@lodestar/beacon-node/src/network/gossip/gossipsub.ts

A Typescript implementation of the beacon chain

import {
  type GossipSub,
  type GossipSubEvents,
  type PublishResult,
  StrictNoSign,
  type TopicValidatorResult,
  gossipsub,
} from "@libp2p/gossipsub";
import type {MetricsRegister, TopicLabel, TopicStrToLabel} from "@libp2p/gossipsub/metrics";
import type {PeerScoreParams, PeerScoreStatsDump} from "@libp2p/gossipsub/score";
import type {AddrInfo, PublishOpts, TopicStr} from "@libp2p/gossipsub/types";
import type {PeerId} from "@libp2p/interface";
import {peerIdFromString} from "@libp2p/peer-id";
import {type Multiaddr, multiaddr} from "@multiformats/multiaddr";
import {ENR} from "@chainsafe/enr";
import {routes} from "@lodestar/api";
import {BeaconConfig, ForkBoundary} from "@lodestar/config";
import {ATTESTATION_SUBNET_COUNT, SLOTS_PER_EPOCH, SYNC_COMMITTEE_SUBNET_COUNT} from "@lodestar/params";
import {SubnetID} from "@lodestar/types";
import {Logger, Map2d, Map2dArr} from "@lodestar/utils";
import {RegistryMetricCreator} from "../../metrics/index.js";
import {callInNextEventLoop} from "../../util/eventLoop.js";
import {NetworkEvent, NetworkEventBus, NetworkEventData} from "../events.js";
import {Libp2p} from "../interface.js";
import {NetworkConfig} from "../networkConfig.js";
import {ClientKind} from "../peers/client.js";
import {PeersData} from "../peers/peersData.js";
import {DataTransformSnappy, fastMsgIdFn, msgIdFn, msgIdToStrFn} from "./encoding.js";
import {GossipTopic, GossipType} from "./interface.js";
import {Eth2GossipsubMetrics, createEth2GossipsubMetrics} from "./metrics.js";
import {
  GOSSIP_D,
  GOSSIP_D_HIGH,
  GOSSIP_D_LOW,
  computeGossipPeerScoreParams,
  gossipScoreThresholds,
} from "./scoringParameters.js";
import {GossipTopicCache, getCoreTopicsAtFork, stringifyGossipTopic} from "./topic.js";

/** As specified in https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/v1.1.10/specs/phase0/p2p-interface.md */
const GOSSIPSUB_HEARTBEAT_INTERVAL = 0.7 * 1000;

const MAX_OUTBOUND_BUFFER_SIZE = 2 ** 24; // 16MB

export type Eth2Context = {
  activeValidatorCount: number;
  currentSlot: number;
  currentEpoch: number;
};

export type Eth2GossipsubModules = {
  networkConfig: NetworkConfig;
  libp2p: Libp2p;
  logger: Logger;
  metricsRegister: RegistryMetricCreator | null;
  eth2Context: Eth2Context;
  peersData: PeersData;
  events: NetworkEventBus;
};

export type Eth2GossipsubOpts = {
  allowPublishToZeroPeers?: boolean;
  gossipsubD?: number;
  gossipsubDLow?: number;
  gossipsubDHigh?: number;
  gossipsubAwaitHandler?: boolean;
  disableFloodPublish?: boolean;
  skipParamsLog?: boolean;
  disableLightClientServer?: boolean;
  /**
   * Direct peers for GossipSub - these peers maintain permanent mesh connections without GRAFT/PRUNE.
   * Supports multiaddr strings with peer ID (e.g., "/ip4/192.168.1.1/tcp/9000/p2p/16Uiu2HAmKLhW7...")
   * or ENR strings (e.g., "enr:-IS4QHCYrYZbAKWCBRlAy5zzaDZXJBGkcnh4MHcBFZntXNFrdvJjX04jRzjzCBOo...")
   */
  directPeers?: string[];
};

export type ForkBoundaryLabel = string;

// Many of the internal properties we need are not available on the public interface,
// so we create an extended type here to avoid excessive type assertions throughout the codebase.
// Mind that any updates to the gossipsub package may require updates to this type.
type GossipSubInternal = GossipSub & {
  mesh: Map<string, Set<string>>;
  peers: Map<string, PeerId>;
  score: {score: (peerIdStr: string) => number};
  direct: Set<string>;
  topics: Map<string, Set<string>>;
  start: () => Promise<void>;
  stop: () => Promise<void>;
  publish: (topic: TopicStr, data: Uint8Array, opts?: PublishOpts) => Promise<PublishResult>;
  getMeshPeers: (topic: TopicStr) => string[];
  dumpPeerScoreStats: () => PeerScoreStatsDump;
  getScore: (peerIdStr: string) => number;
  reportMessageValidationResult: (msgId: string, propagationSource: string, acceptance: TopicValidatorResult) => void;
};

/**
 * Wrapper around js-libp2p-gossipsub with the following extensions:
 * - Eth2 message id
 * - Emits `GossipObject`, not `InMessage`
 * - Provides convenience interface:
 *   - `publishObject`
 *   - `subscribeTopic`
 *   - `unsubscribeTopic`
 *   - `handleTopic`
 *   - `unhandleTopic`
 *
 * See https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/v1.1.10/specs/phase0/p2p-interface.md#the-gossip-domain-gossipsub
 */
export class Eth2Gossipsub {
  readonly scoreParams: Partial<PeerScoreParams>;
  private readonly config: BeaconConfig;
  private readonly logger: Logger;
  private readonly peersData: PeersData;
  private readonly events: NetworkEventBus;
  private readonly libp2p: Libp2p;
  private readonly gossipsub: GossipSubInternal;

  // Internal caches
  private readonly gossipTopicCache: GossipTopicCache;

  constructor(opts: Eth2GossipsubOpts, modules: Eth2GossipsubModules) {
    const {allowPublishToZeroPeers, gossipsubD, gossipsubDLow, gossipsubDHigh} = opts;
    const {networkConfig, logger, metricsRegister, peersData, events} = modules;
    const {config} = networkConfig;
    const gossipTopicCache = new GossipTopicCache(config);

    const scoreParams = computeGossipPeerScoreParams({config, eth2Context: modules.eth2Context});
    let metrics: Eth2GossipsubMetrics | null = null;
    if (metricsRegister) {
      metrics = createEth2GossipsubMetrics(metricsRegister);
    }

    // Parse direct peers from multiaddr strings to AddrInfo objects
    const directPeers = parseDirectPeers(opts.directPeers ?? [], logger);

    // Gossipsub parameters defined here:
    // https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/v1.1.10/specs/phase0/p2p-interface.md#the-gossip-domain-gossipsub
    const gossipsubInstance = gossipsub({
      globalSignaturePolicy: StrictNoSign,
      allowPublishToZeroTopicPeers: allowPublishToZeroPeers,
      D: gossipsubD ?? GOSSIP_D,
      Dlo: gossipsubDLow ?? GOSSIP_D_LOW,
      Dhi: gossipsubDHigh ?? GOSSIP_D_HIGH,
      Dlazy: 6,
      directPeers,
      heartbeatInterval: GOSSIPSUB_HEARTBEAT_INTERVAL,
      fanoutTTL: 60 * 1000,
      mcacheLength: 6,
      mcacheGossip: 3,
      // this should be in ms
      seenTTL: config.SLOT_DURATION_MS * SLOTS_PER_EPOCH * 2,
      scoreParams,
      scoreThresholds: gossipScoreThresholds,
      // For a single stream, await processing each RPC before processing the next
      awaitRpcHandler: opts.gossipsubAwaitHandler,
      // For a single RPC, await processing each message before processing the next
      awaitRpcMessageHandler: opts.gossipsubAwaitHandler,
      // the default in gossipsub is 3s is not enough since lodestar suffers from I/O lag
      gossipsubIWantFollowupMs: 12 * 1000, // 12s
      fastMsgIdFn: fastMsgIdFn,
      msgIdFn: msgIdFn.bind(msgIdFn, gossipTopicCache),
      msgIdToStrFn: msgIdToStrFn,
      dataTransform: new DataTransformSnappy(gossipTopicCache, config.MAX_PAYLOAD_SIZE, metrics),
      metricsRegister: metricsRegister as MetricsRegister | null,
      metricsTopicStrToLabel: metricsRegister
        ? getMetricsTopicStrToLabel(networkConfig, {disableLightClientServer: opts.disableLightClientServer ?? false})
        : undefined,
      asyncValidation: true,

      maxOutboundBufferSize: MAX_OUTBOUND_BUFFER_SIZE,
      // serialize message once and send to all peers when publishing
      batchPublish: true,
      // if this is false, only publish to mesh peers. If there is not enough GOSSIP_D mesh peers,
      // publish to some more topic peers to make sure we always publish to at least GOSSIP_D peers
      floodPublish: !opts?.disableFloodPublish,
      // Only send IDONTWANT messages if the message size is larger than this
      // This should be large enough to not send IDONTWANT for "small" messages
      // See https://github.com/ChainSafe/lodestar/pull/7077#issuecomment-2383679472
      idontwantMinDataSize: 16829,
    })(modules.libp2p.services.components) as GossipSubInternal;

    if (metrics) {
      metrics.gossipMesh.peersByType.addCollect(() => this.onScrapeLodestarMetrics(metrics, networkConfig));
    }
    this.gossipsub = gossipsubInstance;
    this.scoreParams = scoreParams;
    this.config = config;
    this.logger = logger;
    this.peersData = peersData;
    this.events = events;
    this.libp2p = modules.libp2p;
    this.gossipTopicCache = gossipTopicCache;

    this.gossipsub.addEventListener("gossipsub:message", this.onGossipsubMessage.bind(this));
    this.events.on(NetworkEvent.gossipMessageValidationResult, this.onValidationResult.bind(this));

    // Having access to this data is CRUCIAL for debugging. While this is a massive log, it must not be deleted.
    // Scoring issues require this dump + current peer score stats to re-calculate scores.
    if (!opts.skipParamsLog) {
      this.logger.debug("Gossipsub score params", {params: JSON.stringify(scoreParams)});
    }
  }

  async start(): Promise<void> {
    await this.gossipsub.start();
  }

  async stop(): Promise<void> {
    await this.gossipsub.stop();
  }

  get mesh(): Map<string, Set<string>> {
    return this.gossipsub.mesh;
  }

  getTopics(): TopicStr[] {
    return this.gossipsub.getTopics();
  }

  getMeshPeers(topic: TopicStr): string[] {
    return this.gossipsub.getMeshPeers(topic);
  }

  publish(topic: TopicStr, data: Uint8Array, opts?: PublishOpts): Promise<PublishResult> {
    return this.gossipsub.publish(topic, data, opts);
  }

  dumpPeerScoreStats(): PeerScoreStatsDump {
    return this.gossipsub.dumpPeerScoreStats();
  }

  getScore(peerIdStr: string): number {
    return this.gossipsub.getScore(peerIdStr);
  }

  /**
   * Subscribe to a `GossipTopic`
   */
  subscribeTopic(topic: GossipTopic): void {
    const topicStr = stringifyGossipTopic(this.config, topic);
    // Register known topicStr
    this.gossipTopicCache.setTopic(topicStr, topic);

    this.logger.verbose("Subscribe to gossipsub topic", {topic: topicStr});
    this.gossipsub.subscribe(topicStr);
  }

  /**
   * Unsubscribe to a `GossipTopic`
   */
  unsubscribeTopic(topic: GossipTopic): void {
    const topicStr = stringifyGossipTopic(this.config, topic);
    this.logger.verbose("Unsubscribe to gossipsub topic", {topic: topicStr});
    this.gossipsub.unsubscribe(topicStr);
  }

  private onScrapeLodestarMetrics(metrics: Eth2GossipsubMetrics, networkConfig: NetworkConfig): void {
    const mesh = this.gossipsub.mesh;
    const topics = this.gossipsub.topics;
    const peers = this.gossipsub.peers;
    const score = this.gossipsub.score;
    const meshPeersByClient = new Map<string, number>();
    const meshPeerIdStrs = new Set<string>();

    for (const {peersMap, metricsGossip, type} of [
      {peersMap: mesh, metricsGossip: metrics.gossipMesh, type: "mesh"},
      {peersMap: topics, metricsGossip: metrics.gossipTopic, type: "topics"},
    ]) {
      // Pre-aggregate results by fork so we can fill the remaining metrics with 0
      const peersByTypeByBoundary = new Map2d<ForkBoundaryLabel, GossipType, number>();
      const peersByBeaconAttSubnetByBoundary = new Map2dArr<ForkBoundaryLabel, number>();
      const peersByBeaconSyncSubnetByBoundary = new Map2dArr<ForkBoundaryLabel, number>();
      const peersByDataColumnSubnetByBoundary = new Map2dArr<ForkBoundaryLabel, number>();

      // loop through all mesh entries, count each set size
      for (const [topicString, peers] of peersMap) {
        // Ignore topics with 0 peers. May prevent overriding after a fork
        if (peers.size === 0) continue;

        // there are some new topics in the network so `getKnownTopic()` returns undefined
        // for example in prater: /eth2/82f4a72b/optimistic_light_client_update_v0/ssz_snappy
        const topic = this.gossipTopicCache.getKnownTopic(topicString);
        if (topic !== undefined) {
          const boundary = getForkBoundaryLabel(topic.boundary);
          if (topic.type === GossipType.beacon_attestation) {
            peersByBeaconAttSubnetByBoundary.set(boundary, topic.subnet, peers.size);
          } else if (topic.type === GossipType.sync_committee) {
            peersByBeaconSyncSubnetByBoundary.set(boundary, topic.subnet, peers.size);
          } else if (topic.type === GossipType.data_column_sidecar) {
            peersByDataColumnSubnetByBoundary.set(boundary, topic.subnet, peers.size);
          } else {
            peersByTypeByBoundary.set(boundary, topic.type, peers.size);
          }
        }

        if (type === "mesh") {
          for (const peer of peers) {
            if (!meshPeerIdStrs.has(peer)) {
              meshPeerIdStrs.add(peer);
              const client = this.peersData.connectedPeers.get(peer)?.agentClient?.toString() ?? ClientKind.Unknown;
              meshPeersByClient.set(client, (meshPeersByClient.get(client) ?? 0) + 1);
            }
          }
        }
      }

      // beacon attestation mesh gets counted separately so we can track mesh peers by subnet
      // zero out all gossip type & subnet choices, so the dashboard will register them
      for (const [boundary, peersByType] of peersByTypeByBoundary.map) {
        for (const type of Object.values(GossipType)) {
          metricsGossip.peersByType.set({boundary, type}, peersByType.get(type) ?? 0);
        }
      }
      for (const [boundary, peersByBeaconAttSubnet] of peersByBeaconAttSubnetByBoundary.map) {
        for (let subnet = 0; subnet < ATTESTATION_SUBNET_COUNT; subnet++) {
          metricsGossip.peersByBeaconAttestationSubnet.set(
            {boundary, subnet: attSubnetLabel(subnet)},
            peersByBeaconAttSubnet[subnet] ?? 0
          );
        }
      }
      for (const [boundary, peersByBeaconSyncSubnet] of peersByBeaconSyncSubnetByBoundary.map) {
        for (let subnet = 0; subnet < SYNC_COMMITTEE_SUBNET_COUNT; subnet++) {
          // SYNC_COMMITTEE_SUBNET_COUNT is < 9, no need to prepend a 0 to the label
          metricsGossip.peersBySyncCommitteeSubnet.set({boundary, subnet}, peersByBeaconSyncSubnet[subnet] ?? 0);
        }
      }
      for (const [boundary, peersByDataColumnSubnet] of peersByDataColumnSubnetByBoundary.map) {
        for (const subnet of networkConfig.custodyConfig.sampleGroups) {
          metricsGossip.peersByDataColumnSubnet.set({boundary, subnet}, peersByDataColumnSubnet[subnet] ?? 0);
        }
      }
    }

    for (const [client, peers] of meshPeersByClient.entries()) {
      metrics.gossipPeer.meshPeersByClient.set({client}, peers);
    }

    // track gossip peer score
    let peerCountScoreGraylist = 0;
    let peerCountScorePublish = 0;
    let peerCountScoreGossip = 0;
    let peerCountScoreMesh = 0;
    const {graylistThreshold, publishThreshold, gossipThreshold} = gossipScoreThresholds;
    const gossipScores: number[] = [];

    for (const peerIdStr of peers.keys()) {
      const s = score.score(peerIdStr);
      if (s >= graylistThreshold) peerCountScoreGraylist++;
      if (s >= publishThreshold) peerCountScorePublish++;
      if (s >= gossipThreshold) peerCountScoreGossip++;
      if (s >= 0) peerCountScoreMesh++;
      gossipScores.push(s);
    }

    // Access once for all calls below
    metrics.gossipPeer.scoreByThreshold.set({threshold: "graylist"}, peerCountScoreGraylist);
    metrics.gossipPeer.scoreByThreshold.set({threshold: "publish"}, peerCountScorePublish);
    metrics.gossipPeer.scoreByThreshold.set({threshold: "gossip"}, peerCountScoreGossip);
    metrics.gossipPeer.scoreByThreshold.set({threshold: "mesh"}, peerCountScoreMesh);

    // Register full score too
    metrics.gossipPeer.score.set(gossipScores);
  }

  private onGossipsubMessage(event: GossipSubEvents["gossipsub:message"]): void {
    const {propagationSource, msgId, msg} = event.detail;

    // Also validates that the topicStr is known
    const topic = this.gossipTopicCache.getTopic(msg.topic);

    // Get seenTimestamp before adding the message to the queue or add async delays
    const seenTimestampSec = Date.now() / 1000;

    const peerIdStr = propagationSource.toString();
    const clientAgent = this.peersData.getPeerKind(peerIdStr) ?? "Unknown";
    const clientVersion = this.peersData.getAgentVersion(peerIdStr);

    // Use setTimeout to yield to the macro queue
    // Without this we'll have huge event loop lag
    // See https://github.com/ChainSafe/lodestar/issues/5604
    callInNextEventLoop(() => {
      this.events.emit(NetworkEvent.pendingGossipsubMessage, {
        topic,
        msg,
        msgId,
        // Hot path, use cached .toString() version
        propagationSource: peerIdStr,
        clientVersion,
        clientAgent,
        seenTimestampSec,
        startProcessUnixSec: null,
      });
    });
  }

  private onValidationResult(data: NetworkEventData[NetworkEvent.gossipMessageValidationResult]): void {
    // Use setTimeout to yield to the macro queue
    // Without this we'll have huge event loop lag
    // See https://github.com/ChainSafe/lodestar/issues/5604
    callInNextEventLoop(() => {
      this.gossipsub.reportMessageValidationResult(data.msgId, data.propagationSource, data.acceptance);
    });
  }

  /**
   * Add a peer as a direct peer at runtime. Accepts multiaddr with peer ID or ENR string.
   * Direct peers maintain permanent mesh connections without GRAFT/PRUNE negotiation.
   */
  async addDirectPeer(peerStr: routes.lodestar.DirectPeer): Promise<string | null> {
    const parsed = parseDirectPeers([peerStr], this.logger);
    if (parsed.length === 0) {
      return null;
    }

    const {id: peerId, addrs} = parsed[0];
    const peerIdStr = peerId.toString();

    // Prevent adding self as a direct peer
    if (peerId.equals(this.libp2p.peerId)) {
      this.logger.warn("Cannot add self as a direct peer", {peerId: peerIdStr});
      return null;
    }

    // Direct peers need addresses to connect - reject if none provided
    if (addrs.length === 0) {
      this.logger.warn("Cannot add direct peer without addresses", {peerId: peerIdStr});
      return null;
    }

    // Add addresses to peer store first so we can connect
    try {
      await this.libp2p.peerStore.merge(peerId, {multiaddrs: addrs});
    } catch (e) {
      this.logger.warn("Failed to add direct peer addresses to peer store", {peerId: peerIdStr}, e as Error);
      return null;
    }

    // Add to direct peers set only after addresses are stored
    this.gossipsub.direct.add(peerIdStr);

    this.logger.info("Added direct peer via API", {peerId: peerIdStr});
    return peerIdStr;
  }

  /**
   * Remove a peer from direct peers.
   */
  removeDirectPeer(peerIdStr: string): boolean {
    const removed = this.gossipsub.direct.delete(peerIdStr);
    if (removed) {
      this.logger.info("Removed direct peer via API", {peerId: peerIdStr});
    }
    return removed;
  }

  /**
   * Get list of current direct peer IDs.
   */
  getDirectPeers(): string[] {
    return Array.from(this.gossipsub.direct);
  }
}

/**
 * Left pad subnets to two characters. Assumes ATTESTATION_SUBNET_COUNT < 99
 * Otherwise grafana sorts the mesh peers chart as: [1,11,12,13,...]
 */
function attSubnetLabel(subnet: SubnetID): string {
  if (subnet > 9) return String(subnet);

  return `0${subnet}`;
}

function getMetricsTopicStrToLabel(
  networkConfig: NetworkConfig,
  opts: {disableLightClientServer: boolean}
): TopicStrToLabel {
  const {config} = networkConfig;
  const metricsTopicStrToLabel = new Map<TopicStr, TopicLabel>();
  const {forkBoundariesAscendingEpochOrder} = config;

  for (let i = 0; i < forkBoundariesAscendingEpochOrder.length; i++) {
    const currentForkBoundary = forkBoundariesAscendingEpochOrder[i];
    const nextForkBoundary = forkBoundariesAscendingEpochOrder[i + 1];

    // Edge case: If multiple fork boundaries start at the same epoch, only consider the latest one
    if (nextForkBoundary && currentForkBoundary.epoch === nextForkBoundary.epoch) {
      continue;
    }

    const topics = getCoreTopicsAtFork(networkConfig, currentForkBoundary.fork, {
      subscribeAllSubnets: true,
      disableLightClientServer: opts.disableLightClientServer,
    });
    for (const topic of topics) {
      metricsTopicStrToLabel.set(stringifyGossipTopic(config, {...topic, boundary: currentForkBoundary}), topic.type);
    }
  }

  return metricsTopicStrToLabel;
}

// Topics of the same ForkBoundary should have the same ForkBoundary object
// we don't want to create a new string for every topic
const boundaryLabelMap = new Map<ForkBoundary, ForkBoundaryLabel>();
function getForkBoundaryLabel(boundary: ForkBoundary): ForkBoundaryLabel {
  let label = boundaryLabelMap.get(boundary);
  if (label === undefined) {
    label = `${boundary.fork}_${boundary.epoch}`;
    boundaryLabelMap.set(boundary, label);
  }

  return label;
}

/**
 * Parse direct peer strings into AddrInfo objects for GossipSub.
 * Direct peers maintain permanent mesh connections without GRAFT/PRUNE negotiation.
 *
 * Supported formats:
 * - Multiaddr with peer ID: `/ip4/192.168.1.1/tcp/9000/p2p/16Uiu2HAmKLhW7...`
 * - ENR: `enr:-IS4QHCYrYZbAKWCBRlAy5zzaDZXJBGkcnh4MHcBFZntXNFrdvJjX04jRzjzCBOo...`
 *
 * For multiaddrs, the string must contain a /p2p/ component with the peer ID.
 * For ENRs, the TCP multiaddr and peer ID are extracted from the encoded record.
 */
export function parseDirectPeers(directPeerStrs: routes.lodestar.DirectPeer[], logger: Logger): AddrInfo[] {
  const directPeers: AddrInfo[] = [];

  for (const peerStr of directPeerStrs) {
    // Check if this is an ENR (starts with "enr:")
    if (peerStr.startsWith("enr:")) {
      try {
        const enr = ENR.decodeTxt(peerStr);
        const peerId = enr.peerId;

        // Get all available transport multiaddrs from ENR
        const addrs = [enr.getLocationMultiaddr("quic"), enr.getLocationMultiaddr("tcp")].filter(
          (a): a is Multiaddr => a != null
        );
        if (addrs.length === 0) {
          logger.warn("ENR does not contain any transport multiaddr", {enr: peerStr});
          continue;
        }

        directPeers.push({
          id: peerId,
          addrs,
        });

        logger.info("Added direct peer from ENR", {
          peerId: peerId.toString(),
          addrs: addrs.map((a) => a.toString()).join(", "),
        });
      } catch (e) {
        logger.warn("Failed to parse direct peer ENR", {enr: peerStr}, e as Error);
      }
    } else {
      // Parse as multiaddr
      try {
        const ma = multiaddr(peerStr);

        const peerIdComponent = ma.getComponents().findLast((component) => component.name === "p2p");
        const peerIdStr = peerIdComponent?.value;
        if (!peerIdStr) {
          logger.warn("Direct peer multiaddr must contain /p2p/ component with peer ID", {multiaddr: peerStr});
          continue;
        }

        try {
          const peerId = peerIdFromString(peerIdStr);

          // Get the address without the /p2p/ component
          const addr = ma.decapsulate("/p2p/" + peerIdStr);

          directPeers.push({
            id: peerId,
            addrs: [addr],
          });

          logger.info("Added direct peer", {peerId: peerIdStr, addr: addr.toString()});
        } catch (e) {
          logger.warn("Invalid peer ID in direct peer multiaddr", {multiaddr: peerStr, peerId: peerIdStr}, e as Error);
        }
      } catch (e) {
        logger.warn("Failed to parse direct peer multiaddr", {multiaddr: peerStr}, e as Error);
      }
    }
  }

  return directPeers;
}