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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="zh-Hans"><head hexo-theme="https://github.com/volantis-x/hexo-theme-volantis/#6.0.3"><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 8.1.2"><meta name="Volantis" content="6.0.3"><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="robots" content="index,follow,max-image-preview:large"><link rel="canonical" href="https://blog.mhuig.top/notes/datacom/16"><meta http-equiv="x-dns-prefetch-control" content="on"><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://static.mhuig.top"><link rel="preconnect" href="https://static.mhuig.top" crossorigin=""><meta name="renderer" content="webkit"><meta name="force-rendering" content="webkit"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge,chrome=1"><meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="True"><meta name="mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,maximum-scale=5"><meta content="black-translucent" name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style"><meta content="telephone=no" 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type="application/xml" title="MHuiG Blog Site Map" href="https://blog.mhuig.top/sitemap.xml"><link rel="author" href="https://mhuig.top"><meta name="author" content="MHuiG"><meta name="creator" content="MHuiG"><link rel="archives" href="https://blog.mhuig.top/archives/"><link rel="preload" href="/css/style.css" as="style"><link rel="preload" href="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/volantis-static@0.0.1660614606622/media/fonts/VarelaRound/VarelaRound-Regular.ttf" as="font" type="font/ttf" crossorigin="anonymous"><link rel="preload" href="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/volantis-static@0.0.1660614606622/media/fonts/VarelaRound/VarelaRound-Regular.ttf" as="font" type="font/ttf" crossorigin="anonymous"><link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Magicland" type="application/atom+xml"><link rel="alternate" href="/rss2.xml" title="Magicland" type="application/rss+xml"><title>数据通信网络: OSPF基础 - Magicland</title><meta name="keywords" content="Web,计算机网络, 数据通信网络,OSPF协议原理,邻居状态机,DR/BDR选举,MHuiG, @MHuiG, Blog, 博客, Magicland, 魔法世界"><meta desc="" name="description" content="本文系统解析OSPF动态路由协议，涵盖链路状态数据库(LSDB)构建、SPF最短路径算法及区域划分（骨干/非骨干区域）。详述Hello/DD/LSU等5类报文交互流程，邻居状态机7阶段转换（Down→Init→2-way→Full），以及BMA/NBMA/P2P/P2MP网络类型的DR/BDR选举机制（优先级/RID比较）。提供华为设备全局及接口级OSPF配置命令示例，包括Router-ID设置、Cost开销计算（参考带宽/接口带宽）及邻接关系维护方法。 - MHuiG - Magicland"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta property="og:title" content="Magicland"><meta property="og:url" content="https://blog.mhuig.top/notes/datacom/16"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Magicland"><meta property="og:description" content="本文系统解析OSPF动态路由协议，涵盖链路状态数据库(LSDB)构建、SPF最短路径算法及区域划分（骨干/非骨干区域）。详述Hello/DD/LSU等5类报文交互流程，邻居状态机7阶段转换（Down→Init→2-way→Full），以及BMA/NBMA/P2P/P2MP网络类型的DR/BDR选举机制（优先级/RID比较）。提供华为设备全局及接口级OSPF配置命令示例，包括Router-ID设置、"><meta property="og:locale"><meta property="og:image" content="https://blog.mhuig.top/lib/favicon/android-chrome-192x192.png"><meta property="article:published_time" content="2023-12-26T06:00:00.000Z"><meta 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itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><meta itemprop="name" content="OSPF基础"><meta itemprop="description" content="本文系统解析OSPF动态路由协议，涵盖链路状态数据库(LSDB)构建、SPF最短路径算法及区域划分（骨干/非骨干区域）。详述Hello/DD/LSU等5类报文交互流程，邻居状态机7阶段转换（Down→Init→2-way→Full），以及BMA/NBMA/P2P/P2MP网络类型的DR/BDR选举机制（优先级/RID比较）。提供华为设备全局及接口级OSPF配置命令示例，包括Router-ID设置、Cost开销计算（参考带宽/接口带宽）及邻接关系维护方法。"></span><span hidden=""><meta itemprop="image" content="/lib/favicon/android-chrome-192x192.png"></span><div class="article-meta" id="top"><span hidden="" itemprop="name headline"></span></div><div id="layoutHelper-page-plugins"></div><div id="post-body" itemprop="articleBody"><p> <span class="p logo center large">OSPF 基础</span></p><br><h1 hidden="">OSPF 基础</h1><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="动态路由"><a href="#动态路由" class="headerlink" title="动态路由"></a>动态路由</h2><p>AS (自治系统): 由同一个技术机构进行管理并且运行相同的路由选路策略的一组路由器.</p><h3 id="动态路由分类"><a href="#动态路由分类" class="headerlink" title="动态路由分类"></a>动态路由分类</h3><p>按照使用范围分类:</p><ul><li>IGP: 内部网关协议, 运行于 AS 内部的路由协议 (RIP, OSPF, IS - IS)</li><li>EGP: 外部网关协议, 运行于 AS 之间的路由协议 (BGP)</li></ul><p>按照算法分类:</p><ul><li>距离矢量路由协议: 通过距离和矢量两个参数来描述一个路由信息进行计算, 距离指的是由多远能到达目标 (开销, 跳数). (RIP, BGP)</li><li>链路状态路由协议: 通过每台路由器自动生成链路状态信息, 通过在一定的区域内交互链路状态信息, 得到区域内完整的拓扑, 最终通过最短路径树算法, 计算得到最优的树状路径. (OSPF IS - IS)</li></ul><p>按照主类进行分类:</p><ul><li>有类路由协议: 在传递信息时, 不携带掩码, 根据传递路由的主类网络以及接收路由的接口掩码的配置, 自动计算路由. (RIPv1)</li><li>无类路由协议: 在传递信息时, 协议带子网掩码, 可以支持更广泛的应用, 支持 VLSM, CIDR. (RIPv2, OSPF, IS - IS, BGP)</li></ul><h3 id="动态路由特点"><a href="#动态路由特点" class="headerlink" title="动态路由特点"></a>动态路由特点</h3><p>路由器通过动态路由协议自动计算得到的路由信息可以根据网络的变化自动进行路由表的改变.</p><ol><li>可以减少网络的管理任务.</li><li>动态路由协议会占用部分网络的带宽.</li><li>可以实现路由的自动调整.</li></ol></div><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="链路状态"><a href="#链路状态" class="headerlink" title="链路状态"></a>链路状态</h2><p>LS: 链路状态, 设备直接相连的网络或节点信息.</p><p>LSA: 链路状态通告.</p><p>LSDB: 链路状态数据库, 是所有 LSA 的集合.</p><p>SPF: 最短路径树算法.</p></div><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="OSPF工作原理"><a href="#OSPF工作原理" class="headerlink" title="OSPF工作原理"></a>OSPF 工作原理</h2><ol><li>建立邻居关系.</li><li>泛洪 LSA, 并同步 LSDB.</li><li>根据 SPF 算法计算最优路径.</li><li>将计算得出的路由放入到路由表中.</li></ol></div><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="区域"><a href="#区域" class="headerlink" title="区域"></a>区域</h2><p>AREA: 区域, OSPF 通过区域可以实现网络的分层, 并实现管理域的隔离, 缩小 LSDB 的规模, 每个 OSPF 设备在运行时需要指定接口所在的区域, 每个区域会有一个区域号进行标识, 一般写作点分十进制. 区域是从逻辑上将设备分为不同的组.</p><p>OSPF 区域分为两层:</p><ul><li>骨干区域: 固定的区域号为 <code>0</code> 或 <code>0.0.0.0</code> 必须有且只能有一个.</li><li>非骨干区域: AS 内可以存在多个非骨干区域, 区域号非 0, 所有的非骨干区域和骨干区域相连, 非骨干区域之间不能相连.</li></ul></div><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="路由器角色"><a href="#路由器角色" class="headerlink" title="路由器角色"></a>路由器角色</h2><p><code>IR</code>: 区域内部路由器, 所有的接口属于同一个 OSPF 区域的路由器.</p><p><code>BR</code>: 骨干路由器, 至少有一个路由器接口运行于 OSPF 的骨干区域的路由器.</p><p><code>ABR</code>: 区域边界路由器, 连接多个区域且所连接的区域中包括骨干区域的路由器.</p><p><code>ASBR</code>: 自治系统边界路由器, OSPF 中, AS 和 AS 相连的路由, 一般在 ASBR 上将其他 AS 路由注入进 OSPF 中形成 OSPF 外部路由.</p></div><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="Router-ID"><a href="#Router-ID" class="headerlink" title="Router-ID"></a>Router-ID</h2><p>32bit 的无符号整数, 每个 OSPF 设备在网络中的唯一标识, 经常用点分十进制表示, 每个设备在运行 OSPF 的 AS 内都有唯一的 RID.</p><h3 id="生成规则"><a href="#生成规则" class="headerlink" title="生成规则"></a>生成规则</h3><ol><li>如果手工配置了 RID, 则手工配置优先.</li><li>如果没有手工配置, 则设备会使用最大的 lookback 接口 IP 作为 RID.</li><li>如果没有 lookback 接口, 则优选物理接口最大的 IP 地址作为 RID.</li></ol><h3 id="全局RID"><a href="#全局RID" class="headerlink" title="全局RID"></a>全局 RID</h3><p>默认情况下, 设备的全局标识.</p><h3 id="协议RID"><a href="#协议RID" class="headerlink" title="协议RID"></a>协议 RID</h3><p>默认情况下, 路由协议会使用全局 RID 作为协议 RID, 如果手工指定协议 RID, 则优先使用手工指定的 RID.</p></div><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="Cost"><a href="#Cost" class="headerlink" title="Cost"></a>Cost</h2><p>OSPF 以 cost 作为度量值, 是一个 16bit 正整数, 取值范围 1-65535, 数值越小越优.</p><p>OSPF 计算的开销是到达目的网络所有链路的总开销, 从目的到本设备的入向接口开销总和.</p><p>cost 只与带宽有关.</p><p>cost = 参考带宽值/接口带宽值 (参考带宽值 100Mbit/s)</p><p>如果修改参考带宽值, 所有 OSPF 设备都要修改.</p></div><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="OSPF-报文"><a href="#OSPF-报文" class="headerlink" title="OSPF 报文"></a>OSPF 报文</h2><p><code>Hello</code>: 用于发现, 建立以及维持邻居关系.</p><p><code>DD</code>: 数据库描述信息, 相当于 LSDB 的摘要信息, 在路由器之间选举主从.</p><p><code>LSR</code>: 链路状态请求, 用于请求特定的 LSA.</p><p><code>LSU</code>: 链路状态更新, 用于响应 LSR, 进行 LSA 的更新.</p><p><code>LSACK</code>: 链路状态确认, 对 LSU 中的信息进行确认.</p></div><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="建立邻居关系"><a href="#建立邻居关系" class="headerlink" title="建立邻居关系"></a>建立邻居关系</h2><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">R1 R2</span><br><span class="line">down</span><br><span class="line"> ==> hello (RID: 1.1.1.1 neighbor list: null) ==></span><br><span class="line"> init</span><br><span class="line"> <== hello (RID: 2.2.2.2 neighbor list: 1.1.1.1) <==</span><br><span class="line">2-way init</span><br><span class="line"> ==> hello (RID: 1.1.1.1 neighbor list: 2.2.2.2) ==></span><br><span class="line"> 2-way</span><br><span class="line">EXstart</span><br><span class="line"> ==> DD (1.1.1.1) X ===============================></span><br><span class="line"> <== DD (2.2.2.2) Y <===============================</span><br><span class="line">EXchange</span><br><span class="line"> ==> DD (LSDB) Y ===============================></span><br><span class="line"> <== DD (LSDB) Y+1 <===============================</span><br><span class="line"> EXchange</span><br><span class="line"> ==> DD Y+1 ===============================></span><br><span class="line">Loading</span><br><span class="line"> ==> LSR ================================></span><br><span class="line"> <== LSU <================================</span><br><span class="line"> ==> LSACK ================================></span><br><span class="line"> ..........</span><br><span class="line">Full Full </span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure></div><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="OSPF-状态机"><a href="#OSPF-状态机" class="headerlink" title="OSPF 状态机"></a>OSPF 状态机</h2><p><code>DOWN</code>: 表示 OSPF 失效状态, 当前状态下无法和其他路由器建立邻居关系.</p><p><code>Init</code>: 初始化状态, 表示收到 OSPF Hello 报文, 但报文中不包含自身的 RID, 也就是此时其他路由器并不知道自身的存在.</p><p><code>2-way</code>: 双向通信状态, 表示收到 OSPF Hello 报文, 且收到的报文中包含自身设备的 RID, 此时已经和邻居建立双向通信.</p><p><code>EXstart</code>: OSPF 设备会交互空的 DD 报文用于 OSPF 邻接关系的主从选举.</p><p><code>EXchange</code>: OSPF 会发送 DD 报文来描述自身数据库信息.</p><p><code>Loading</code>: OSPF 设备通过发送 LSR 对特定的 LSA 进行请求, 并等待对方更新. 被请求设备将 LSA 放入到 LSU 中发送过去, 并等待对方的 ACK. 收到的设备需要对其确认.</p><p><code>FULL</code>: 当 LSDB 同步完成时, 进入此状态也就是邻接状态.</p></div><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="OSPF-邻接状态建立过程"><a href="#OSPF-邻接状态建立过程" class="headerlink" title="OSPF 邻接状态建立过程"></a>OSPF 邻接状态建立过程</h2><p>第一步:</p><p>当邻居状态变为 EXstart 时, RTA 回会向 RTB 发送第一个 DD 报文, 在这个报文中, 序列号为 X, RTA 宣告自己为主路由器.</p><p>此时 RTB 也向 RTA 发送自己的第一个 DD 报文, 在这个报文中, 假设 DD 报文的序列号为 Y, RTB 也宣告自己为主路由器, 由于 RTB 的 RID 比 RTA 大, 所以 RTB 成为真正的主路由器.</p><p>第二步:</p><p>RTA 发送一个新的 DD 报文, 在这个报文中, 携带着 LSDB 的描述信息. 序列号设置为 RTB 在上一个 DD 报文中的序列号, 此时 RTB 的状态改为 EXchange.</p><p>第三步:</p><p>邻居状态变为 EXchange 之后, RTB 发送一个新的 DD 报文, 该报文包含着 LSDB 的描述信息, DD 报文的序列号为 Y + 1 (上次使用的序列号 + 1).</p><p>第四步:</p><p>即使 RTA 不需要新的 DD 报文来描述自己的 LSDB, 但作为从路由器, RTA 需要对主路由器 RTB 发送的每一个 DD 报文进行确认, 所以, RTA 向 RTB 发送一个内容为空的 DD 报文, 序列号采用 RTB 上次发送的序列号 (表示确认).</p><p>第五步:</p><p>发送完最后一个 DD 报文后, RTA 将状态改为 Loading, RTB 收到最后一个 DD 报文后状态改为 FULL (假设 RTB 的 LSDB 是完整的, 不需要向 RTA 请求更新).</p></div><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="OSPF-所支持的网络类型"><a href="#OSPF-所支持的网络类型" class="headerlink" title="OSPF 所支持的网络类型"></a>OSPF 所支持的网络类型</h2><ol><li>BMA: 广播型多路访问, 当链路层为以太网时, 此网络中带有广播功能, 也是 OSPF 默认的网路类型, 在此网络类型下需要进行 DR 和 BDR 的选举.</li><li>NBMA: 非广播型多路访问, 无法发送广播和组播报文, 只能够通过单播形式来寻找邻居, 在此网络类型下, 也会进行 DR 和 BDR 的选举.</li><li>P2P: 点到点网络, 接口通过点到点的形式与另一台路由器相连, 在此网络类型下不需要选举 DR 和 BDR.</li><li>P2MP: 点到多点, 是一种特殊的网络类型, P2MP 必须由其他网络类型强制修改, 不选举 DR 和 BDR.</li></ol><p>对于不同网络类型的区别</p><table><thead><tr><th>网络类型</th><th>Hello</th><th>Dead</th><th>DR/BDR</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>BMA</td><td>10</td><td>40</td><td>选举</td></tr><tr><td>NBMA</td><td>30</td><td>120</td><td>选举</td></tr><tr><td>P2P</td><td>10</td><td>40</td><td>无</td></tr><tr><td>P2MP</td><td>30</td><td>120</td><td>无</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="DR-BDR"><a href="#DR-BDR" class="headerlink" title="DR/BDR"></a>DR/BDR</h2><p>不用 DR 邻接关系数量:</p><p><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" overflow="overflow"><svg style="vertical-align:-.781ex" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="7.449ex" height="3.143ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -1044.3 3292.5 1389.3"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="\frac{n\times(n-1)}{2}"><g data-mml-node="mfrac" data-latex="\frac{n\times(n-1)}{2}"><g data-mml-node="mrow" transform="translate(220,515.4) scale(0.707)" data-latex="n\times(n-1)"><g data-mml-node="mi" data-latex="n"><path data-c="1D45B" d="M537 137C514 58 481 18 440 18 427 18 420 28 420 47 420 61 426 84 438 115 478 224 498 296 498 333 498 403 451 442 381 442 322 442 271 416 230 363 222 407 187 442 136 442 80 442 58 390 44 345 34 313 29 294 29 287 29 278 34 273 45 273 50 273 53 274 56 276 61 285 64 292 65 299 83 375 106 413 133 413 151 413 160 399 160 371 160 358 155 331 144 290L87 63C84 50 78 24 78 19 78-1 89-11 111-11 130-11 144-1 151 19 153 24 159 49 170 92L191 181 221 295C232 318 249 341 270 365 299 397 335 413 378 413 411 413 427 391 427 348 427 310 406 234 363 120 356 102 353 87 353 74 353 25 390-11 438-11 482-11 517 14 542 64 561 104 571 131 571 144 571 153 566 158 555 158 552 158 537 149 537 137Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" data-latex="\times" transform="translate(600,0)"><path data-c="D7" d="M630 32C630 39 628 44 623 49L422 250 623 451C628 456 630 461 630 468 630 481 620 491 607 491 600 491 595 489 590 484L389 283 188 484C183 489 178 491 171 491 158 491 148 481 148 468 148 461 150 456 155 451L356 250 155 49C150 44 148 39 148 32 148 19 158 9 171 9 178 9 183 11 188 16L389 217 590 16C595 11 600 9 607 9 620 9 630 19 630 32Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" data-latex="(" transform="translate(1378,0)"><path data-c="28" d="M318-248C327-248 332-243 332-234 332-231 330-227 327-223 275-183 233-117 202-26 175 53 161 131 161 208L161 292C161 369 175 447 202 526 233 617 275 683 327 723 330 726 332 730 332 734 332 743 327 748 318 748 317 748 314 747 311 745 251 699 201 631 160 540 121 453 101 371 101 292L101 208C101 129 121 47 160-40 201-131 251-199 311-245 314-247 317-248 318-248Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" data-latex="n" transform="translate(1767,0)"><path data-c="1D45B" d="M537 137C514 58 481 18 440 18 427 18 420 28 420 47 420 61 426 84 438 115 478 224 498 296 498 333 498 403 451 442 381 442 322 442 271 416 230 363 222 407 187 442 136 442 80 442 58 390 44 345 34 313 29 294 29 287 29 278 34 273 45 273 50 273 53 274 56 276 61 285 64 292 65 299 83 375 106 413 133 413 151 413 160 399 160 371 160 358 155 331 144 290L87 63C84 50 78 24 78 19 78-1 89-11 111-11 130-11 144-1 151 19 153 24 159 49 170 92L191 181 221 295C232 318 249 341 270 365 299 397 335 413 378 413 411 413 427 391 427 348 427 310 406 234 363 120 356 102 353 87 353 74 353 25 390-11 438-11 482-11 517 14 542 64 561 104 571 131 571 144 571 153 566 158 555 158 552 158 537 149 537 137Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" data-latex="-" transform="translate(2367,0)"><path data-c="2212" d="M698 270 80 270C64 270 56 263 56 250 56 237 64 230 80 230L698 230C714 230 722 237 722 250 722 262 710 270 698 270Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mn" data-latex="1" transform="translate(3145,0)"><path data-c="31" d="M269 666C228 624 168 603 89 603L89 564C141 564 184 572 217 588L217 82C217 64 213 52 204 47 195 42 170 39 130 39L95 39 95 0C120 2 174 3 257 3 340 3 394 2 419 0L419 39 384 39C343 39 318 42 310 47 302 52 297 64 297 82L297 636C297 660 295 666 269 666Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" data-latex=")" transform="translate(3645,0)"><path data-c="29" d="M78-245C138-199 188-131 229-40 268 47 288 129 288 208L288 292C288 371 268 453 229 540 188 631 138 699 78 745 75 747 72 748 71 748 62 748 57 743 57 734 57 730 59 726 62 723 114 683 156 617 187 526 214 447 228 369 228 292L228 208C228 131 214 53 187-26 156-117 114-183 62-223 59-227 57-231 57-234 57-243 62-248 71-248 72-248 75-247 78-245Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(1469.5,-345) scale(0.707)" data-latex="2"><path data-c="32" d="M237 666C186 666 143 648 106 612 69 576 50 534 50 483 50 449 75 424 106 424 136 424 161 450 161 480 161 513 137 536 105 536 102 536 100 536 98 535 117 584 161 627 224 627 306 627 352 556 352 470 352 403 318 331 250 255L62 43C49 28 50 29 50 0L421 0 450 180 417 180C409 129 402 100 396 91 391 86 361 84 306 84L139 84 236 179C304 243 390 312 419 365 439 400 449 435 449 470 449 588 357 666 237 666Z"></path></g><rect width="3052.5" height="60" x="120" y="220"></rect></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></p><p>使用 DR 邻接关系数量:</p><p><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" overflow="overflow"><svg style="vertical-align:-.566ex" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.357ex" height="2.262ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -750 600 1000"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="n-1"><g data-mml-node="mi" data-latex="n"><path data-c="1D45B" d="M537 137C514 58 481 18 440 18 427 18 420 28 420 47 420 61 426 84 438 115 478 224 498 296 498 333 498 403 451 442 381 442 322 442 271 416 230 363 222 407 187 442 136 442 80 442 58 390 44 345 34 313 29 294 29 287 29 278 34 273 45 273 50 273 53 274 56 276 61 285 64 292 65 299 83 375 106 413 133 413 151 413 160 399 160 371 160 358 155 331 144 290L87 63C84 50 78 24 78 19 78-1 89-11 111-11 130-11 144-1 151 19 153 24 159 49 170 92L191 181 221 295C232 318 249 341 270 365 299 397 335 413 378 413 411 413 427 391 427 348 427 310 406 234 363 120 356 102 353 87 353 74 353 25 390-11 438-11 482-11 517 14 542 64 561 104 571 131 571 144 571 153 566 158 555 158 552 158 537 149 537 137Z"></path></g></g></g></svg><mjx-break size="3"></mjx-break><svg style="vertical-align:-.566ex" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="3.394ex" height="2.262ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -750 1500.2 1000"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="n-1"><g data-mml-node="mo" data-latex="-"><path data-c="2212" d="M698 270 80 270C64 270 56 263 56 250 56 237 64 230 80 230L698 230C714 230 722 237 722 250 722 262 710 270 698 270Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mn" data-latex="1" transform="translate(1000.2,0)"><path data-c="31" d="M269 666C228 624 168 603 89 603L89 564C141 564 184 572 217 588L217 82C217 64 213 52 204 47 195 42 170 39 130 39L95 39 95 0C120 2 174 3 257 3 340 3 394 2 419 0L419 39 384 39C343 39 318 42 310 47 302 52 297 64 297 82L297 636C297 660 295 666 269 666Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></p><p>在 MA 网络中有 N 台设备且形成两两邻接关系则网络内邻接关系数量为<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" overflow="overflow"><svg style="vertical-align:-.781ex" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="7.449ex" height="3.143ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -1044.3 3292.5 1389.3"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math" data-latex="\frac{n\times(n-1)}{2}"><g data-mml-node="mfrac" data-latex="\frac{n\times(n-1)}{2}"><g data-mml-node="mrow" transform="translate(220,515.4) scale(0.707)" data-latex="n\times(n-1)"><g data-mml-node="mi" data-latex="n"><path data-c="1D45B" d="M537 137C514 58 481 18 440 18 427 18 420 28 420 47 420 61 426 84 438 115 478 224 498 296 498 333 498 403 451 442 381 442 322 442 271 416 230 363 222 407 187 442 136 442 80 442 58 390 44 345 34 313 29 294 29 287 29 278 34 273 45 273 50 273 53 274 56 276 61 285 64 292 65 299 83 375 106 413 133 413 151 413 160 399 160 371 160 358 155 331 144 290L87 63C84 50 78 24 78 19 78-1 89-11 111-11 130-11 144-1 151 19 153 24 159 49 170 92L191 181 221 295C232 318 249 341 270 365 299 397 335 413 378 413 411 413 427 391 427 348 427 310 406 234 363 120 356 102 353 87 353 74 353 25 390-11 438-11 482-11 517 14 542 64 561 104 571 131 571 144 571 153 566 158 555 158 552 158 537 149 537 137Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" data-latex="\times" transform="translate(600,0)"><path data-c="D7" d="M630 32C630 39 628 44 623 49L422 250 623 451C628 456 630 461 630 468 630 481 620 491 607 491 600 491 595 489 590 484L389 283 188 484C183 489 178 491 171 491 158 491 148 481 148 468 148 461 150 456 155 451L356 250 155 49C150 44 148 39 148 32 148 19 158 9 171 9 178 9 183 11 188 16L389 217 590 16C595 11 600 9 607 9 620 9 630 19 630 32Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" data-latex="(" transform="translate(1378,0)"><path data-c="28" d="M318-248C327-248 332-243 332-234 332-231 330-227 327-223 275-183 233-117 202-26 175 53 161 131 161 208L161 292C161 369 175 447 202 526 233 617 275 683 327 723 330 726 332 730 332 734 332 743 327 748 318 748 317 748 314 747 311 745 251 699 201 631 160 540 121 453 101 371 101 292L101 208C101 129 121 47 160-40 201-131 251-199 311-245 314-247 317-248 318-248Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" data-latex="n" transform="translate(1767,0)"><path data-c="1D45B" d="M537 137C514 58 481 18 440 18 427 18 420 28 420 47 420 61 426 84 438 115 478 224 498 296 498 333 498 403 451 442 381 442 322 442 271 416 230 363 222 407 187 442 136 442 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449 470 449 588 357 666 237 666Z"></path></g><rect width="3052.5" height="60" x="120" y="220"></rect></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container>.</p><p>在 MA 网络中设备之间建立邻接关系, 需要维护的邻接关系随着设备的增加而大幅度增加. 每两台设备之间两两交互 LSA, 会导致 LSA 的重复发送, 导致网络计算效率低.</p><p>DR: 指定路由器, 在每个 OSPF 的 MA 网络中, 都会选举一个 DR 设备, DR 设备会和每台设备建立邻接关系, 并交互 LSA, 同时将自身收集到的 LSA 交互给每台设备.</p><p>BDR: 备份指定路由器, 为了防止 DR 设备失效造成的单点故障, 在 MA 网络中也会选举 BDR 设备, BDR 也会与其他成员建立邻接关系, 同时监听 DR 的状态, 如果 DR 失效, 则 BDR 成为新的 DR.</p><p>DR Other: 除 DR 以外其他路由器, DR Other 之间只建立邻居关系.</p><p>每一个广播范围内选择一个 DR / BDR.</p><p>2-way 状态下完成 DR / BDR 选举.</p></div><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="DR和BDR选举"><a href="#DR和BDR选举" class="headerlink" title="DR和BDR选举"></a>DR 和 BDR 选举</h2><p>每台运行 OSPF 的路由器都有接口优先级. 默认值 1.</p><p>当优先级为 0 时, 表示该设备放弃参选.</p><p>255 最大值.</p><ol><li>优先级大于 0 的设备进行选举, 优先级越大越优.</li><li>如果优先级一致, 则比较 RID, RID 越大越优.</li></ol></div><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="OSPF的组播组"><a href="#OSPF的组播组" class="headerlink" title="OSPF的组播组"></a>OSPF 的组播组</h2><p>224.0.0.5: 所有的路由器都监听的地址</p><ol><li>DR / BDR 发送的 OSPF 报文目标地址都是 224.0.0.5</li><li>在广播型网络中所有的路由器都以 224.0.0.5 为目标地址发送 Hello 报文.</li><li>DR / BDR 会将 LSA 的更新发向 224.0.0.5</li></ol><p>224.0.0.6: DR / BDR 监听的地址</p><ol><li>DR Other 发送的 OSPF 报文的目标地址为 224.0.0.6</li><li>DR Other 会将 LSA 的更新发向 224.0.0.6</li></ol></div><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="Shell-全局OSPF配置"><a href="#Shell-全局OSPF配置" class="headerlink" title="Shell-全局OSPF配置"></a>Shell - 全局 OSPF 配置</h2><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1704164514069/ospf.png" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1704164514069/ospf.png" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Shell-全局OSPF配置"></p><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">interface LoopBack0</span><br><span class="line"> ip address 11.11.11.11 255.255.255.255 </span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">ospf 1 router-id 1.1.1.1 // 创建OSPF进程, 配置RID</span></span><br><span class="line"> area 0.0.0.0 // 创建区域</span><br><span class="line"> network 11.11.11.11 0.0.0.0 // 宣告接口</span><br><span class="line"> network 12.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 </span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash"><span class="comment">#####################</span></span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[R1]dis ip routing-table</span><br><span class="line">Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib</span><br><span class="line">------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span><br><span class="line">Routing Tables: Public</span><br><span class="line"> Destinations : 11 Routes : 11 </span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> 11.11.11.11/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 LoopBack0</span><br><span class="line"> 12.1.1.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 12.1.1.1 GigabitEthernet</span><br><span class="line">0/0/0</span><br><span class="line"> 12.1.1.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet</span><br><span class="line">0/0/0</span><br><span class="line"> 12.1.1.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet</span><br><span class="line">0/0/0</span><br><span class="line"> 22.22.22.22/32 OSPF 10 1 D 12.1.1.2 GigabitEthernet</span><br><span class="line">0/0/0</span><br><span class="line"> 23.1.1.0/24 OSPF 10 2 D 12.1.1.2 GigabitEthernet</span><br><span class="line">0/0/0</span><br><span class="line"> 33.33.33.33/32 OSPF 10 2 D 12.1.1.2 GigabitEthernet</span><br><span class="line">0/0/0</span><br><span class="line"> 127.0.0.0/8 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0</span><br><span class="line"> 127.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0</span><br><span class="line">127.255.255.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0</span><br><span class="line">255.255.255.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0</span><br><span class="line">[R1]dis int brief </span><br><span class="line">PHY: Physical</span><br><span class="line">*down: administratively down</span><br><span class="line">(l): loopback</span><br><span class="line">(s): spoofing</span><br><span class="line">(b): BFD down</span><br><span class="line">^down: standby</span><br><span class="line">(e): ETHOAM down</span><br><span class="line">(d): Dampening Suppressed</span><br><span class="line">InUti/OutUti: input utility/output utility</span><br><span class="line">Interface PHY Protocol InUti OutUti inErrors outErrors</span><br><span class="line">GigabitEthernet0/0/0 up up 0% 0% 0 0</span><br><span class="line">GigabitEthernet0/0/1 down down 0% 0% 0 0</span><br><span class="line">GigabitEthernet0/0/2 down down 0% 0% 0 0</span><br><span class="line">LoopBack0 up up(s) 0% 0% 0 0</span><br><span class="line">NULL0 up up(s) 0% 0% 0 0</span><br><span class="line"></span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure></div><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="Shell-接口下OSPF配置"><a href="#Shell-接口下OSPF配置" class="headerlink" title="Shell-接口下OSPF配置"></a>Shell - 接口下 OSPF 配置</h2><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[R1]interface LoopBack0</span><br><span class="line">[R1-LoopBack0]ospf enable 1 area 0</span><br><span class="line">[R1-LoopBack0]dis th</span><br><span class="line">[V200R003C00]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">interface LoopBack0</span></span><br><span class="line"> ip address 11.11.11.11 255.255.255.255 </span><br><span class="line"> ospf enable 1 area 0.0.0.0</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash"><span class="built_in">return</span></span></span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure></div><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="OSPF-实验"><a href="#OSPF-实验" class="headerlink" title="OSPF 实验"></a>OSPF 实验</h2><p><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1704182057165/ospf.png" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/mhgoos@0.0.1704182057165/ospf.png" srcset="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///////yH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="OSPF 实验"></p><figure class="highlight shell"><figcaption><span>R1</span></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash"> sysname R1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0</span></span><br><span class="line"> ip address 12.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 </span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1</span></span><br><span class="line"> ip address 13.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 </span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2</span></span><br><span class="line"> ip address 14.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 </span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">interface LoopBack0</span></span><br><span class="line"> ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 </span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">ospf 1 router-id 1.1.1.1</span> </span><br><span class="line"> area 0.0.0.0 </span><br><span class="line"> network 1.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 </span><br><span class="line"> network 12.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 </span><br><span class="line"> network 13.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 </span><br><span class="line"> network 14.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 </span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><figure class="highlight shell"><figcaption><span>R2</span></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash"> sysname R2</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0</span></span><br><span class="line"> ip address 12.1.1.2 255.255.255.0 </span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1</span></span><br><span class="line"> ip address 24.1.1.2 255.255.255.0 </span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2</span></span><br><span class="line"> ip address 23.1.1.2 255.255.255.0 </span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">interface NULL0</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">interface LoopBack0</span></span><br><span class="line"> ip address 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.255 </span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">ospf 1 router-id 2.2.2.2</span> </span><br><span class="line"> area 0.0.0.0 </span><br><span class="line"> network 2.2.2.2 0.0.0.0 </span><br><span class="line"> network 12.1.1.2 0.0.0.0 </span><br><span class="line"> network 23.1.1.2 0.0.0.0 </span><br><span class="line"> network 24.1.1.2 0.0.0.0 </span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><figure class="highlight shell"><figcaption><span>SW3</span></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">sysname SW3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">vlan batch 10 to 80</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">stp <span class="built_in">disable</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">dhcp <span class="built_in">enable</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">interface Vlanif10</span></span><br><span class="line"> ip address 13.1.1.3 255.255.255.0</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">interface Vlanif30</span></span><br><span class="line"> ip address 34.1.1.3 255.255.255.0</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">interface Vlanif40</span></span><br><span class="line"> ip address 23.1.1.3 255.255.255.0</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">interface Vlanif50</span></span><br><span class="line"> ip address 192.168.1.254 255.255.255.0</span><br><span class="line"> dhcp select interface</span><br><span class="line"> dhcp server lease day 0 hour 0 minute 10</span><br><span class="line"> dhcp server dns-list 8.8.8.8</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1</span></span><br><span class="line"> port link-type access</span><br><span class="line"> port default vlan 10</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2</span></span><br><span class="line"> port link-type access</span><br><span class="line"> port default vlan 50</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">interface GigabitEthernet0/0/3</span></span><br><span class="line"> port link-type access</span><br><span class="line"> port default vlan 40</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">interface GigabitEthernet0/0/4</span></span><br><span class="line"> port link-type access</span><br><span class="line"> port default vlan 30</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">interface LoopBack0</span></span><br><span class="line"> ip address 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.255</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">ospf 1 router-id 3.3.3.3</span></span><br><span class="line"> area 0.0.0.0</span><br><span class="line"> network 3.3.3.3 0.0.0.0</span><br><span class="line"> network 13.1.1.3 0.0.0.0</span><br><span class="line"> network 23.1.1.3 0.0.0.0</span><br><span class="line"> network 34.1.1.3 0.0.0.0</span><br><span class="line"> network 192.168.1.254 0.0.0.0</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><figure class="highlight shell"><figcaption><span>SW4</span></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">sysname SW4</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">vlan batch 10 to 80</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">stp <span class="built_in">disable</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">dhcp <span class="built_in">enable</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">interface Vlanif20</span></span><br><span class="line"> ip address 24.1.1.4 255.255.255.0</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">interface Vlanif30</span></span><br><span class="line"> ip address 34.1.1.4 255.255.255.0</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">interface Vlanif60</span></span><br><span class="line"> ip address 192.168.2.254 255.255.255.0</span><br><span class="line"> dhcp select interface</span><br><span class="line"> dhcp server lease day 0 hour 0 minute 10</span><br><span class="line"> dhcp server dns-list 8.8.8.8</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">interface Vlanif70</span></span><br><span class="line"> ip address 14.1.1.4 255.255.255.0</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1</span></span><br><span class="line"> port link-type access</span><br><span class="line"> port default vlan 20</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2</span></span><br><span class="line"> port link-type access</span><br><span class="line"> port default vlan 60</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">interface GigabitEthernet0/0/3</span></span><br><span class="line"> port link-type access</span><br><span class="line"> port default vlan 70</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">interface GigabitEthernet0/0/4</span></span><br><span class="line"> port link-type access</span><br><span class="line"> port default vlan 30</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">interface LoopBack0</span></span><br><span class="line"> ip address 4.4.4.4 255.255.255.255</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">ospf 1 router-id 4.4.4.4</span></span><br><span class="line"> area 0.0.0.0</span><br><span class="line"> network 4.4.4.4 0.0.0.0</span><br><span class="line"> network 24.1.1.4 0.0.0.0</span><br><span class="line"> network 14.1.1.4 0.0.0.0</span><br><span class="line"> network 34.1.1.4 0.0.0.0</span><br><span class="line"> network 192.168.2.254 0.0.0.0</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><figure class="highlight shell"><figcaption><span>SW5</span></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">sysname SW5</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">stp <span class="built_in">disable</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">vlan batch 50 60</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1</span></span><br><span class="line"> port link-type access</span><br><span class="line"> port default vlan 50</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2</span></span><br><span class="line"> port link-type access</span><br><span class="line"> port default vlan 60</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">interface GigabitEthernet0/0/3</span></span><br><span class="line"> port link-type access</span><br><span class="line"> port default vlan 50</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-bash">interface GigabitEthernet0/0/4</span></span><br><span class="line"> port link-type access</span><br><span class="line"> port default vlan 60</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">#</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure></div><div class="story post-story"><h2 id="Shell-Display"><a href="#Shell-Display" class="headerlink" title="Shell-Display"></a>Shell-Display</h2><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tbody><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">display bridge mac-address // 查看 mac</span><br><span class="line">display this // 查看当前视图</span><br><span class="line">display current-configuration // 查看当前配置</span><br><span class="line">display ip interface brief // 查看接口IP</span><br><span class="line">display ip routing-table // 查看路由</span><br><span class="line">display port vlan 查看 vlan // 和接口</span><br><span class="line">display ospf peer brief // 查看 OSPF 对等统计信息</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure></div></div><div class="footer"></div><div class="article-meta" id="bottom"><div class="new-meta-box"></div></div><div class="prev-next"><a class="prev" href="/notes/datacom/15"><p class="title"><i class="fa-solid fa-chevron-left" aria-hidden="true"></i>实现VLAN间通信</p><p class="content">本文详解VLAN间通信的三种实现方案：路由器物理接口（需多个接口分别连接不同VLAN）、单臂路由（子接口+802.1q标签，交换机Trunk端口配合）及三层交换机SVI接口（VLANIF虚拟接口配置IP）。提供华为设备完整配置命令，对比单臂路由（小型网络适用）与三层交换（大中型网络首选）的应用场景，附DHCP中继与跨网段地址分配示例。</p></a><a class="next" href="/notes/datacom/17"><p class="title">STP<i class="fa-solid fa-chevron-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></p><p class="content">本文解析生成树协议(STP)的环路防护机制，通过阻塞冗余链路构建树状拓扑，包含根桥（BID优先级+MAC地址选举）、根端口（RPC最小路径）、指定端口的三层选举流程。详述广播风暴、MAC地址漂移等环路危害，BPDU报文交互及禁用/阻塞/监听/学习/转发5种端口状态转换（含15s转发延迟计时器），提供华为设备STP使能、优先级调整（步长4096）及路径开销配置命令示例。</p></a></div><div class="recommended-article"><div class="recommended-article-header"><i class="fa-solid fa-bookmark fa-fw" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span>推荐阅读</span></div><div class="recommended-article-group"> <a class="recommended-article-item" href="/notes/datacom/22.html" title="OSPF路由计算" rel="bookmark"><img src="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/imbox@0.0.15/c/39.webp" class="lazyload" data-srcset="https://static.mhuig.top/npm/imbox@0.0.15/c/39.webp" 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