@metamask/utils
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Various JavaScript/TypeScript utilities of wide relevance to the MetaMask codebase
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{ base64 } from '@scure/base';\n\nimport { assert } from './assert';\nimport type { Hex } from './hex';\nimport { add0x, assertIsHexString, remove0x } from './hex';\n\n// '0'.charCodeAt(0) === 48\nconst HEX_MINIMUM_NUMBER_CHARACTER = 48;\n\n// '9'.charCodeAt(0) === 57\nconst HEX_MAXIMUM_NUMBER_CHARACTER = 58;\nconst HEX_CHARACTER_OFFSET = 87;\n\nexport type Bytes = bigint | number | string | Uint8Array;\n\n/**\n * Memoized function that returns an array to be used as a lookup table for\n * converting bytes to hexadecimal values.\n *\n * The array is created lazily and then cached for future use. The benefit of\n * this approach is that the performance of converting bytes to hex is much\n * better than if we were to call `toString(16)` on each byte.\n *\n * The downside is that the array is created once and then never garbage\n * collected. This is not a problem in practice because the array is only 256\n * elements long.\n *\n * @returns A function that returns the lookup table.\n */\nfunction getPrecomputedHexValuesBuilder(): () => string[] {\n // To avoid issues with tree shaking, we need to use a function to return the\n // array. 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This assumes that the bytes are\n * encoded in two's complement.\n *\n * To convert a `Uint8Array` to an unsigned `bigint` instead, use\n * {@link bytesToBigInt}.\n *\n * @see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s_complement\n * @param bytes - The bytes to convert to a signed `bigint`.\n * @returns The signed `bigint`.\n */\nexport function bytesToSignedBigInt(bytes: Uint8Array): bigint {\n assertIsBytes(bytes);\n\n let value = BigInt(0);\n for (const byte of bytes) {\n // eslint-disable-next-line no-bitwise\n value = (value << BigInt(8)) + BigInt(byte);\n }\n\n return BigInt.asIntN(bytes.length * 8, value);\n}\n\n/**\n * Convert a `Uint8Array` to a `number`.\n *\n * To convert a `Uint8Array` to a `bigint` instead, use {@link bytesToBigInt}.\n *\n * @param bytes - The bytes to convert to a number.\n * @returns The number.\n * @throws If the resulting number is not a safe integer.\n */\nexport function bytesToNumber(bytes: Uint8Array): number {\n assertIsBytes(bytes);\n\n const bigint = bytesToBigInt(bytes);\n\n assert(\n bigint <= BigInt(Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER),\n 'Number is not a safe integer. Use `bytesToBigInt` instead.',\n );\n\n return Number(bigint);\n}\n\n/**\n * Convert a UTF-8 encoded `Uint8Array` to a `string`.\n *\n * @param bytes - The bytes to convert to a string.\n * @returns The string.\n */\nexport function bytesToString(bytes: Uint8Array): string {\n assertIsBytes(bytes);\n\n return new TextDecoder().decode(bytes);\n}\n\n/**\n * Convert a `Uint8Array` to a base64 encoded string.\n *\n * @param bytes - The bytes to convert to a base64 encoded string.\n * @returns The base64 encoded string.\n */\nexport function bytesToBase64(bytes: Uint8Array): string {\n assertIsBytes(bytes);\n\n return base64.encode(bytes);\n}\n\n/**\n * Convert a hexadecimal string to a `Uint8Array`. The string can optionally be\n * prefixed with `0x`. It accepts even and odd length strings.\n *\n * If the value is \"0x\", an empty `Uint8Array` is returned.\n *\n * @param value - The hexadecimal string to convert to bytes.\n * @returns The bytes as `Uint8Array`.\n */\nexport function hexToBytes(value: string): Uint8Array {\n // \"0x\" is often used as empty byte array.\n if (value?.toLowerCase?.() === '0x') {\n return new Uint8Array();\n }\n\n assertIsHexString(value);\n\n // Remove the `0x` prefix if it exists, and pad the string to have an even\n // number of characters.\n const strippedValue = remove0x(value).toLowerCase();\n const normalizedValue =\n strippedValue.length % 2 === 0 ? strippedValue : `0${strippedValue}`;\n const bytes = new Uint8Array(normalizedValue.length / 2);\n\n for (let i = 0; i < bytes.length; i++) {\n // While this is not the prettiest way to convert a hexadecimal string to a\n // `Uint8Array`, it is a lot faster than using `parseInt` to convert each\n // character.\n const c1 = normalizedValue.charCodeAt(i * 2);\n const c2 = normalizedValue.charCodeAt(i * 2 + 1);\n const n1 =\n c1 -\n (c1 < HEX_MAXIMUM_NUMBER_CHARACTER\n ? HEX_MINIMUM_NUMBER_CHARACTER\n : HEX_CHARACTER_OFFSET);\n const n2 =\n c2 -\n (c2 < HEX_MAXIMUM_NUMBER_CHARACTER\n ? HEX_MINIMUM_NUMBER_CHARACTER\n : HEX_CHARACTER_OFFSET);\n\n bytes[i] = n1 * 16 + n2;\n }\n\n return bytes;\n}\n\n/**\n * Convert a `bigint` to a `Uint8Array`.\n *\n * This assumes that the `bigint` is an unsigned integer. To convert a signed\n * `bigint` instead, use {@link signedBigIntToBytes}.\n *\n * @param value - The bigint to convert to bytes.\n * @returns The bytes as `Uint8Array`.\n */\nexport function bigIntToBytes(value: bigint): Uint8Array {\n assert(typeof value === 'bigint', 'Value must be a bigint.');\n assert(value >= BigInt(0), 'Value must be a non-negative bigint.');\n\n const hexadecimal = value.toString(16);\n return hexToBytes(hexadecimal);\n}\n\n/**\n * Check if a `bigint` fits in a certain number of bytes.\n *\n * @param value - The `bigint` to check.\n * @param bytes - The number of bytes.\n * @returns Whether the `bigint` fits in the number of bytes.\n */\nfunction bigIntFits(value: bigint, bytes: number): boolean {\n assert(bytes > 0);\n\n /* eslint-disable no-bitwise */\n const mask = value >> BigInt(31);\n return !(((~value & mask) + (value & ~mask)) >> BigInt(bytes * 8 + ~0));\n /* eslint-enable no-bitwise */\n}\n\n/**\n * Convert a signed `bigint` to a `Uint8Array`. This uses two's complement\n * encoding to represent negative numbers.\n *\n * To convert an unsigned `bigint` to a `Uint8Array` instead, use\n * {@link bigIntToBytes}.\n *\n * @see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s_complement\n * @param value - The number to convert to bytes.\n * @param byteLength - The length of the resulting `Uint8Array`. If the number\n * is larger than the maximum value that can be represented by the given length,\n * an error is thrown.\n * @returns The bytes as `Uint8Array`.\n */\nexport function signedBigIntToBytes(\n value: bigint,\n byteLength: number,\n): Uint8Array {\n assert(typeof value === 'bigint', 'Value must be a bigint.');\n assert(typeof byteLength === 'number', 'Byte length must be a number.');\n assert(byteLength > 0, 'Byte length must be greater than 0.');\n assert(\n bigIntFits(value, byteLength),\n 'Byte length is too small to represent the given value.',\n );\n\n // ESLint doesn't like mutating function parameters, so to avoid having to\n // disable the rule, we create a new variable.\n let numberValue = value;\n const bytes = new Uint8Array(byteLength);\n\n for (let i = 0; i < bytes.length; i++) {\n bytes[i] = Number(BigInt.asUintN(8, numberValue));\n // eslint-disable-next-line no-bitwise\n numberValue >>= BigInt(8);\n }\n\n return bytes.reverse();\n}\n\n/**\n * Convert a `number` to a `Uint8Array`.\n *\n * @param value - The number to convert to bytes.\n * @returns The bytes as `Uint8Array`.\n * @throws If the number is not a safe integer.\n */\nexport function numberToBytes(value: number): Uint8Array {\n assert(typeof value === 'number', 'Value must be a number.');\n assert(value >= 0, 'Value must be a non-negative number.');\n assert(\n Number.isSafeInteger(value),\n 'Value is not a safe integer. Use `bigIntToBytes` instead.',\n );\n\n const hexadecimal = value.toString(16);\n return hexToBytes(hexadecimal);\n}\n\n/**\n * Convert a `string` to a UTF-8 encoded `Uint8Array`.\n *\n * @param value - The string to convert to bytes.\n * @returns The bytes as `Uint8Array`.\n */\nexport function stringToBytes(value: string): Uint8Array {\n assert(typeof value === 'string', 'Value must be a string.');\n\n return new TextEncoder().encode(value);\n}\n\n/**\n * Convert a base64 encoded string to a `Uint8Array`.\n *\n * @param value - The base64 encoded string to convert to bytes.\n * @returns The bytes as `Uint8Array`.\n */\nexport function base64ToBytes(value: string): Uint8Array {\n assert(typeof value === 'string', 'Value must be a string.');\n\n return base64.decode(value);\n}\n\n/**\n * Convert a byte-like value to a `Uint8Array`. The value can be a `Uint8Array`,\n * a `bigint`, a `number`, or a `string`.\n *\n * This will attempt to guess the type of the value based on its type and\n * contents. For more control over the conversion, use the more specific\n * conversion functions, such as {@link hexToBytes} or {@link stringToBytes}.\n *\n * If the value is a `string`, and it is prefixed with `0x`, it will be\n * interpreted as a hexadecimal string. Otherwise, it will be interpreted as a\n * UTF-8 string. To convert a hexadecimal string to bytes without interpreting\n * it as a UTF-8 string, use {@link hexToBytes} instead.\n *\n * If the value is a `bigint`, it is assumed to be unsigned. To convert a signed\n * `bigint` to bytes, use {@link signedBigIntToBytes} instead.\n *\n * If the value is a `Uint8Array`, it will be returned as-is.\n *\n * @param value - The value to convert to bytes.\n * @returns The bytes as `Uint8Array`.\n */\nexport function valueToBytes(value: Bytes): Uint8Array {\n if (typeof value === 'bigint') {\n return bigIntToBytes(value);\n }\n\n if (typeof value === 'number') {\n return numberToBytes(value);\n }\n\n if (typeof value === 'string') {\n if (value.startsWith('0x')) {\n return hexToBytes(value);\n }\n\n return stringToBytes(value);\n }\n\n if (isBytes(value)) {\n return value;\n }\n\n throw new TypeError(`Unsupported value type: \"${typeof value}\".`);\n}\n\n/**\n * Concatenate multiple byte-like values into a single `Uint8Array`. The values\n * can be `Uint8Array`, `bigint`, `number`, or `string`. This uses\n * {@link valueToBytes} under the hood to convert each value to bytes. Refer to\n * the documentation of that function for more information.\n *\n * @param values - The values to concatenate.\n * @returns The concatenated bytes as `Uint8Array`.\n */\nexport function concatBytes(values: Bytes[]): Uint8Array {\n const normalizedValues = new Array(values.length);\n let byteLength = 0;\n\n for (let i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {\n // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion\n const value = valueToBytes(values[i]!);\n\n normalizedValues[i] = value;\n byteLength += value.length;\n }\n\n const bytes = new Uint8Array(byteLength);\n for (let i = 0, offset = 0; i < normalizedValues.length; i++) {\n // While we could simply spread the values into an array and use\n // `Uint8Array.from`, that is a lot slower than using `Uint8Array.set`.\n bytes.set(normalizedValues[i], offset);\n offset += normalizedValues[i].length;\n }\n\n return bytes;\n}\n\n/**\n * Create a {@link DataView} from a {@link Uint8Array}. This is a convenience\n * function that avoids having to create a {@link DataView} manually, which\n * requires passing the `byteOffset` and `byteLength` parameters every time.\n *\n * Not passing the `byteOffset` and `byteLength` parameters can result in\n * unexpected behavior when the {@link Uint8Array} is a view of a larger\n * {@link ArrayBuffer}, e.g., when using {@link Uint8Array.subarray}.\n *\n * This function also supports Node.js {@link Buffer}s.\n *\n * @example\n * ```typescript\n * const bytes = new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3]);\n *\n * // This is equivalent to:\n * // const dataView = new DataView(bytes.buffer, bytes.byteOffset, bytes.byteLength);\n * const dataView = createDataView(bytes);\n * ```\n * @param bytes - The bytes to create the {@link DataView} from.\n * @returns The {@link DataView}.\n */\nexport function createDataView(bytes: Uint8Array): DataView {\n // To maintain compatibility with Node.js, we need to check if the bytes are\n // a Buffer. If so, we need to slice the buffer to get the underlying\n // ArrayBuffer.\n // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-globals\n if (typeof Buffer !== 'undefined' && bytes instanceof Buffer) {\n const buffer = bytes.buffer.slice(\n bytes.byteOffset,\n bytes.byteOffset + bytes.byteLength,\n );\n\n return new DataView(buffer);\n }\n\n return new DataView(bytes.buffer, bytes.byteOffset, bytes.byteLength);\n}\n"]}