br>后来人们已经证明,一般情况下并不存在这样的算法。这类问题的研究直到今天仍是组合群论中的重要主题。</p><p>除此之外,Dehn 还写过关于静力学、射影平面以及 —— 如前所述 —— 数学史的论文。</p><p>第二次世界大战结束后,德国数学会(DMV)于 1948 年重新建立。卡姆克(Erich Kamke,1890-1961)致信所有曾被开除的人,请他们重新加入。</p><p>Dehn 拒绝了。下面是他 1948 年 8 月写的回信,其中相当清楚地说明了理由:我并不怀有任何怨恨。你大概知道,我如今又和德国的几位数学家保持着密切联系,当然首先是和那些我过去特别亲近的人。但我不能重新加入德国数学会。</p><p>我已经失去了信心,不相信这样一个协会今后会比 1935 年表现得更好。我担心,它仍会再次对来自外部的不公正措施不加抵抗。德国数学会并没有保管什么极其重要的价值。让我产生这种负面印象的事实是:它 1935 年没有自行解散,而且甚至没有相当数量的数学家退出该协会。我并不担心德国数学会将来会再次驱逐犹太人,但也许下一次被针对的会是所谓的共产党人、无政府主义者,或者 “有色人种”。与德国,尤其是与德国数学家的联系,对我始终非常珍贵。</p><p>Dehn 于 1951–1952 学年结束时退休,并被授予名誉教授称号。退休后他仍继续在 Black Mountain College 工作,为教师和学生提供建议。</p><p>不久,在监督校园里若干棵山茱萸树的移除工作后,他生病了,并因栓塞去世。他被安葬在 Black Mountain College 校园里那片他所热爱的树林中。</p></div><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="贡献"><a href="#贡献" class="headerlink" title="贡献"></a>贡献</h2><h3 id="一、几何基础与-Hilbert-第三问题"><a href="#一、几何基础与-Hilbert-第三问题" class="headerlink" title="一、几何基础与 Hilbert 第三问题"></a>一、几何基础与 Hilbert 第三问题</h3><p>Dehn 最早的重要工作属于几何基础。其中一个重要工作是 1900 年的 habilitation 工作《关于体积》(Ueber den Rauminhalt)。</p><p>Hilbert 第三问题问:两个体积相等的多面体,是否总能分割成有限多个小多面体,并重新拼装为彼此?</p><p>Dehn 在这篇论文中给出了否定的答案。</p><p>他的关键构造就是后来所谓 Dehn 不变量(Dehn invariant)。现代写法中,若多面体<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" overflow="overflow"><svg style="vertical-align:0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.706ex" height="1.545ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -683 754 683"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="P"><g data-mml-node="mi" 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D(P) = \sum_i |L_i| \otimes \delta_i \in \mathbb{R} \otimes_{\mathbb{Z} } (\mathbb{R}/2\pi\mathbb{Z})
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d="M139-250C152-250 159-242 159-226L159 726C159 742 152 750 139 750 126 750 119 742 119 726L119-226C119-242 126-250 139-250Z"></path></g></g></g></svg><mjx-break size="4"></mjx-break><svg style="vertical-align:-.566ex" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="3.771ex" height="2.262ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -750 1666.8 1000"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="|L_i| \in \mathbb{R}"><g data-mml-node="mo" data-latex="\in"><path data-c="2208" d="M563 4 373 4C310 4 254 25 208 68 162 111 136 163 130 226L563 226C579 226 587 234 587 250 587 266 579 274 563 274L130 274C136 337 162 389 208 432 254 475 310 496 373 496L563 496C579 496 587 504 587 519 587 535 579 543 563 543L373 543C292 543 223 515 166 458 109 401 81 332 81 250 81 168 109 99 166 42 223-15 292-43 373-43L563-43C579-43 587-35 587-19 587-7 576 4 563 4Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-latex="\mathbb{R}" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(944.8,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi" data-latex="R"><path data-c="211D" d="M104 590 104 95C104 45 99 43 47 43 26 43 16 36 16 22 16 4 31 0 54 0L324 0C349 0 361 7 361 22 361 36 350 43 329 43 277 43 273 45 273 95L273 310 302 310 450 83C475 43 490 20 494 14 500 5 512 0 530 0L666 0C691 0 703 7 703 22 703 33 697 40 685 42 660 47 625 82 579 146 534 208 494 267 459 322 573 344 630 402 630 496 630 563 600 613 540 644 488 671 429 685 364 685L54 685C29 685 16 678 16 663 16 649 26 642 47 642 99 642 104 640 104 590M535 597C570 576 587 542 587 496 587 427 547 385 468 368 485 396 494 438 494 495 494 552 483 596 462 629 487 622 512 612 535 597M452 495C452 433 441 394 419 378 397 362 348 353 273 353L273 593C273 630 287 642 330 642 425 642 452 595 452 495M413 316C496 184 561 93 610 43L525 43 352 311C357 312 361 312 364 312 378 312 394 313 413 316M140 642 240 642C234 631 231 616 231 596L231 93C231 72 233 55 237 43L140 43C144 55 146 72 146 93L146 592C146 613 144 630 140 642Z"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container> 是第<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" overflow="overflow"><svg style="vertical-align:-.025ex" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="0.781ex" height="1.52ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -661 345 672"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="i"><g data-mml-node="mi" data-latex="i"><path data-c="1D456" d="M284 621C284 648 271 661 244 661 216 661 188 633 188 605 188 578 202 565 229 565 257 565 284 593 284 621M259 138C237 59 205 19 164 19 151 19 144 28 144 47 144 64 173 150 232 306 240 329 244 347 244 360 244 409 210 445 161 445 118 445 84 420 59 369 39 328 29 301 29 288 29 279 34 275 45 275 58 275 60 281 64 295 87 375 118 415 158 415 171 415 178 406 178 387 178 373 175 357 168 338 145 275 121 208 101 155 86 115 78 88 78 74 78 25 114-11 162-11 205-11 239 14 264 64 283 103 293 130 293 145 293 154 288 159 277 159 274 159 259 150 259 138Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container> 条棱的长度;张量积<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" overflow="overflow"><svg style="vertical-align:-.566ex" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.633ex" height="2.262ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -750 722 1000"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="\mathbb{R} \otimes_{\mathbb{Z} } (\mathbb{R}/2\pi\mathbb{Z})"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-latex="\mathbb{R}" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi" data-latex="R"><path data-c="211D" d="M104 590 104 95C104 45 99 43 47 43 26 43 16 36 16 22 16 4 31 0 54 0L324 0C349 0 361 7 361 22 361 36 350 43 329 43 277 43 273 45 273 95L273 310 302 310 450 83C475 43 490 20 494 14 500 5 512 0 530 0L666 0C691 0 703 7 703 22 703 33 697 40 685 42 660 47 625 82 579 146 534 208 494 267 459 322 573 344 630 402 630 496 630 563 600 613 540 644 488 671 429 685 364 685L54 685C29 685 16 678 16 663 16 649 26 642 47 642 99 642 104 640 104 590M535 597C570 576 587 542 587 496 587 427 547 385 468 368 485 396 494 438 494 495 494 552 483 596 462 629 487 622 512 612 535 597M452 495C452 433 441 394 419 378 397 362 348 353 273 353L273 593C273 630 287 642 330 642 425 642 452 595 452 495M413 316C496 184 561 93 610 43L525 43 352 311C357 312 361 312 364 312 378 312 394 313 413 316M140 642 240 642C234 631 231 616 231 596L231 93C231 72 233 55 237 43L140 43C144 55 146 72 146 93L146 592C146 613 144 630 140 642Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(722,0)"></g></g></g></svg><mjx-break size="3"></mjx-break><svg style="vertical-align:-.566ex" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="11.978ex" height="2.262ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -750 5294.2 1000"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="\mathbb{R} \otimes_{\mathbb{Z} } (\mathbb{R}/2\pi\mathbb{Z})"><g data-mml-node="msub" 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95L273 310 302 310 450 83C475 43 490 20 494 14 500 5 512 0 530 0L666 0C691 0 703 7 703 22 703 33 697 40 685 42 660 47 625 82 579 146 534 208 494 267 459 322 573 344 630 402 630 496 630 563 600 613 540 644 488 671 429 685 364 685L54 685C29 685 16 678 16 663 16 649 26 642 47 642 99 642 104 640 104 590M535 597C570 576 587 542 587 496 587 427 547 385 468 368 485 396 494 438 494 495 494 552 483 596 462 629 487 622 512 612 535 597M452 495C452 433 441 394 419 378 397 362 348 353 273 353L273 593C273 630 287 642 330 642 425 642 452 595 452 495M413 316C496 184 561 93 610 43L525 43 352 311C357 312 361 312 364 312 378 312 394 313 413 316M140 642 240 642C234 631 231 616 231 596L231 93C231 72 233 55 237 43L140 43C144 55 146 72 146 93L146 592C146 613 144 630 140 642Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(2669.2,0)"><g data-mml-node="mo" data-latex="/"><path data-c="2F" d="M444 718C445 720 445 723 445 726 445 742 437 750 421 750 410 750 403 745 399 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631 138 699 78 745 75 747 72 748 71 748 62 748 57 743 57 734 57 730 59 726 62 723 114 683 156 617 187 526 214 447 228 369 228 292L228 208C228 131 214 53 187-26 156-117 114-183 62-223 59-227 57-231 57-234 57-243 62-248 71-248 72-248 75-247 78-245Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container> 的作用,是防止长度与角度之间出现非整数线性关系的混淆。</p><p>这个量对切割与重组是可加的,因此如果两个多面体能通过有限分割互相拼装,它们不仅体积相同,而且 Dehn 不变量也必须相同。</p><p>Dehn 用这一点构造出反例,从而说明 “体积相等” 并不足以推出 “可分割同构”。后来 Sydler 证明,在三维中 “体积 + Dehn 不变量” 正好给出完整判据。</p><h3 id="二、早期拓扑"><a href="#二、早期拓扑" class="headerlink" title="二、早期拓扑"></a>二、早期拓扑</h3><p>1907 年,Dehn 与希加德(Poul Heegaard,1871-1948)合作撰写《位置分析》(Analysis situs)。</p><p>这篇文章的历史地位并不在于它给出某个单一定理,而在于它第一次把当时仍然松散的 “analysis situs” 工作系统地整理为一个方向。</p><p>正如前文提及:这是一条可以追溯到 Euler、Gauss、Listing、Riemann、Möbius、Betti、Poincaré 的研究传统,而 Dehn 与 Heegaard 的文章第一次把它连成了一个整体。</p><p>这篇综述还保留了很强的几何与组合色彩:Dehn 对拓扑的理解,不是纯粹集合论式的,而是始终与曲面分解、纽结、基本群和具体图形操作相连。</p><h3 id="三、三维空间的拓扑"><a href="#三、三维空间的拓扑" class="headerlink" title="三、三维空间的拓扑"></a>三、三维空间的拓扑</h3><p>Dehn 在 1910 年发表论文《论三维空间的拓扑》(Über die Topologie des dreidimensionalen Raumes)。</p><p>斯蒂尔韦尔(John Colin Stillwell,1942- )认为这篇论文 “与 Poincaré 1904 年的论文一起,它构成了后来三维拓扑几乎全部工作的出发点。”</p><p>Stillwell 列举这篇论文中首次集中出现的内容:有限表示群的字问题与共轭问题、把这类群实现为曲面复形的基本群、Dehn 引理、三叶纽结群的图示、用手术构造同调球,以及对其中一个同调球 —— 实际上就是 Poincaré 同调球 —— 基本群有限性的证明。</p><p>其中最著名的结果后来被称为 <strong>Dehn 引理(Dehn lemma)</strong> 。若三维流形<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" overflow="overflow"><svg style="vertical-align:0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="2.362ex" height="1.545ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -683 1044 683"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="M"><g data-mml-node="mi" data-latex="M"><path data-c="1D440" d="M594 16C594 5 600 0 613 0L736 3C759 4 840 0 859 0 874 0 882 8 882 24 882 34 872 39 851 39 810 39 790 43 790 52 790 55 792 62 795 75L927 602C932 623 942 636 955 641 961 643 979 644 1008 644 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683 235 683C212 683 201 682 201 660 201 649 212 644 234 644 254 644 294 647 294 631 294 629 293 623 290 613L158 82C153 60 143 47 128 42 121 40 103 39 72 39 50 39 40 37 40 16 40 5 51 0 72 0L399 0C467 0 532 20 595 61 702 130 804 265 804 429 804 577 713 683 567 683M710 466C710 353 659 216 607 149 550 76 475 39 381 39L270 39C259 39 252 39 248 40 242 40 239 42 239 45 239 47 241 54 244 67L379 610C388 643 387 644 429 644L535 644C647 644 710 578 710 466Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container>,其边界<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" overflow="overflow"><svg style="vertical-align:-.566ex" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.719ex" height="2.262ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -750 760 1000"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="C = \partial D"><g data-mml-node="mi" data-latex="C"><path data-c="1D436" d="M148 218C148 346 204 476 267 548 318 607 406 666 505 666 609 666 660 587 660 479 660 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294 629 293 623 290 613L158 82C153 60 143 47 128 42 121 40 103 39 72 39 50 39 40 37 40 16 40 5 51 0 72 0L399 0C467 0 532 20 595 61 702 130 804 265 804 429 804 577 713 683 567 683M710 466C710 353 659 216 607 149 550 76 475 39 381 39L270 39C259 39 252 39 248 40 242 40 239 42 239 45 239 47 241 54 244 67L379 610C388 643 387 644 429 644L535 644C647 644 710 578 710 466Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container> 是一条没有奇点的简单闭曲线,那么存在另一个同边界的圆盘<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" overflow="overflow"><svg style="vertical-align:-.375ex" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="2.861ex" height="1.92ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -683 1264.6 848.6"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="D_0"><g data-mml-node="msub" data-latex="D_0 "><g data-mml-node="mi" data-latex="D"><path data-c="1D437" d="M567 683 235 683C212 683 201 682 201 660 201 649 212 644 234 644 254 644 294 647 294 631 294 629 293 623 290 613L158 82C153 60 143 47 128 42 121 40 103 39 72 39 50 39 40 37 40 16 40 5 51 0 72 0L399 0C467 0 532 20 595 61 702 130 804 265 804 429 804 577 713 683 567 683M710 466C710 353 659 216 607 149 550 76 475 39 381 39L270 39C259 39 252 39 248 40 242 40 239 42 239 45 239 47 241 54 244 67L379 610C388 643 387 644 429 644L535 644C647 644 710 578 710 466Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(861,-150) scale(0.707)" data-latex="0"><path data-c="30" d="M249-22C390-22 460 92 460 320 460 473 428 575 365 625 330 652 291 666 250 666 109 666 39 551 39 320 39 136 88-22 249-22M361 524C368 489 371 425 371 332 371 240 367 172 360 128 347 48 310 8 249 8 226 8 203 17 182 34 155 57 139 104 132 176 129 201 128 253 128 332 128 419 131 480 136 513 145 568 163 603 191 618 213 630 232 636 249 636 314 636 350 583 361 524Z"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container> ,它可以分段线性地嵌入<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" overflow="overflow"><svg style="vertical-align:0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="2.362ex" height="1.545ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -683 1044 683"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="M"><g data-mml-node="mi" data-latex="M"><path data-c="1D440" d="M594 16C594 5 600 0 613 0L736 3C759 4 840 0 859 0 874 0 882 8 882 24 882 34 872 39 851 39 810 39 790 43 790 52 790 55 792 62 795 75L927 602C932 623 942 636 955 641 961 643 979 644 1008 644 1033 644 1044 645 1044 668 1044 678 1034 683 1013 683L882 683C853 683 853 681 840 662L484 108 408 657C404 682 402 683 373 683L237 683C215 683 204 682 204 660 204 649 215 644 236 644 256 644 297 647 297 631 297 629 296 623 293 613L167 110C158 72 135 49 100 42 75 39 42 43 42 16 42 5 48 0 60 0 78 0 141 3 159 3 178 3 242 0 261 0 276 0 283 8 283 24 283 33 276 38 261 39 219 39 198 52 198 78 198 82 199 89 202 100L332 621 415 26C418 9 424 0 434 0 442 0 450 7 459 20L848 627 712 82C706 60 696 47 681 42 675 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408 657C404 682 402 683 373 683L237 683C215 683 204 682 204 660 204 649 215 644 236 644 256 644 297 647 297 631 297 629 296 623 293 613L167 110C158 72 135 49 100 42 75 39 42 43 42 16 42 5 48 0 60 0 78 0 141 3 159 3 178 3 242 0 261 0 276 0 283 8 283 24 283 33 276 38 261 39 219 39 198 52 198 78 198 82 199 89 202 100L332 621 415 26C418 9 424 0 434 0 442 0 450 7 459 20L848 627 712 82C706 60 696 47 681 42 675 40 656 39 625 39 604 39 594 37 594 16Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container> 是闭三维流形,<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" overflow="overflow"><svg style="vertical-align:0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.993ex" height="1.545ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -683 881 683"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="N"><g data-mml-node="mi" data-latex="N"><path data-c="1D441" d="M864 683C845 683 783 680 764 680 745 680 682 683 663 683 648 683 641 675 641 659 641 650 648 645 663 644 705 644 726 631 726 605 726 599 725 592 724 585L616 157 401 662C393 681 391 683 366 683L233 683C209 683 200 681 200 659 200 649 211 644 232 644 274 644 295 643 296 640L163 110C154 71 131 49 95 42 69 39 39 43 39 15 39 5 45 0 56 0 74 0 136 3 155 3 174 3 238 0 257 0 272 0 279 8 279 24 279 33 271 38 255 39 214 40 194 53 194 78 194 83 195 90 197 100L326 611 576 21C582 7 590 0 599 0 608 0 614 8 618 24L757 574C770 625 798 643 860 644 874 645 881 653 881 669 878 678 877 683 864 683Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container> 是其内部一个实心环面,则移去<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" overflow="overflow"><svg style="vertical-align:-.561ex" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="6.708ex" height="2.253ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -748 2965 996"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="\text{Int}(N)"><g data-mml-node="mtext" data-latex="\text{Int}"><path data-c="49" d="M180 3C257 3 308 2 333 0L333 39 304 39C268 39 246 41 239 46 232 51 228 63 228 81L228 602C228 620 232 631 239 636 246 641 268 644 304 644L333 644 333 683C308 681 257 680 181 680 104 680 53 681 28 683L28 644 57 644C93 644 115 641 122 636 129 631 133 620 133 602L133 81C133 63 129 51 122 46 115 41 93 39 57 39L28 39 28 0C53 2 104 3 180 3Z"></path><path data-c="6E" d="M314 413C359 413 382 378 382 307L382 79C382 60 379 48 372 44 365 40 343 38 306 38L306 0 421 3 535 0 535 38C503 38 482 39 472 42 462 45 458 52 458 64L458 251C458 298 457 331 454 350 444 411 399 442 320 442 257 442 210 412 179 352L179 442 32 431 32 393C68 393 90 390 98 384 106 378 109 365 109 342L109 79C109 60 105 48 98 44 91 40 69 38 32 38L32 0 147 3 261 0 261 38C224 38 203 40 196 44 189 48 185 60 185 79L185 259C185 340 236 413 314 413Z" transform="translate(361,0)"></path><path data-c="74" d="M332 126 332 186 300 186 300 128C300 78 282 22 238 22 197 22 177 56 177 124L177 395 316 395 316 433 177 433 177 615 145 615C144 582 141 553 134 527 117 461 78 427 19 424L19 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0 56 0 74 0 136 3 155 3 174 3 238 0 257 0 272 0 279 8 279 24 279 33 271 38 255 39 214 40 194 53 194 78 194 83 195 90 197 100L326 611 576 21C582 7 590 0 599 0 608 0 614 8 618 24L757 574C770 625 798 643 860 644 874 645 881 653 881 669 878 678 877 683 864 683Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" data-latex=")" transform="translate(2576,0)"><path data-c="29" d="M78-245C138-199 188-131 229-40 268 47 288 129 288 208L288 292C288 371 268 453 229 540 188 631 138 699 78 745 75 747 72 748 71 748 62 748 57 743 57 734 57 730 59 726 62 723 114 683 156 617 187 526 214 447 228 369 228 292L228 208C228 131 214 53 187-26 156-117 114-183 62-223 59-227 57-231 57-234 57-243 62-248 71-248 72-248 75-247 78-245Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container> 并通过边界同胚<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" overflow="overflow"><svg style="vertical-align:-.025ex" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.303ex" height="1.595ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -694 576 705"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="h"><g data-mml-node="mi" data-latex="h"><path data-c="210E" d="M512 138C489 59 457 19 415 19 402 19 395 28 395 47 395 62 401 85 413 116 453 223 473 296 473 335 473 406 427 445 356 445 303 445 257 423 218 380L291 679C289 688 287 694 274 694 241 694 168 685 155 684 140 682 132 675 132 660 132 650 141 645 159 645 180 645 203 646 205 632L59 43C56 32 55 25 55 21 55 0 66-11 87-11 107-11 121-1 128 18L168 182C180 231 189 268 196 293 199 300 207 314 220 334 256 388 300 415 353 415 386 415 402 393 402 350 402 309 382 236 342 130 333 107 329 89 329 74 329 26 365-11 413-11 457-11 492 14 517 65 536 105 546 132 546 145 546 154 541 159 530 159 527 159 512 150 512 138Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container> 把另一个实心环面<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" overflow="overflow"><svg style="vertical-align:-.339ex" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="2.804ex" height="1.885ex" role="img" 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width="5.631ex" height="2.262ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -750 2488.8 1000"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="M_1 = (M \setminus \text{Int}(N)) \cup_h N_1"><g data-mml-node="mo" data-latex="="><path data-c="3D" d="M698 367 80 367C64 367 56 359 56 344 56 329 64 321 80 321L698 321C714 321 722 329 722 344 722 356 711 367 698 367M698 179 80 179C64 179 56 171 56 156 56 141 64 133 80 133L698 133C714 133 722 141 722 156 722 169 711 179 698 179Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" data-latex="(" transform="translate(1055.8,0)"><path data-c="28" d="M318-248C327-248 332-243 332-234 332-231 330-227 327-223 275-183 233-117 202-26 175 53 161 131 161 208L161 292C161 369 175 447 202 526 233 617 275 683 327 723 330 726 332 730 332 734 332 743 327 748 318 748 317 748 314 747 311 745 251 699 201 631 160 540 121 453 101 371 101 292L101 208C101 129 121 47 160-40 201-131 251-199 311-245 314-247 317-248 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当年尚未拥有后来的手术理论语言,但他的几何直觉已经十分接近这一现代框架。</p><h3 id="四、《论无限不连续群》"><a href="#四、《论无限不连续群》" class="headerlink" title="四、《论无限不连续群》"></a>四、《论无限不连续群》</h3><p>1911–1912 年的《论无限不连续群》(Über unendliche diskontinuierliche Gruppen)标志着 Dehn 从拓扑进入群论中心。</p><p>这篇论文提出了关于群表示的基本问题:<strong>字问题(word problem)</strong> 和 <strong>同构问题(isomorphism problem)</strong> 。对一个由生成元和关系式给出的群而言,字问题的是一个词是否代表单位元,同构问题则问两个有限表示是否给出同构群。</p><p>20 世纪后半叶的逻辑与群论发展表明,这些问题在一般情况下并没有统一可行的算法。Dehn 的论文的重要性不只在于提问,还在于他立刻给出了一类成功的例子:闭双曲曲面的基本群。</p><p>以亏格为 2 的曲面为例,它有表示</p><p><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" overflow="overflow" display="true" width="full" style="min-width:42.255ex"><svg style="vertical-align:-.566ex;min-width:42.255ex" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="100%" height="2.262ex" role="img" focusable="false"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(0.0181,-0.0181) translate(0, -750)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="
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143 648 106 612 69 576 50 534 50 483 50 449 75 424 106 424 136 424 161 450 161 480 161 513 137 536 105 536 102 536 100 536 98 535 117 584 161 627 224 627 306 627 352 556 352 470 352 403 318 331 250 255L62 43C49 28 50 29 50 0L421 0 450 180 417 180C409 129 402 100 396 91 391 86 361 84 306 84L139 84 236 179C304 243 390 312 419 365 439 400 449 435 449 470 449 588 357 666 237 666Z" transform="translate(389,0)"></path><path data-c="29" d="M78-245C138-199 188-131 229-40 268 47 288 129 288 208L288 292C288 371 268 453 229 540 188 631 138 699 78 745 75 747 72 748 71 748 62 748 57 743 57 734 57 730 59 726 62 723 114 683 156 617 187 526 214 447 228 369 228 292L228 208C228 131 214 53 187-26 156-117 114-183 62-223 59-227 57-231 57-234 57-243 62-248 71-248 72-248 75-247 78-245Z" transform="translate(889,0)"></path></g></g></g></svg></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></p><p>Dehn 注意到,这个群的 Cayley 图可看成双曲平面中正八边形铺砌的 1 - 骨架,而 relator 就标记着每个八边形的边界。</p><p>于是,如果一个约化词代表单位元,那么它在某处必然含有一个 “超过 relator 一半长度” 的长子词;把这段长子词替换为 relator 中互补的更短部分,就能缩短词长。不断重复,若最终化到空词,则原词代表单位元。这就是后来所谓 <strong>Dehn algorithm</strong> 的原型。</p><p>它不仅解决了特定曲面群的字问题,也给后来小消去理论、双曲群和几何群论中的线性消去思想提供了模板。</p><h3 id="五、扭结理论"><a href="#五、扭结理论" class="headerlink" title="五、扭结理论"></a>五、扭结理论</h3><p>1914 年,Dehn 发表《两个三叶纽结》(Die beiden Kleeblattschlingen)。这篇论文解决的问题非常具体: <strong>左手三叶纽结和右手三叶纽结是否等价?</strong></p><p>Joan Birman 在回顾这篇论文时说,Dehn 用一种在 1914 年看来相当 “重型” 的方式解决了一个直观上只需几分钟实验便会冒出来的问题:他通过研究纽结群的外自同构群,证明左手三叶纽结与右手三叶纽结不环境同痕(not ambient isotopic),也就是三叶纽结(trefoil knot)不是 amphicheiral。</p><p>Birman 还指出,在 Jones 多项式出现之前的近七十年里,这篇论文始终是该问题的核心文献之一。</p><h3 id="六、曲面、扭转与映射类群"><a href="#六、曲面、扭转与映射类群" class="headerlink" title="六、曲面、扭转与映射类群"></a>六、曲面、扭转与映射类群</h3><p>Dehn 在曲面拓扑上的工作同样持久。1912 年的《双侧曲面上曲线的变换》(Transformation der Kurven auf zweiseitigen Flächen)以及 1922 年《双边曲面上的曲线系统及其在映射问题上的应用》(On curve systems on two-sided surfaces, with application to the mapping problem)的讲义,构成了后来映射类群理论的早期核心文献;这些工作后来收入到 Stillwell 编的《Papers on group theory and topology》。</p><p>Stillwell 为附录《The Dehn–Nielsen theorem》写的摘要还指出,有一个重要定理虽归于 Dehn,却并未出现在他的正式发表作品中:闭可定向曲面<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" overflow="overflow"><svg style="vertical-align:-.05ex" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.459ex" height="1.645ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -705 645 727"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="S"><g data-mml-node="mi" data-latex="S"><path data-c="1D446" d="M133 157C133 181 136 201 141 217 141 227 136 232 125 232 120 232 116 230 114 228 109 223 52 8 52-8 52-17 57-22 67-22 72-22 79-17 88-6L133 47C168 1 224-22 300-22 366-22 424 5 476 58 528 111 554 170 554 236 554 283 538 323 505 355 490 368 470 379 445 388 422 393 400 399 378 405L312 423C279 432 254 469 254 509 254 552 271 589 306 621 341 653 380 669 423 669 515 669 561 619 561 520 561 502 557 482 557 465L557 462C560 455 565 451 573 451 582 451 588 459 592 474L645 691C645 700 640 705 630 705 625 705 618 700 609 689L566 637C538 682 491 705 424 705 361 705 304 681 254 634 202 586 176 531 176 468 176 396 223 339 282 323L387 296C441 281 475 262 475 195 475 149 457 108 422 72 387 36 347 17 302 17 204 17 133 60 133 157Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container>的每个基本群自同构,实际上都可由<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" overflow="overflow"><svg style="vertical-align:-.05ex" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.459ex" height="1.645ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -705 645 727"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="S"><g data-mml-node="mi" data-latex="S"><path data-c="1D446" d="M133 157C133 181 136 201 141 217 141 227 136 232 125 232 120 232 116 230 114 228 109 223 52 8 52-8 52-17 57-22 67-22 72-22 79-17 88-6L133 47C168 1 224-22 300-22 366-22 424 5 476 58 528 111 554 170 554 236 554 283 538 323 505 355 490 368 470 379 445 388 422 393 400 399 378 405L312 423C279 432 254 469 254 509 254 552 271 589 306 621 341 653 380 669 423 669 515 669 561 619 561 520 561 502 557 482 557 465L557 462C560 455 565 451 573 451 582 451 588 459 592 474L645 691C645 700 640 705 630 705 625 705 618 700 609 689L566 637C538 682 491 705 424 705 361 705 304 681 254 634 202 586 176 531 176 468 176 396 223 339 282 323L387 296C441 281 475 262 475 195 475 149 457 108 422 72 387 36 347 17 302 17 204 17 133 60 133 157Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container>的某个同胚诱导;最早已知的完整证明出现在尼尔森(Jakob Nielsen,1890-1959)1927 年的论文里。</p><p>今天这条结果通常被称为 <strong>Dehn–Nielsen 定理</strong> ,后来又经 Baer 的工作得到现代形式。</p><p>与这一方向联系最紧的,是 <strong>Dehn twist</strong> (德恩扭转)。在曲面上一条简单闭曲线附近取一个环带,沿该曲线切开,把一侧旋转<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" overflow="overflow"><svg style="vertical-align:-.025ex" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="2.421ex" height="1.532ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -666 1070 677"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="2\pi"><g data-mml-node="mn" data-latex="2"><path data-c="32" d="M237 666C186 666 143 648 106 612 69 576 50 534 50 483 50 449 75 424 106 424 136 424 161 450 161 480 161 513 137 536 105 536 102 536 100 536 98 535 117 584 161 627 224 627 306 627 352 556 352 470 352 403 318 331 250 255L62 43C49 28 50 29 50 0L421 0 450 180 417 180C409 129 402 100 396 91 391 86 361 84 306 84L139 84 236 179C304 243 390 312 419 365 439 400 449 435 449 470 449 588 357 666 237 666Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" data-latex="\pi" transform="translate(500,0)"><path data-c="1D70B" d="M524 431 194 431C153 431 117 415 88 384 74 369 27 305 27 292 31 285 31 279 43 279 50 279 56 283 62 292 94 341 135 366 184 366L235 366C212 279 170 172 110 45 105 33 102 24 102 19 102-1 113-11 134-11 153-11 167 0 176 21 194 78 207 122 214 152L269 366 372 366C345 247 331 164 331 117 331 68 342-11 379-11 400-11 423 9 423 30 423 35 421 43 417 53 398 100 389 153 389 214 389 261 395 312 406 366L515 366C550 366 567 378 567 403 567 426 549 431 524 431Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container> 再粘回,就得到一个新的自同胚。形式上它非常简单,但后来整个映射类群理论都以此为基本操作。</p><p>后来的文献进一步表明,曲面的映射类群可由有限多个 Dehn twists 生成;因此,Dehn 在 1910 年代到 1930 年代这些关于曲线系统、曲面自同胚和基本群自同构的工作,实际上为后来曲面理论奠定了基础。</p></div></div><div class="footer"></div><div class="article-meta" id="bottom"><div class="new-meta-box"></div></div><div class="prev-next"><a class="prev" href="/notes/person/6"><p class="title"><i class="fa-solid fa-chevron-left" aria-hidden="true"></i>Waldhausen瓦尔德豪森的数学人生:从三维流形解剖到美丽新代数的开创</p><p class="content">本文记述了德国数学家瓦尔德豪森的生涯与成就。他早期在三维流形理论中建立了拓扑刚性定理并提出了著名的virtual Haken猜想;后期开创了用于研究拓扑空间的代数K理论框架,包括Waldhausen范畴和S_*构造,其思想深刻影响了稳定同伦论等前沿领域</p></a><a class="next" href="/notes/person/8"><p class="title">Whitehead数学家怀特海德生平与拓扑学贡献概述<i class="fa-solid fa-chevron-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></p><p class="content">本文记述了数学家怀特海德的生平,重点阐释了他在微分几何与拓扑学领域的奠基性工作,特别是其提出的CW复形概念及在同伦论中的核心贡献,其影响延续至今</p></a></div><div class="recommended-article"><div 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itemprop="discussionUrl" content="/notes/person/7#comments"></span><p ct=""><i class="fa-duotone fa-comments"></i> 留言区</p><div id="layoutHelper-comments"></div></article></div><aside id="l_side" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPSideBar"><section class="widget text desktop mobile pjax"><header><a href="/notes/"><i class="fa-duotone fa-book fa-fw" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="name">Notes</span></a></header><div class="content"></div></section><section class="widget list group desktop mobile pjax"><header><i class="fa-duotone fa-p fa-fw" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="name">History of mathematics</span></header><div class="content"><ul class="list entry navigation"><li><a class="flat-box" title="/notes/person/" href="/notes/person/" active-action="action-notesperson"><div class="name"> Welcome</div></a></li><li><a class="flat-box" title="/notes/person/1" href="/notes/person/1" active-action="action-notesperson1"><div class="name"> Hilbert</div></a></li><li><a class="flat-box" title="/notes/person/2" href="/notes/person/2" active-action="action-notesperson2"><div class="name"> Thompson</div></a></li><li><a class="flat-box" title="/notes/person/3" href="/notes/person/3" active-action="action-notesperson3"><div class="name"> Conway</div></a></li><li><a class="flat-box" title="/notes/person/4" href="/notes/person/4" active-action="action-notesperson4"><div class="name"> Borcherds</div></a></li><li><a class="flat-box" title="/notes/person/5" href="/notes/person/5" active-action="action-notesperson5"><div class="name"> Wall</div></a></li><li><a class="flat-box" title="/notes/person/6" href="/notes/person/6" active-action="action-notesperson6"><div class="name"> Waldhausen</div></a></li><li><a class="flat-box" title="/notes/person/7" href="/notes/person/7" active-action="action-notesperson7"><div class="name"> Dehn</div></a></li><li><a class="flat-box" title="/notes/person/8" href="/notes/person/8" active-action="action-notesperson8"><div class="name"> Whitehead</div></a></li><li><a class="flat-box" title="/notes/person/9" href="/notes/person/9" active-action="action-notesperson9"><div class="name"> Iwaniec</div></a></li><li><a class="flat-box" title="/notes/person/10" href="/notes/person/10" active-action="action-notesperson10"><div class="name"> Sarnak</div></a></li><li><a class="flat-box" title="/notes/person/11" href="/notes/person/11" active-action="action-notesperson11"><div class="name"> Ramanujan</div></a></li><li><a class="flat-box" title="/notes/person/12" href="/notes/person/12" active-action="action-notesperson12"><div class="name"> Hardy</div></a></li><li><a class="flat-box" title="/notes/person/13" href="/notes/person/13" active-action="action-notesperson13"><div class="name"> Littlewood</div></a></li><li><a class="flat-box" title="/notes/person/14" href="/notes/person/14" active-action="action-notesperson14"><div class="name"> von Neumann</div></a></li><li><a class="flat-box" title="/notes/person/15" 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