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/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// section6TextText - 
// 
// REQUIREMENTS:
// - 
// - 
// By: Menome
// Date: 201106 
// 
// Approach:
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// test segment text
function apirp1173Text() {
    let textSegments=[
'Pipeline Safety Management Systems',
'',
'1 Scope',
'This recommended practice (RP) establishes a pipeline safety management systems (PSMS) framework for',
'organizations that operate hazardous liquids and gas pipelines jurisdictional to the US Department of Transportation.',
'Operators of other pipelines may find this document applicable useful in operating to their systems.',
'',
'This RP provides pipeline operators with safety management system requirements that when applied provide a',
'framework to reveal and manage risk, promote a learning environment, and continuously improve pipeline safety and',
'integrity. At the foundation of a PSMS is the operator’s existing pipeline safety system, including the operator’s',
'pipeline safety processes and procedures. This RP provides a comprehensive framework and defines the elements',
'needed to identify and address safety for a pipelines life cycle. These safety management system requirements',
'identify what is to be done, and leaves the details associated with implementation and maintenance of the',
'requirements to the individual pipeline operators. The document does not explicitly address personnel safety,',
'environmental protection, and security, but the elements herein can be applied to those aspects of an operation.',
'',
'Information marked “NOTE” are not requirements but are provided for guidance in understanding or clarifying the',
'associated requirement.',
'',
'NOTE       This document defines the requirements of a safety management system applicable to pipelines. When the document',
'refers to a requirement of a safety management system, it can mean a requirement specified by this pipeline safety management',
'system or another safety management system in use by an operator that meets the intent of this document.',
'',
'',
'2 Normative References',
'No other document is identified as indispensable or required for the application of this standard. A list of documents',
'associated with API 1173 are included in the bibliography. The bibliography includes references a pipeline operator',
'may consider in developing or improving a PSMS.',
'',
'',
'3 Terms, Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations',
'3.1 Terms and Definitions',
'',
'For the purposes of this document, the following definitions apply.',
'',
'3.1.1',
'accountability',
'Answerable for the correct and thorough completion of work.',
'',
'3.1.2',
'allocation',
'Assignment, distribution, or apportionment.',
'',
'3.1.3',
'audit',
'An examination of conformity with this RP and implementation of the PSMS.',
'',
'NOTE     An audit may be performed by qualified external or internal personnel not involved in the operations being audited.',
'',
'3.1.4',
'authority',
'Assigned power to control work by an organization, including power to delegate.',
'',
'2                                             API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 1173',
'',
'',
'3.1.5',
'cascading failure',
'A failure in a system of interconnected parts in which the failure of a part can trigger the failure of successive parts.',
'',
'3.1.6',
'conformance',
'Meets a specified requirement.',
'',
'3.1.7',
'contractor',
'Person(s) doing work on behalf of the pipeline operator, including all levels of subcontractors.',
'',
'3.1.8',
'corrective actions',
'The steps established either to correct nonconforming aspects of the PSMS identified during an audit or evaluation, or',
'actions taken to manage threats recognized during day-to-day activities.',
'',
'3.1.9',
'document [noun]',
'As used in this RP, written statement of requirements or record of actions taken and completion of requirements.',
'',
'3.1.10',
'effective(ness)',
'Extent to which planned activities are completed and planned results achieved. [From BS EN ISO 9000:2005, 3.2.14.]',
'',
'3.1.11',
'employee',
'A person who is employed by the pipeline operator.',
'',
'3.1.12',
'evaluation',
'When used as an alternative to an audit in 10.2 (also see 5.6(d) which references audit and evaluation plans',
'developed under requirements in Section 10), it is an assessment of the effectiveness of a pipeline operator’s PSMS',
'and progress made toward improving pipeline safety performance.',
'',
'3.1.13',
'gas',
'Natural gas, flammable gas, or gas which is toxic or corrosive.',
'',
'3.1.14',
'goal',
'Desired state or result.',
'',
'3.1.15',
'hazardous liquids',
'Petroleum, petroleum products, highly volatile liquids, carbon dioxide, or anhydrous ammonia.',
'',
'3.1.16',
'inspection',
'Demonstration through observation or measurement that an activity or condition conforms with specified',
'requirements.',
'',
'                                           PIPELINE SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS                                           3',
'',
'',
'3.1.17',
'key performance indicator',
'KPI',
'Quantifiable measure that an organization uses to gauge or compare performance.',
'',
'3.1.18',
'leadership',
'Establishing clear vision translated into policies and objectives; sharing them with others so they will follow willingly;',
'providing information, knowledge, and methods to realize the objectives; and coordinating and balancing competing',
'interests of all stakeholders; also used collectively to refer to those persons, at any level in the organization, who',
'provide these functions.',
'',
'3.1.19',
'legal requirement',
'Statutory or regulatory obligations imposed on a pipeline operator.',
'',
'3.1.20',
'management [noun]',
'Person or group of people, as defined by the pipeline operator, who directs and controls all or part of a facility,',
'location, department, or other function; has fiscal responsibility for the organization; and is accountable for',
'compliance with legal and other applicable requirements.',
'',
'NOTE     For some pipeline operators, top management and management are the same.',
'',
'3.1.21',
'management system',
'A framework of elements that an organization uses to direct and control work to achieve its objectives in an intentional',
'and continual manner.',
'',
'3.1.22',
'maturity',
'A point at which the safety management system has become embedded into the processes of an organization and',
'planned activities are completed and planned results achieved regularly, without gaps.',
'',
'3.1.23',
'maturity model',
'A description of the levels of a maturity continuum and the characteristics, attributes, indicators or patterns associated',
'with each stage.',
'',
'3.1.24',
'near-miss',
'An unplanned sequence of events that could have resulted in harm or loss if the conditions were different or if the',
'events were allowed to progress. [From the Center for Chemical Process Safety, Risk-Based Process Safety.]',
'',
'3.1.25',
'non-punitive reporting',
'Acting to encourage employees and contractor personnel to report noncompliance with regulations, non-',
'conformance with procedures, and human errors without fear of punishment or disciplinary action, only punishing a',
'person when he/she acts in a reckless manner; demonstrates a pattern of carelessness or noncompliance; or puts',
'oneself, their co-workers, the public, or the pipeline at risk by intentionally violating essential safety rules.',
'',
'3.1.26',
'objective',
'Subordinate step that supports a goal.',
'',
'4                                              API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 1173',
'',
'',
'3.1.27',
'organization',
'A group of people and facilities with an arrangement of responsibilities and authorities; united for the purpose of',
'operating a pipeline.',
'',
'3.1.28',
'outsource',
'Function or process that is performed by a contractor on behalf of the operator.',
'',
'3.1.29',
'pipeline',
'That which includes physical facilities through which hazardous liquids or gas moves in pipeline transportation,',
'including pipe, valves, fittings, flanges (including bolting and gaskets), regulators, pressure vessels, pulsation',
'dampeners, relief equipment, and other appurtenances attached to pipe, pumps and compressor units, metering',
'stations, regulator stations, and fabricated assemblies. [Adapted from ASME B31.4 and B31.8 definitions.]',
'',
'3.1.30',
'pipeline operator',
'Organization that operates a pipeline.',
'',
'3.1.31',
'pipeline safety',
'Protection of the public, employees, and pipeline against the consequences of physical failure, human error,',
'organizational failure, damage, or other undesirable events.',
'',
'3.1.32',
'procedure',
'Documented method that is followed to perform an activity under controlled conditions to achieve conformity to',
'specified requirements.',
'',
'3.1.33',
'process',
'A series of interrelated or interacting activities or steps with anticipated outputs applied in operation of a pipeline.',
'',
'3.1.34',
'record (noun)',
'Document providing evidence of activities performed or results achieved.',
'',
'3.1.35',
'responsibility',
'Obligation to complete work.',
'',
'3.1.36',
'risk',
'Situation or circumstance that has both a likelihood of occurring and a potentially negative consequence; the product',
'of likelihood of failure and consequence.',
'',
'3.1.37',
'risk analysis',
'Methodology for predicting the likelihood and consequence of a threat or threats to the pipeline system.',
'',
'                                              PIPELINE SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS                                             5',
'',
'',
'3.1.38',
'risk management',
'Systematic application of management policies, processes, procedures, finite financial and human resources, and',
'practices to the tasks of identifying, analyzing, assessing, applying prevention practices, and mitigating risk in order to',
'protect employees and contractor personnel, the general public, the environment, and the pipeline.',
'',
'3.1.39',
'resources',
'Infrastructure, technology, equipment, materials, personnel with specialized skills, and financial resources that are',
'applied to achieve objectives.',
'',
'3.1.40',
'safety assurance',
'Demonstration of the proper application of the PSMS and progress toward effective risk management and improved',
'pipeline safety performance.',
'',
'3.1.41',
'safety culture',
'The collective set of attitudes, values, norms, beliefs, and practices that an operator’s employees and contractor',
'personnel share with respect to risk and safety.',
'',
'3.1.42',
'service',
'Performance of an activity by one function or organization for another.',
'',
'3.1.43',
'stakeholder',
'Person or organization (internal or external) who participate in and/or benefit from the processes established to',
'implement and execute an effective PSMS.',
'',
'3.1.44',
'system',
'An integrated set of elements, including people, hardware, software, information, procedures, facilities, services, and',
'support facets, that are combined in an organizational or support environment to accomplish a defined objective.',
'',
'3.1.45',
'target',
'Desired KPI value or measurable indication of achievement of an objective.',
'',
'3.1.46',
'threat',
'A condition that could cause harm to a pipeline; the operator’s personnel and contractors; or the organizational',
'culture.',
'',
'3.1.47',
'top management',
'A person or group of people, as defined by the operator, who direct and control the organization at the highest level.',
'',
'NOTE       Top management can include an organization’s chairman, president, executive director, city manager, and their direct',
'reports.',
'',
'6                                                API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 1173',
'',
'',
'',
'3.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations',
'',
'For the purposes of this document, the following acronyms and abbreviations shall apply.',
'',
'     KPI           key performance indicator',
'',
'     MOC           management of change',
'',
'     PDCA         plan-do-check-act',
'',
'     PSMS         pipeline safety management system',
'',
'4 Essential Pipeline Safety Management System (PSMS) Elements',
'',
'The essential elements for this RP include the following:',
'',
'    1) leadership and management commitment (Section 5);',
'',
'    2) stakeholder engagement (Section 6);',
'',
'    3) risk management (Section 7);',
'',
'    4) operational controls (Section 8);',
'',
'    5) incident investigation, evaluation, and lessons learned (Section 9);',
'',
'    6) safety assurance (Section 10);',
'',
'    7) management review and continuous improvement (Section 11);',
'',
'    8) emergency preparedness and response (Section 12);',
'',
'    9) competence, awareness, and training (Section 13);',
'',
'    10) documentation and record keeping (Section 14);',
'',
'NOTE    At the operator level, these elements may not appear distinctly in a single document but should be identifiable in a clear',
'and mandated process within the operator’s procedures.',
'',
'5 Leadership and Management Commitment',
'5.1 General',
'',
'The pipeline operator shall establish and maintain a PSMS and build a shared understanding of safety culture. Top',
'management shall communicate expectations by documenting the pipeline operator’s policies, goals, and',
'commitment to safety, as well as identifying safety responsibilities of personnel at all levels. The pipeline operator',
'shall improve upon the PSMS and measure its effectiveness and maturity in accordance with the requirements of this',
'document.',
'',
'5.2 Goals and Objectives',
'',
'Top management shall establish goals and objectives for its PSMS. The objectives shall be measurable and',
'consistent with overall safety policies and objectives. Top management shall also create a culture within the',
'',
'                                            PIPELINE SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS                                        7',
'',
'',
'organization that encourages openness and two-way dialogue so learnings from incidents and events can ultimately',
'reduce the risk of recurrence. The health of this culture should be assessed and leadership commitment needs to be',
'visible to address areas of concern and opportunity.',
'',
'5.3 Planning',
'',
'Management shall ensure that:',
'',
'a) processes and procedures are defined to support execution of each PSMS element;',
'',
'b) a process is defined to address regulatory and legislative requirements for pipeline safety and the impact on the',
'   PSMS;',
'',
'c) plans, processes, and procedures are integrated to ensure that data, results, and findings are shared across',
'   relevant elements, processes, teams, employees, and contractors; and',
'',
'd) budgets and resource planning, including for personnel and supporting technology requirements, are developed',
'   to design, implement, and improve the PSMS.',
'',
'5.4 Responsibilities of Leadership',
'',
'5.4.1 Top Management',
'',
'Top management shall lead and demonstrate its commitment to the development, implementation, continuous',
'improvement, and evaluation of the maturity of its PSMS by:',
'',
'a) establishing and maintaining policies, goals, and objectives;',
'',
'b) promoting a positive safety culture and assessing how this culture is changing over time;',
'',
'c) ensuring that the elements set forth in this RP are in place, with clear accountability for implementation and with a',
'   clear connection between objectives and day-to-day activities;',
'',
'd) fostering risk management processes that reveal and manage risk, making compliance and risk reduction routine;',
'',
'e) leading a resource allocation process;',
'',
'f) establishing high-level performance measures;',
'',
'g) identifying the executive(s) accountable for implementation and continuous improvement, and managers',
'   responsible for each element of the PSMS;',
'',
'h) communicating commitment to the PSMS with internal and external stakeholders;',
'',
'i) ensuring that processes are in place to enable dependent and interrelated functions within the organization are',
'   sharing information and working to achieve the policies and objectives;',
'',
'j) establishing appraisal, recognition, and discipline policy that promotes the PSMS;',
'',
'k) promoting engagement and leadership at all levels of the organization;',
'',
'l) promoting an environment of mutual trust; and',
'',
'm) evaluating recommended changes for incorporation into the PSMS.',
'',
'8                                             API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 1173',
'',
'',
'5.4.2 Management',
'',
'Management, supported by top management, shall:',
'',
'a) establish, implement, evaluate, and improve processes, procedures, systems, and training to meet policies, goals,',
'   and objectives;',
'',
'b) ensure there is a clear connection between objectives and day-to-day work activities, including those needed to',
'   meet the requirements of this document;',
'',
'c) assess, evaluate, and continually improve the safety culture;',
'',
'd) ensure that risk management occurs routinely by establishing intentional actions designed to assure compliance,',
'   and reveal and manage risk;',
'',
'e) develop, implement, and continuously improve processes that apply resources to planned work and emerging',
'   risks throughout the year;',
'',
'f) identify, seek, and allocate resources sufficient for safe, environmentally sound, reliable, and efficient operations;',
'',
'g) establish performance measures that address each element of the PSMS;',
'',
'h) ensure that relevant data, results, findings, and lessons learned are shared and integrated among appropriate',
'   operator and contractor processes to the extent necessary to execute the requirements defined in the PSMS, and',
'   that communications about operations occur routinely with employees and contractors;',
'',
'i) identify personnel responsible for PSMS elements, supporting initiatives, and oversight;',
'',
'j) conduct annual management reviews of the PSMS that evaluate and recommend changes to the organization’s',
'   PSMS; and',
'',
'k) develop and implement processes, including training, to ensure employees attain appropriate levels of',
'   competence to fulfill their responsibilities and execute all aspects of the PSMS.',
'',
'5.4.3 Employees',
'',
'Employees supported by management and top management shall:',
'',
'a) follow the procedures set forth by the organization;',
'',
'b) identify and reveal risks to management;',
'',
'c) identify improvements to safety processes and procedures, considering fellow employees, contract personnel,',
'   and the public when addressing an abnormal condition or nonconforming process or procedure, and',
'',
'd) be mindful of cascading failures early on and take action to prevent a catastrophic event.',
'',
'5.5 Responsibility, Accountability, and Authority',
'',
'Responsibilities, accountabilities, and authorities in developing, implementing, and continually improving the PSMS',
'shall be defined, documented, and communicated throughout the pipeline operator’s organization. Accountability for',
'resource allocation shall be assigned to management with appropriate authority.',
'',
'                                         PIPELINE SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS                                     9',
'',
'',
'',
'5.6 Making Communication, Risk Reduction, and Continuous Improvement Routine',
'',
'Top management shall ensure routine processes are in place to foster deliberate communication, risk reduction, and',
'continuous improvement. Processes shall provide a means to identify when scheduled management system',
'requirements become due and notify management, and top management if appropriate, if not completed. The',
'processes include the following.',
'',
'a) Resource allocation—identify and review assets, systems, and other resources needed to operate in a safe,',
'   environmentally sound, and efficient manner.',
'',
'b) Review the PSMS and whether improvements should be made.',
'',
'c) Review operations performance and its impact on pipeline safety.',
'',
'd) Audit and evaluation plans—define the schedule and locations for upcoming audits and evaluations.',
'',
'e) Incentives—top management shall review how incentives encourage safety and conformance with the PSMS,',
'   and make adjustments in the incentive plan that are expected to make it more effective.',
'',
'f) Pipeline system assessment—review the pipeline system’s condition.',
'',
'g) Pipeline asset integrity management shall be updated by integrity management subject matter experts on known',
'   threats, assessment and repair effectiveness, and adequacy of the plan(s).',
'',
'h) Review processes and progress to reduce risk, including communicating incident investigation findings and',
'   lessons learned; construction progress—scope, schedule, and cost; efficiency and productivity enhancements;',
'   progress on employee and contractor safety programs; and review of leading indicators and their meanings.',
'',
'6 Stakeholder Engagement',
'6.1 General',
'',
'The pipeline operator shall maintain a process and a plan for communication and engagement with internal and',
'external stakeholders regarding risk identification and management, safety performance, and as appropriate, other',
'PSMS elements. The plan shall identify the organization’s stakeholders, both internal and external, and the',
'communication responsibilities of pipeline operator personnel.',
'',
'Stakeholder engagement plans shall identify specific objectives and the personnel responsible for sharing and',
'receiving information. The operator shall identify the types of information to be shared and how it is valuable in',
'improving pipeline safety.',
'',
'6.2 Internal',
'',
'The pipeline operator shall establish processes to communicate the importance of meeting requirements of the',
'PSMS to appropriate functions within the organization. Employees and contractors shall understand the policies,',
'goals, objectives, and procedures pertinent to their work that are driven by the PSMS.',
'',
'The pipeline operator shall maintain a process for employees and contractor personnel to raise concerns to',
'management and make recommendations for improvements in risk identification, prevention, and mitigation.',
'Management shall promote an environment encouraging two-way communication. Management shall also implement',
'a process for communicating and applying lessons learned.',
'',
'10                                                API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 1173',
'',
'',
'',
'6.3 External',
'',
'The pipeline operator shall maintain a process and a plan for two-way communication with external stakeholders. The',
'process shall address providing information, engaging regulatory bodies, and handling of feedback from',
'representatives of the public. The pipeline operator shall identify external stakeholders through ongoing use of',
'appropriate company and public processes, events, social media, or other methods. The objectives are to provide a',
'means through which stakeholders can acquaint themselves with the company and the company can be acquainted',
'with stakeholders who want to maintain an ongoing dialogue regarding safety and asset-related concerns. The',
'communication process should address a high-level view of company safety operations, the current focus of risk',
'management efforts, and measures the operator uses to gauge safety performance.',
'',
'To the extent possible, the pipeline operator shall identify personnel who are available to the public to exchange',
'information regarding pipeline safety matters, particularly where stakeholders can provide the operator with',
'information about changing risk in the physical environment surrounding the pipeline. Operators shall develop and',
'execute plans to share safety performance with those that live, work, and play in proximity to their pipelines and',
'identify personnel who can receive input regarding concerns about information transparency.',
'',
'NOTE 1      Examples include members of the public; local, state, and federal regulators; industry organizations; shippers;',
'shareholders; emergency responders; law enforcement; and others as identified by the company. This includes peer-to-peer',
'information sharing within the industry.',
'',
'NOTE 2     Refer to API 1162, Public Awareness Programs for Pipeline Operators.',
'',
'7 Risk Management',
'7.1 General',
'',
'The pipeline operator shall maintain (a) procedure(s) for the performance of risk management. The operator shall',
'maintain a description of the assets comprising the pipeline, including the surrounding environment, to identify threats',
'to pipeline safety.',
'',
'The operator shall analyze risk considering the threat occurrence likelihood and consequence. The operator shall',
'evaluate pipeline safety risk and make decisions on how to manage it through preventive controls, monitoring, and',
'mitigation measures.',
'',
'NOTE 1        Risk management is used to understand and evaluate threats throughout the pipeline life cycle and their',
'interrelationships along particular pipelines. Risk management steps are undertaken to reduce risk and support achieving a goal of',
'zero incidents.',
'',
'NOTE 2 The term “threat,” meaning threats to pipeline safety, is used in this document in a similar way that “hazard” is used in',
'other industries. The intent in identifying threats or hazards is to define “what can go wrong?”. Threats in this context are broader',
'than the set typically considered for pipeline integrity.',
'',
'NOTE 3 The term “threat” can be applied broadly in a PSMS, such as a threat to a safety culture (NEB Statement on Safety',
'Culture), or a threat to the knowledge and experience of an organization through retirements and attrition. These threats can be',
'assessed using risk assessment and managed with prevention and mitigation measures.',
'',
'7.2 Data Gathering',
'',
'The pipeline operator shall maintain an inventory of the pipeline and environment in proximity to the pipeline that is',
'required to define safe operating conditions (e.g. maximum operating pressure [MOP] and maximum allowable',
'operating pressure [MAOP]) as well as maintenance. Recognizing that where there are historical gaps in data, the',
'operator shall work to close gaps through on-going work related to operations, maintenance, and pipeline integrity or',
'use conservative assumptions in setting operating parameters until a gap can be closed.',
'',
'                                           PIPELINE SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS                                         11',
'',
'',
'These data serve as the foundation of risk management and shall include available data over the pipeline life cycle',
'and shall be updated based on work performed and as needed during the life of the pipeline. Incident data, including',
'the cause of incidents, shall be included as appropriate. The pipeline operator shall conduct a regular review to',
'identify data gaps and evaluate data quality as part of risk assessment, consistent with continuous improvement.',
'',
'7.3 Risk Identification and Assessment',
'',
'Risks to pipeline safety that could result in an unintended release or abnormal operating conditions shall be identified,',
'based on data and information, as well as knowledge and experience with similar facilities. The operator shall',
'maintain a process to identify threats that are posed by operations and the operating environment, including changes',
'in conditions that could occur between assessments. The process shall identify locations where multiple threats are',
'potentially interactive and thereby increase risk. In conducting an assessment of threats, operators should be mindful',
'of “what can go wrong?”.',
'',
'Risk assessment shall consider the likelihood and severity of threats using any one of a variety of risk management',
'tools. Risk assessments shall be performed and updated as information and conditions change to identify and',
'understand the collective threats and support the selection of prevention and mitigation measures to minimize the',
'likelihood of the occurrence and consequences of an unintended release and the likelihood of abnormal operating',
'conditions.',
'',
'NOTE        Refer to ASME B31.8S, Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines, Section 5 and API 1160, Managing System',
'Integrity for Hazardous Liquid Pipelines, Section 7.',
'',
'7.4 Risk Prevention and Mitigation',
'',
'Risk prevention and mitigation measures to reduce the likelihood and consequences of a release shall be identified',
'and evaluated to improve situational awareness. Information to consider shall include, at a minimum:',
'',
'a) learnings from internal and external events;',
'',
'b) review of equipment operability, including control systems and materials;',
'',
'c) review of procedures, authorities, responsibilities, and accountabilities;',
'',
'd) review of training, drills, and scenario development;',
'',
'e) review of incident response preparation, including response time adequacy and the ability to coordinate and stage',
'   an incident command system with response personnel internal and external to the organization;',
'',
'f) identification of areas of high consequence; and',
'',
'g) in selecting measures to reduce risk, preference shall be given to prevention measures that eliminate or reduce',
'   the likelihood and/or consequences of incidents. Operators shall implement the selected measures and evaluate',
'   their impact on risk.',
'',
'7.5 Periodic Analyses',
'',
'Risk assessments shall be reviewed at least annually, and updated as warranted, using data and information gained',
'from operations and maintenance, inspection and testing, integrity-related work, and incident investigations.',
'',
'7.6 Risk Management Review',
'',
'Risk management results, including selected risk mitigation methods and their intended effectiveness shall be',
'reviewed, at least annually, with top management.',
'',
'12                                                 API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 1173',
'',
'',
'',
'8 Operational Controls',
'8.1 Operating Procedures',
'',
'8.1.1 General',
'',
'The pipeline operator shall maintain procedures that address safe work practices to assure the safe conduct of',
'operating, maintenance, and emergency response activities and the control of materials that impact pipeline safety.',
'Pipeline operating personnel shall follow written procedures. In cases where an employee believes that following a',
'procedure will cause an unsafe condition, he/she shall have authority to stop work and seek permission to deviate.',
'Deviations should be documented for future analysis. Pipeline operating personnel shall have responsibility and',
'authority to raise concerns through designated processes.',
'',
'8.1.2 Content of Operating Procedures',
'',
'The pipeline operator shall maintain procedures for the safe operation of each facility consistent with the pipeline',
'operator’s safety policies and objectives. The procedures shall:',
'',
'a) identify operating conditions and define processes for the following phases of operation, including (as applicable):',
'',
'     1) initial start-up (new or modified facilities),',
'',
'     2) normal operation,',
'',
'     3) temporary operations, as the need arises,',
'',
'     4) emergency operations, including emergency shutdowns,',
'',
'     5) normal shutdown, and',
'',
'     6) start-up or restoration of operations following maintenance or outage;',
'',
'b) identify operating limits relating directly to safety.',
'',
'8.1.3 Review',
'',
'Operating procedures shall be reviewed to identify improvements and lessons learned. The frequency of the review',
'shall be based on the levels of risk identified, but no less often than annually. Changes to the procedures shall be',
'documented.',
'',
'8.2 System Integrity',
'',
'8.2.1 General',
'',
'The pipeline operator shall assure that pipeline systems subject to this document are designed, manufactured,',
'fabricated, installed, operated, maintained, inspected, and tested pipeline systems subject to this document to',
'maintain safety in a manner consistent with the specified requirements, regulations, and applicable standards.',
'',
'8.2.2 Manufacturing and Construction',
'',
'The pipeline operator shall maintain (a) quality control procedure(s) so that materials and construction are in',
'accordance with the design and purchase specifications.',
'',
'                                           PIPELINE SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS                                  13',
'',
'',
'8.2.3 Manufacturing and Construction Inspection',
'',
'The pipeline operator shall maintain inspection procedures so that the manufacturing and installation of equipment',
'conforms with design and purchase specifications and the manufacturers instructions prior to start-up.',
'',
'8.2.4 Maintenance',
'',
'The pipeline operator shall maintain procedures to control maintenance activities.',
'',
'8.2.5 Testing and Inspection',
'',
'The pipeline operator shall maintain inspection and testing procedures for pipeline safety-related equipment',
'connected to the pipeline system such as relief valves, regulators, etc.',
'',
'8.3 Management of Change (MOC)',
'',
'8.3.1 General',
'',
'The pipeline operator shall maintain a procedure for management of change (MOC). For each MOC, the pipeline',
'operator shall identify the potential risks associated with the change and any required approvals prior to the',
'introduction of such changes.',
'',
'8.3.2 Types of Change',
'',
'The types of changes that a MOC procedure addresses shall include:',
'',
'  1) technology,',
'',
'  2) equipment,',
'',
'  3) procedural, and',
'',
'  4) organizational.',
'',
'This procedure shall consider permanent or temporary changes. The process shall incorporate planning for the',
'effects of the change for each of these situations.',
'',
'8.3.3 Elements of MOC Procedure',
'',
'A MOC procedure shall include the following:',
'',
'a) reason for change;',
'',
'b) authority for approving changes;',
'',
'c) analysis of implications;',
'',
'd) acquisition of required work permits;',
'',
'e) documentation of change process;',
'',
'f) communication of change to affected parts of the organization;',
'',
'g) time limitations; and',
'',
'14                                             API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 1173',
'',
'',
'h) qualification and training of personnel affected by the change (including contractors).',
'',
'NOTE 1    Refer to ASME B31.8S for gas transmission pipelines and ASME B31.4 for hazardous liquid pipelines.',
'',
'NOTE 2    Application of MOC may trigger use of risk assessment to evaluate the impact of change on overall risk.',
'',
'8.4 Use of Contractors',
'',
'When a pipeline operator elects to outsource activities on the pipeline affected by the PSMS, it shall define and',
'document the process for:',
'',
'a) communicating requirements of the PSMS applicable to the contractor’s scope of work;',
'',
'b) defining responsibility, accountability, and authority for managing the outsourced activities;',
'',
'c) incorporating lessons learned into the operator’s operations;',
'',
'd) training and orientation on safety policies;',
'',
'e) evaluating contractor safety performance;',
'',
'f) communicating risks at the work site; and',
'',
'g) communicating the MOC procedure.',
'',
'9 Incident Investigation, Evaluation, and Lessons Learned',
'9.1 Investigation of Incidents',
'',
'9.1.1 General',
'',
'The pipeline operator shall maintain a procedure for investigating incidents and near-misses that led, or could have',
'led, to an incident with serious consequences. Incident investigations shall be initiated as promptly as possible',
'considering the need to secure the incident scene, protect people and the environment, and maintain and recover',
'important evidence and testimony.',
'',
'9.1.2 Investigation',
'',
'The investigation of an incident or near-miss shall include the following:',
'',
'a) identification of the cause(s) of the incident and any contributing factors, including consideration of potential',
'   consequences;',
'',
'b) investigation findings and lessons learned;',
'',
'c) an evaluation and review of the effectiveness of all emergency response procedures and processes implemented',
'   as relevant to the incident;',
'',
'd) recommendations for pipeline safety performance improvement, including changes to processes and procedures',
'   that are identified as a result of the investigation; and',
'',
'e) recommendations for transferring lessons learned from the investigation to the risk assessment and control',
'   processes, including a review of the consequence and likelihood of failure, current procedures, training, and',
'   resource allocation.',
'',
'                                             PIPELINE SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS                                            15',
'',
'',
'',
'9.2 Follow-up and Communication of Lessons Learned',
'',
'The pipeline operator shall establish a procedure to determine and document the response to each finding and lesson',
'learned from the incident investigation. The pipeline operator shall assure that actions to implement risk assessment',
'and pipeline safety performance improvement recommendations are tracked and completed.',
'',
'The procedure shall assure that the cause(s), contributing factors, recommendations to prevent recurrence, and',
'lessons learned are communicated to appropriate personnel. The operator may share lessons learned externally',
'through peer-to-peer interactions. Records of the investigation and resulting actions shall be maintained for possible',
'use in subsequent risk assessments.',
'',
'9.3 Learning from Past Events',
'',
'The pipeline operator shall establish a process to periodically reevaluate past incident investigations of high',
'consequence and significant near-miss events. This process should focus on:',
'',
'a) generating new lessons learned from past events;',
'',
'b) evaluating the effectiveness of organizational learning from the known lessons learned.',
'',
'9.4 Learning from External Events',
'',
'The pipeline operator shall establish a process for evaluating events external to its operations to identify opportunities',
'to learn from those events. Potential sources of information include information gained from peers, regulators, the',
'affected public, landowners, public officials, and emergency planning and response personnel.',
'',
'NOTE 1 Examples of lessons learned include relevant reported releases, publicly available information on failures, and results',
'of incident investigations.',
'',
'NOTE 2 Examples of sources of external events include: NTSB Investigations of pipeline failures, PHMSA advisory bulletins',
'and failure reports, and Common Ground Alliance Damage Incident Reporting Tool System Reports for information on damages',
'to pipelines.',
'',
'10 Safety Assurance',
'10.1 General',
'',
'The operator should evaluate the application of its PSMS and determine whether expected progress toward effective',
'risk management and improved pipeline safety performance are being achieved. The pipeline operator shall',
'demonstrate the proper application of its PSMS and continually improving risk management and pipeline safety',
'performance.',
'',
'10.2 Audit and Evaluation',
'',
'10.2.1 General',
'',
'As part of the safety assurance process, the pipeline operator shall use audits to examine conformity of the PSMS to',
'the requirements of this document, including how it applies to service providers and contractors. Based on those',
'audits and other forms of evaluation discussed below, the operator shall assess the effectiveness of its risk',
'management and progress made toward improving pipeline safety performance.',
'',
'The pipeline operator shall maintain procedures for planning, conducting, and documenting both audits and',
'evaluations. Planning of audits and evaluation shall consider the results of previous audits and evaluations and place',
'greater weight on processes involving a higher safety risk as well as business criticality.',
'',
'16                                           API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 1173',
'',
'',
'10.2.2 Audits',
'',
'The pipeline operator shall perform audits to examine its conformity with this RP and the implementation of its PSMS.',
'The audits shall determine whether the pipeline operator’s PSMS is implemented, maintained, and conforms to this',
'RP. It is critical that the operator discerns that each of the PSMS elements and processes are in place and effective.',
'',
'The pipeline operator shall identify the audit criteria, scope, frequency, and methods used to assess the application of',
'and conformance with its PSMS and this RP. Risk and complexity of operations are key drivers in the prioritization',
'and frequency of audits. The operator shall assure that each of the elements of the PSMS is audited at least once',
'every three years.',
'',
'An audit may be performed by external professionals or internal personnel not involved in the work of the PSMS or',
'the operations being audited. Examples may include personnel of a separate operating unit, an organizations',
'compliance unit, an organizations internal audit group, or external parties such as professional auditors, subject',
'matter experts, or peer operators.',
'',
'10.2.3 Evaluation of Risk Management and Safety Performance',
'',
'A pipeline operator shall perform evaluations to assess the effectiveness of its risk management and progress made',
'toward improving pipeline safety performance. Operators shall assure they evaluate their safety culture. Evaluations',
'shall review processes and procedures and the maturity of their implementation.',
'',
'Evaluation of risk management and safety performance shall consider the results of stakeholder engagement under',
'Section 6; risk analysis under Section 7; management of change under Section 8; any incident investigations,',
'findings, recommendations, and lessons learned, both internal and external, under Section 9; audits under Section',
'10; management reviews under Section 11; emergency response issues under Section 12; personnel issues under',
'Section 13; as well as near-miss experiences and abnormal operating data, as appropriate. Evaluation of progress',
'toward improving pipeline safety performance shall also include results of the safety culture evaluation per 10.2.4 and',
'PSMS maturity of 10.2.5.',
'',
'10.2.4 Evaluation of Safety Culture',
'',
'The pipeline operator shall establish methods to evaluate the safety culture of its organization. Operators shall assess',
'their safety culture using methods that assess employee perception of the safety culture. Methods to assess the',
'perception of the culture include but are not limited to questionnaires, interviews, and focus groups. Policies,',
'operating procedures, considering risk in decisions and practice, reporting processes, sharing of lessons learned, and',
'employee and contractor participation support an operator’s safety culture. Observations and audits of how each of',
'these are being applied in the daily conduct of operations provide indications of the health of an organization’s safety',
'culture. Failure in application of these provides an indication of potential deterioration of the safety culture.',
'Management shall review the results and findings of perception assessments, observations and audits and define',
'how to improve application of the supporting attributes.',
'',
'10.2.5 Evaluation of PSMS Maturity',
'',
'The pipeline operator shall establish a method to evaluate the growth and development, otherwise known as maturity,',
'of its PSMS. Beyond basic conformity with the RP audited in 10.2.2, evaluation of the maturity of the PSMS enhances',
'continual safety performance improvement by providing information on the degree to which the PSMS is',
'comprehensive, systematic, and integrated throughout the organization. The evaluation method should allow the',
'operator to objectively determine the strengths and weaknesses of its personnel and processes that support each of',
'the elements of the PSMS, as well as areas of its PSMS needing improvement. The method should be flexible to',
'provide the right level of focus on the elements depending on the operator’s stage of PSMS development, even if it is',
'an early stage, with subsequent periodic reviews.',
'',
'                                          PIPELINE SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS                                        17',
'',
'',
'As the PSMS matures, pipeline operators shall maintain a method to evaluate the extent to which the development',
'and deployment of the PSMS, and means to measure performance (e.g. key performance indicators [KPIs]) are:',
'',
'a) comprehensively applied (applied system wide);',
'',
'b) systematically applied (applied in a uniform, consistent way); and',
'',
'c) integrated (applied drawing upon the collective experience of personnel and use of data across the system).',
'',
'The pipeline operator shall engage in benchmarking with other operators and publicly available information when',
'evaluating the maturity of its PSMS.',
'',
'If the operator is at the early stages, the operator may begin by simply determining whether:',
'',
'a) a maturity assessment approach has been developed or a model is available;',
'',
'b) deployment has been undertaken;',
'',
'c) results have been measured; and',
'',
'd) continuous improvement initiatives have been undertaken that are focused on greater effectiveness.',
'',
'10.2.6 Audit and Evaluation Review and Closure',
'',
'Management shall define response times for addressing identified findings of audits and evaluations. The',
'management responsible for the area being audited or evaluated shall ensure that findings are addressed within the',
'defined response times. The results of internal audits and the status of corrective actions shall be reported in the',
'management review (see 11.1.2). Records of internal audits shall be maintained.',
'',
'10.3 Reporting and Feedback System',
'',
'In addition to other reporting and feedback processes an operator maintains, the pipeline operator shall establish and',
'maintain a reporting and feedback process for employees and contractors. The need for an anonymous reporting',
'system should also be considered after reviewing the benefits and drawbacks of an anonymous and/or non-punitive',
'system. Data and information obtained from the implementation of the process shall be monitored to identify new and',
'emerging risks to consider in risk evaluation and to evaluate performance of risk mitigation.',
'',
'10.4 Performance Measurement and Analysis of Data',
'',
'The pipeline operator shall establish and maintain a procedure to identify key performance indicators (KPIs) to',
'measure the effectiveness of risk management, and the effectiveness and adequacy of the PSMS.',
'',
'The pipeline operator shall establish and maintain a procedure for the identification, collection, and analysis of data',
'generated from operations and maintenance, integrity management, audits and evaluations (see 10.2), management',
'reviews (see Section 11), and other relevant sources related to the suitability and effectiveness of the PSMS.',
'',
'The operator shall monitor, at a minimum, fatalities, injuries, and property damage resulting from planned as well as',
'unplanned releases; these are referred to as lagging KPIs. The pipeline operator shall establish leading KPIs, which',
'are those measures demonstrating risk reduction. The pipeline operator shall establish process KPIs, i.e. those',
'measures that demonstrate completion or improvement of elements and their supporting processes and procedures.',
'The pipeline operator shall define the frequency with which to review the KPIs and trend performances to identify',
'adverse trends and take corrective action.',
'',
'18                                             API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 1173',
'',
'',
'NOTE      KPIs reflect the outcomes of execution of the PSMS. Leading KPIs are often referred to as precursor or leading',
'measures. Examples include the number of integrity evaluations completed (including mileage), the number of near-term repairs',
'made (including conditions warranting immediate action), and the number of preventive and mitigation actions implemented.',
'Process KPIs are often referred to as proactive measures. Examples include the number of improvement initiatives planned and',
'the number completed, the number of processes improved, and the number of procedures modified and improved. For examples',
'of process safety performance indicators refer to API 754.',
'',
'',
'11 Management Review and Continuous Improvement',
'11.1 Management Review',