@kitware/vtk.js

{ "atoms": [ { "id": "Xx", "atomicNumber": 0, "mass": 0, "exactMass": 0, "radiusCovalent": 0, "radiusVDW": 0, "symbol": "Xx", "name": "Dummy", "elementColor": [ 0.07, 0.5, 0.7 ] }, { "id": "H", "atomicNumber": 1, "mass": 1.00794, "exactMass": 1.007825032, "ionization": 13.5984, "electronAffinity": 0.75420375, "electronegativityPauling": 2.2, "nameOrigin": "Greek 'hydro' and 'gennao' for 'forms water'", "radiusCovalent": 0.37, "radiusVDW": 1.2, "boilingpoint": 20.28, "meltingpoint": 14.01, "periodTableBlock": "s", "discoveryDate": "1766", "period": "1", "group": "1", "electronicConfiguration": "1s1", "family": "Non-Metal", "symbol": "H", "name": "Hydrogen", "elementColor": [ 1, 1, 1 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "uk" ], "discoverers": [ "C.", "Cavendish" ] }, { "id": "He", "atomicNumber": 2, "mass": 4.002602, "exactMass": 4.002603254, "ionization": 24.5874, "electronAffinity": 0, "nameOrigin": "The Greek word for the sun was 'helios'", "radiusCovalent": 0.32, "radiusVDW": 1.4, "boilingpoint": 4.216, "meltingpoint": 0.95, "periodTableBlock": "p", "discoveryDate": "1895", "period": "1", "group": "8", "electronicConfiguration": "1s2", "family": "Noblegas", "symbol": "He", "name": "Helium", "elementColor": [ 0.85, 1, 1 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "se", "uk" ], "discoverers": [ "P. J. Janssen", "J. N. Lockyer" ] }, { "id": "Li", "atomicNumber": 3, "mass": 6.941, "exactMass": 7.01600455, "ionization": 5.3917, "electronAffinity": 0.618049, "electronegativityPauling": 0.98, "nameOrigin": "Greek 'lithos' means 'stone'", "radiusCovalent": 1.34, "radiusVDW": 2.2, "boilingpoint": 1615, "meltingpoint": 453.7, "periodTableBlock": "s", "discoveryDate": "1817", "period": "2", "group": "1", "electronicConfiguration": "He 2s1", "family": "Alkali_Earth", "symbol": "Li", "name": "Lithium", "elementColor": [ 0.8, 0.5, 1 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "se" ], "discoverers": [ "A.", "Arfvedson" ] }, { "id": "Be", "atomicNumber": 4, "mass": 9.012182, "exactMass": 9.0121822, "ionization": 9.3227, "electronAffinity": 0, "electronegativityPauling": 1.57, "nameOrigin": "Greek 'beryllos' for 'light-green stone'", "radiusCovalent": 0.9, "radiusVDW": 1.9, "boilingpoint": 3243, "meltingpoint": 1560, "periodTableBlock": "s", "discoveryDate": "1797", "period": "2", "group": "2", "electronicConfiguration": "He 2s2", "family": "Alkaline_Earth", "symbol": "Be", "name": "Beryllium", "elementColor": [ 0.76, 1, 0 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "fr" ], "discoverers": [ "Nicholas", "Louis", "Vauquelin" ] }, { "id": "B", "atomicNumber": 5, "mass": 10.811, "exactMass": 11.0093054, "ionization": 8.298, "electronAffinity": 0.279723, "electronegativityPauling": 2.04, "nameOrigin": "Boron means 'Bor(ax) + (carb)on'. It is found in borax and behaves a lot like carbon", "radiusCovalent": 0.82, "radiusVDW": 1.8, "boilingpoint": 4275, "meltingpoint": 2365, "periodTableBlock": "p", "discoveryDate": "1808", "period": "2", "group": "3", "electronicConfiguration": "He 2s2 2p1", "family": "Metalloids", "symbol": "B", "name": "Boron", "elementColor": [ 1, 0.71, 0.71 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "uk", "fr" ], "discoverers": [ "Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac", "Louis Jacques Thenard" ] }, { "id": "C", "atomicNumber": 6, "mass": 12.0107, "exactMass": 12, "ionization": 11.2603, "electronAffinity": 1.262118, "electronegativityPauling": 2.55, "nameOrigin": "Latin 'carboneum' for carbon", "radiusCovalent": 0.77, "radiusVDW": 1.7, "boilingpoint": 5100, "meltingpoint": 3825, "periodTableBlock": "p", "discoveryDate": "0", "period": "2", "group": "4", "electronicConfiguration": "He 2s2 2p2", "family": "Non-Metal", "symbol": "C", "name": "Carbon", "elementColor": [ 0.5, 0.5, 0.5 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "ancient" ] }, { "id": "N", "atomicNumber": 7, "mass": 14.0067, "exactMass": 14.003074, "ionization": 14.5341, "electronAffinity": -0.07, "electronegativityPauling": 3.04, "nameOrigin": "Latin 'nitrogenium' ('forms saltpeter')", "radiusCovalent": 0.75, "radiusVDW": 1.6, "boilingpoint": 77.344, "meltingpoint": 63.15, "periodTableBlock": "p", "discoveryDate": "1772", "period": "2", "group": "5", "electronicConfiguration": "He 2s2 2p3", "family": "Non-Metal", "symbol": "N", "name": "Nitrogen", "elementColor": [ 0.05, 0.05, 1 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "uk" ], "discoverers": [ "D.", "Rutherford" ] }, { "id": "O", "atomicNumber": 8, "mass": 15.9994, "exactMass": 15.99491462, "ionization": 13.6181, "electronAffinity": 1.461112, "electronegativityPauling": 3.44, "nameOrigin": "Latin 'oxygenium' (forms acids)", "radiusCovalent": 0.73, "radiusVDW": 1.55, "boilingpoint": 90.188, "meltingpoint": 54.8, "periodTableBlock": "p", "discoveryDate": "1774", "period": "2", "group": "6", "electronicConfiguration": "He 2s2 2p4", "family": "Non-Metal", "symbol": "O", "name": "Oxygen", "elementColor": [ 1, 0.05, 0.05 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "se", "uk" ], "discoverers": [ "J.", "Priestley" ] }, { "id": "F", "atomicNumber": 9, "mass": 18.9984032, "exactMass": 18.99840322, "ionization": 17.4228, "electronAffinity": 3.4011887, "electronegativityPauling": 3.98, "nameOrigin": "Latin 'fluere' ('floats')", "radiusCovalent": 0.71, "radiusVDW": 1.5, "boilingpoint": 85, "meltingpoint": 53.55, "periodTableBlock": "p", "discoveryDate": "1886", "period": "2", "group": "7", "electronicConfiguration": "He 2s2 2p5", "family": "Halogen", "symbol": "F", "name": "Fluorine", "elementColor": [ 0.7, 1, 1 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "fr" ], "discoverers": [ "H.", "F.", "Moissan" ] }, { "id": "Ne", "atomicNumber": 10, "mass": 20.1797, "exactMass": 19.99244018, "ionization": 21.5645, "electronAffinity": 0, "nameOrigin": "Greek 'neo'. meaning 'new'", "radiusCovalent": 0.69, "radiusVDW": 1.54, "boilingpoint": 27.1, "meltingpoint": 24.55, "periodTableBlock": "p", "discoveryDate": "1898", "period": "2", "group": "8", "electronicConfiguration": "He 2s2 2p6", "family": "Noblegas", "symbol": "Ne", "name": "Neon", "elementColor": [ 0.7, 0.89, 0.96 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "uk" ], "discoverers": [ "W. Ramsay", "M.W. Travers" ] }, { "id": "Na", "atomicNumber": 11, "mass": 22.98976928, "exactMass": 22.98976928, "ionization": 5.1391, "electronAffinity": 0.547926, "electronegativityPauling": 0.93, "nameOrigin": "Arabic 'natrun' for 'soda'", "radiusCovalent": 1.54, "radiusVDW": 2.4, "boilingpoint": 1156, "meltingpoint": 371, "periodTableBlock": "s", "discoveryDate": "1807", "period": "3", "group": "1", "electronicConfiguration": "Ne 3s1", "family": "Alkali_Earth", "symbol": "Na", "name": "Sodium", "elementColor": [ 0.67, 0.36, 0.95 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "uk" ], "discoverers": [ "Sir", "Humphrey", "Davy" ] }, { "id": "Mg", "atomicNumber": 12, "mass": 24.305, "exactMass": 23.9850417, "ionization": 7.6462, "electronAffinity": 0, "electronegativityPauling": 1.31, "nameOrigin": "Named after the city of Magnesia", "radiusCovalent": 1.3, "radiusVDW": 2.2, "boilingpoint": 1380, "meltingpoint": 922, "periodTableBlock": "s", "discoveryDate": "1808", "period": "3", "group": "2", "electronicConfiguration": "Ne 3s2", "family": "Alkaline_Earth", "symbol": "Mg", "name": "Magnesium", "elementColor": [ 0.54, 1, 0 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "uk" ], "discoverers": [ "H.", "B.", "Davy" ] }, { "id": "Al", "atomicNumber": 13, "mass": 26.9815386, "exactMass": 26.98153863, "ionization": 5.9858, "electronAffinity": 0.43283, "electronegativityPauling": 1.61, "nameOrigin": "Latin 'alumen'", "radiusCovalent": 1.18, "radiusVDW": 2.1, "boilingpoint": 2740, "meltingpoint": 933.5, "periodTableBlock": "p", "discoveryDate": "1825", "period": "3", "group": "3", "electronicConfiguration": "Ne 3s2 3p1", "family": "Other_Metal", "symbol": "Al", "name": "Aluminium", "elementColor": [ 0.75, 0.65, 0.65 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "dk" ], "discoverers": [ "H.", "Ch.", "Oersted" ] }, { "id": "Si", "atomicNumber": 14, "mass": 28.0855, "exactMass": 27.97692653, "ionization": 8.1517, "electronAffinity": 1.389521, "electronegativityPauling": 1.9, "nameOrigin": "Latin 'silex'", "radiusCovalent": 1.11, "radiusVDW": 2.1, "boilingpoint": 2630, "meltingpoint": 1683, "periodTableBlock": "p", "discoveryDate": "1823", "period": "3", "group": "4", "electronicConfiguration": "Ne 3s2 3p2", "family": "Metalloids", "symbol": "Si", "name": "Silicon", "elementColor": [ 0.5, 0.6, 0.6 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "se" ], "discoverers": [ "J.", "J.", "Berzelius" ] }, { "id": "P", "atomicNumber": 15, "mass": 30.973762, "exactMass": 30.97376163, "ionization": 10.4867, "electronAffinity": 0.7465, "electronegativityPauling": 2.19, "nameOrigin": "Greek 'phosphoros' for 'carries light'", "radiusCovalent": 1.06, "radiusVDW": 1.95, "boilingpoint": 553, "meltingpoint": 317.3, "periodTableBlock": "p", "discoveryDate": "1669", "period": "3", "group": "5", "electronicConfiguration": "Ne 3s2 3p3", "family": "Non-Metal", "symbol": "P", "name": "Phosphorus", "elementColor": [ 1, 0.5, 0 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "de" ], "discoverers": [ "H.", "Brandt" ] }, { "id": "S", "atomicNumber": 16, "mass": 32.065, "exactMass": 31.972071, "ionization": 10.36, "electronAffinity": 2.0771029, "electronegativityPauling": 2.58, "nameOrigin": "In sanskrit 'sweb' means 'to sleep'", "radiusCovalent": 1.02, "radiusVDW": 1.8, "boilingpoint": 717.82, "meltingpoint": 392.2, "periodTableBlock": "p", "discoveryDate": "0", "period": "3", "group": "6", "electronicConfiguration": "Ne 3s2 3p4", "family": "Non-Metal", "symbol": "S", "name": "Sulfur", "elementColor": [ 1, 1, 0.19 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "ancient" ] }, { "id": "Cl", "atomicNumber": 17, "mass": 35.453, "exactMass": 34.96885268, "ionization": 12.9676, "electronAffinity": 3.612724, "electronegativityPauling": 3.16, "nameOrigin": "Greek 'chloros' for 'yellow-green'", "radiusCovalent": 0.99, "radiusVDW": 1.8, "boilingpoint": 239.18, "meltingpoint": 172.17, "periodTableBlock": "p", "discoveryDate": "1774", "period": "3", "group": "7", "electronicConfiguration": "Ne 3s2 3p5", "family": "Halogen", "symbol": "Cl", "name": "Chlorine", "elementColor": [ 0.12, 0.94, 0.12 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "se" ], "discoverers": [ "C.", "W.", "Scheele" ] }, { "id": "Ar", "atomicNumber": 18, "mass": 39.948, "exactMass": 39.96238312, "ionization": 15.7596, "electronAffinity": 0, "nameOrigin": "Greek 'aergon' for 'inactive'", "radiusCovalent": 0.97, "radiusVDW": 1.88, "boilingpoint": 87.45, "meltingpoint": 83.95, "periodTableBlock": "p", "discoveryDate": "1894", "period": "3", "group": "8", "electronicConfiguration": "Ne 3s2 3p6", "family": "Noblegas", "symbol": "Ar", "name": "Argon", "elementColor": [ 0.5, 0.82, 0.89 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "uk" ], "discoverers": [ "W. Ramsay", "J. Rayleigh" ] }, { "id": "K", "atomicNumber": 19, "mass": 39.0983, "exactMass": 38.96370668, "ionization": 4.3407, "electronAffinity": 0.501459, "electronegativityPauling": 0.82, "nameOrigin": "Arabic 'al qaliy' for potash", "radiusCovalent": 1.96, "radiusVDW": 2.8, "boilingpoint": 1033, "meltingpoint": 336.8, "periodTableBlock": "s", "discoveryDate": "1807", "period": "4", "group": "1", "electronicConfiguration": "Ar 4s1", "family": "Alkali_Earth", "symbol": "K", "name": "Potassium", "elementColor": [ 0.56, 0.25, 0.83 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "uk" ], "discoverers": [ "H.", "B.", "Davy" ] }, { "id": "Ca", "atomicNumber": 20, "mass": 40.078, "exactMass": 39.96259098, "ionization": 6.1132, "electronAffinity": 0.02455, "electronegativityPauling": 1, "nameOrigin": "Latin 'calx' for 'lime'", "radiusCovalent": 1.74, "radiusVDW": 2.4, "boilingpoint": 1757, "meltingpoint": 1112, "periodTableBlock": "s", "discoveryDate": "1808", "period": "4", "group": "2", "electronicConfiguration": "Ar 4s2", "family": "Alkaline_Earth", "symbol": "Ca", "name": "Calcium", "elementColor": [ 0.24, 1, 0 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "uk" ], "discoverers": [ "H.", "B.", "Davy" ] }, { "id": "Sc", "atomicNumber": 21, "mass": 44.955912, "exactMass": 44.9559119, "ionization": 6.5615, "electronAffinity": 0.188, "electronegativityPauling": 1.36, "nameOrigin": "Named because it was found in Scandinavia", "radiusCovalent": 1.44, "radiusVDW": 2.3, "boilingpoint": 3109, "meltingpoint": 1814, "periodTableBlock": "d", "discoveryDate": "1879", "period": "4", "group": "3", "electronicConfiguration": "Ar 3d1 4s2", "family": "Transition", "symbol": "Sc", "name": "Scandium", "elementColor": [ 0.9, 0.9, 0.9 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "se" ], "discoverers": [ "L.", "Nilson" ] }, { "id": "Ti", "atomicNumber": 22, "mass": 47.867, "exactMass": 47.9479463, "ionization": 6.8281, "electronAffinity": 0.084, "electronegativityPauling": 1.54, "nameOrigin": "The Titans were giants in Greek mythology", "radiusCovalent": 1.36, "radiusVDW": 2.15, "boilingpoint": 3560, "meltingpoint": 1935, "periodTableBlock": "d", "discoveryDate": "1791", "period": "4", "group": "4", "electronicConfiguration": "Ar 3d2 4s2", "family": "Transition", "symbol": "Ti", "name": "Titanium", "elementColor": [ 0.75, 0.76, 0.78 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "uk" ], "discoverers": [ "W.", "Gregor" ] }, { "id": "V", "atomicNumber": 23, "mass": 50.9415, "exactMass": 50.9439595, "ionization": 6.7462, "electronAffinity": 0.525, "electronegativityPauling": 1.63, "nameOrigin": "'Vanadis' is another name for the Nordic goddess Freyja", "radiusCovalent": 1.25, "radiusVDW": 2.05, "boilingpoint": 3650, "meltingpoint": 2163, "periodTableBlock": "d", "discoveryDate": "1830", "period": "4", "group": "5", "electronicConfiguration": "Ar 3d3 4s2", "family": "Transition", "symbol": "V", "name": "Vanadium", "elementColor": [ 0.65, 0.65, 0.67 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "se" ], "discoverers": [ "N.", "Sefström" ] }, { "id": "Cr", "atomicNumber": 24, "mass": 51.9961, "exactMass": 51.9405075, "ionization": 6.7665, "electronAffinity": 0.67584, "electronegativityPauling": 1.66, "nameOrigin": "Greek 'chroma' means 'color'", "radiusCovalent": 1.27, "radiusVDW": 2.05, "boilingpoint": 2945, "meltingpoint": 2130, "periodTableBlock": "d", "discoveryDate": "1797", "period": "4", "group": "6", "electronicConfiguration": "Ar 3d5 4s1", "family": "Transition", "symbol": "Cr", "name": "Chromium", "elementColor": [ 0.54, 0.6, 0.78 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "fr" ], "discoverers": [ "Nicholas", "Louis", "Vauquelin" ] }, { "id": "Mn", "atomicNumber": 25, "mass": 54.938045, "exactMass": 54.9380451, "ionization": 7.434, "electronAffinity": 0, "electronegativityPauling": 1.55, "nameOrigin": "It was discovered near a town named Magnesia in black earth. Thus, it was named 'magnesia nigra', or for short, Manganese.", "radiusCovalent": 1.39, "radiusVDW": 2.05, "boilingpoint": 2235, "meltingpoint": 1518, "periodTableBlock": "d", "discoveryDate": "1774", "period": "4", "group": "7", "electronicConfiguration": "Ar 3d5 4s2", "family": "Transition", "symbol": "Mn", "name": "Manganese", "elementColor": [ 0.61, 0.48, 0.78 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "se" ], "discoverers": [ "C.", "W.", "Scheele" ] }, { "id": "Fe", "atomicNumber": 26, "mass": 55.845, "exactMass": 55.9349375, "ionization": 7.9024, "electronAffinity": 0.151, "electronegativityPauling": 1.83, "nameOrigin": "Latin 'ferrum'", "radiusCovalent": 1.25, "radiusVDW": 2.05, "boilingpoint": 3023, "meltingpoint": 1808, "periodTableBlock": "d", "discoveryDate": "0", "period": "4", "group": "8", "electronicConfiguration": "Ar 3d6 4s2", "family": "Transition", "symbol": "Fe", "name": "Iron", "elementColor": [ 0.5, 0.48, 0.78 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "ancient" ] }, { "id": "Co", "atomicNumber": 27, "mass": 58.933195, "exactMass": 58.933195, "ionization": 7.881, "electronAffinity": 0.6633, "electronegativityPauling": 1.88, "nameOrigin": "Named after the German word 'Kobold' for 'goblin'", "radiusCovalent": 1.26, "radiusVDW": 2, "boilingpoint": 3143, "meltingpoint": 1768, "periodTableBlock": "d", "discoveryDate": "1737", "period": "4", "group": "8", "electronicConfiguration": "Ar 3d7 4s2", "family": "Transition", "symbol": "Co", "name": "Cobalt", "elementColor": [ 0.44, 0.48, 0.78 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "se" ], "discoverers": [ "G.", "Brandt" ] }, { "id": "Ni", "atomicNumber": 28, "mass": 58.6934, "exactMass": 57.9353429, "ionization": 7.6398, "electronAffinity": 1.15716, "electronegativityPauling": 1.91, "nameOrigin": "'Nickel' was the name of a mountain goblin", "radiusCovalent": 1.21, "radiusVDW": 2, "boilingpoint": 3005, "meltingpoint": 1726, "periodTableBlock": "d", "discoveryDate": "1751", "period": "4", "group": "8", "electronicConfiguration": "Ar 3d8 4s2", "family": "Transition", "symbol": "Ni", "name": "Nickel", "elementColor": [ 0.36, 0.48, 0.76 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "se" ], "discoverers": [ "A.", "F.", "Cronstedt" ] }, { "id": "Cu", "atomicNumber": 29, "mass": 63.546, "exactMass": 62.9295975, "ionization": 7.7264, "electronAffinity": 1.23578, "electronegativityPauling": 1.9, "nameOrigin": "Greek 'cuprum' for Cypres", "radiusCovalent": 1.38, "radiusVDW": 2, "boilingpoint": 2840, "meltingpoint": 1356.6, "periodTableBlock": "d", "discoveryDate": "0", "period": "4", "group": "1", "electronicConfiguration": "Ar 3d10 4s1", "family": "Transition", "symbol": "Cu", "name": "Copper", "elementColor": [ 1, 0.48, 0.38 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "ancient" ] }, { "id": "Zn", "atomicNumber": 30, "mass": 65.38, "exactMass": 63.9291422, "ionization": 9.3942, "electronAffinity": 0, "electronegativityPauling": 1.65, "nameOrigin": "German 'zinking' for 'rough', because zinc ore is very rough", "radiusCovalent": 1.31, "radiusVDW": 2.1, "boilingpoint": 1180, "meltingpoint": 692.73, "periodTableBlock": "d", "discoveryDate": "1746", "period": "4", "group": "2", "electronicConfiguration": "Ar 3d10 4s2", "family": "Transition", "symbol": "Zn", "name": "Zinc", "elementColor": [ 0.49, 0.5, 0.69 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "de" ], "discoverers": [ "Andreas", "Marggraf" ] }, { "id": "Ga", "atomicNumber": 31, "mass": 69.723, "exactMass": 68.9255736, "ionization": 5.9993, "electronAffinity": 0.41, "electronegativityPauling": 1.81, "nameOrigin": "'Gallia' is an old name for France", "radiusCovalent": 1.26, "radiusVDW": 2.1, "boilingpoint": 2478, "meltingpoint": 302.92, "periodTableBlock": "p", "discoveryDate": "1875", "period": "4", "group": "3", "electronicConfiguration": "Ar 3d10 4s2 4p1", "family": "Other_Metal", "symbol": "Ga", "name": "Gallium", "elementColor": [ 0.76, 0.56, 0.56 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "fr" ], "discoverers": [ "P.", "E.", "Lecoq", "de", "Boisbaudran" ] }, { "id": "Ge", "atomicNumber": 32, "mass": 72.64, "exactMass": 73.9211778, "ionization": 7.8994, "electronAffinity": 1.232712, "electronegativityPauling": 2.01, "nameOrigin": "Latin 'germania' is an old name for Germany", "radiusCovalent": 1.22, "radiusVDW": 2.1, "boilingpoint": 3107, "meltingpoint": 1211.5, "periodTableBlock": "p", "discoveryDate": "1886", "period": "4", "group": "4", "electronicConfiguration": "Ar 3d10 4s2 4p2", "family": "Metalloids", "symbol": "Ge", "name": "Germanium", "elementColor": [ 0.4, 0.56, 0.56 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "de" ], "discoverers": [ "C.", "A.", "Winkler" ] }, { "id": "As", "atomicNumber": 33, "mass": 74.9216, "exactMass": 74.9215965, "ionization": 9.7886, "electronAffinity": 0.814, "electronegativityPauling": 2.18, "nameOrigin": "Greek 'arsenikos' for 'male' or 'bold'", "radiusCovalent": 1.19, "radiusVDW": 2.05, "boilingpoint": 876, "meltingpoint": 1090, "periodTableBlock": "p", "discoveryDate": "0", "period": "4", "group": "5", "electronicConfiguration": "Ar 3d10 4s2 4p3", "family": "Metalloids", "symbol": "As", "name": "Arsenic", "elementColor": [ 0.74, 0.5, 0.89 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "ancient" ] }, { "id": "Se", "atomicNumber": 34, "mass": 78.96, "exactMass": 79.9165213, "ionization": 9.7524, "electronAffinity": 2.02067, "electronegativityPauling": 2.55, "nameOrigin": "Greek 'selena' for 'moon'", "radiusCovalent": 1.16, "radiusVDW": 1.9, "boilingpoint": 958, "meltingpoint": 494, "periodTableBlock": "p", "discoveryDate": "1817", "period": "4", "group": "6", "electronicConfiguration": "Ar 3d10 4s2 4p4", "family": "Non-Metal", "symbol": "Se", "name": "Selenium", "elementColor": [ 1, 0.63, 0 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "se" ], "discoverers": [ "J.", "J.", "Berzelius" ] }, { "id": "Br", "atomicNumber": 35, "mass": 79.904, "exactMass": 78.9183371, "ionization": 11.8138, "electronAffinity": 3.363588, "electronegativityPauling": 2.96, "nameOrigin": "Greek 'bromos' for 'smells badly'", "radiusCovalent": 1.14, "radiusVDW": 1.9, "boilingpoint": 331.85, "meltingpoint": 265.95, "periodTableBlock": "p", "discoveryDate": "1826", "period": "4", "group": "7", "electronicConfiguration": "Ar 3d10 4s2 4p5", "family": "Halogen", "symbol": "Br", "name": "Bromine", "elementColor": [ 0.65, 0.16, 0.16 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "fr" ], "discoverers": [ "A.", "J.", "Balard" ] }, { "id": "Kr", "atomicNumber": 36, "mass": 83.798, "exactMass": 83.911507, "ionization": 13.9996, "electronAffinity": 0, "electronegativityPauling": 3, "nameOrigin": "Greek 'kryptos' for 'hidden'", "radiusCovalent": 1.1, "radiusVDW": 2.02, "boilingpoint": 120.85, "meltingpoint": 116, "periodTableBlock": "p", "discoveryDate": "1898", "period": "4", "group": "8", "electronicConfiguration": "Ar 3d10 4s2 4p6", "family": "Noblegas", "symbol": "Kr", "name": "Krypton", "elementColor": [ 0.36, 0.72, 0.82 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "uk" ], "discoverers": [ "W. Ramsay", "M. W. Travers" ] }, { "id": "Rb", "atomicNumber": 37, "mass": 85.4678, "exactMass": 84.91178974, "ionization": 4.1771, "electronAffinity": 0.485916, "electronegativityPauling": 0.82, "nameOrigin": "Latin 'rubidus' for 'dark red'", "radiusCovalent": 2.11, "radiusVDW": 2.9, "boilingpoint": 961, "meltingpoint": 312.63, "periodTableBlock": "s", "discoveryDate": "1861", "period": "5", "group": "1", "electronicConfiguration": "Kr 5s1", "family": "Alkali_Earth", "symbol": "Rb", "name": "Rubidium", "elementColor": [ 0.44, 0.18, 0.69 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "de" ], "discoverers": [ "Robert W. Bunsen", "Gustav R. Kirchhoff" ] }, { "id": "Sr", "atomicNumber": 38, "mass": 87.62, "exactMass": 87.9056121, "ionization": 5.6949, "electronAffinity": 0.05206, "electronegativityPauling": 0.95, "nameOrigin": "Named after the mineral Strontianit", "radiusCovalent": 1.92, "radiusVDW": 2.55, "boilingpoint": 1655, "meltingpoint": 1042, "periodTableBlock": "s", "discoveryDate": "1790", "period": "5", "group": "2", "electronicConfiguration": "Kr 5s2", "family": "Alkaline_Earth", "symbol": "Sr", "name": "Strontium", "elementColor": [ 0, 1, 0 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "uk" ], "discoverers": [ "H.", "B.", "Davy" ] }, { "id": "Y", "atomicNumber": 39, "mass": 88.90585, "exactMass": 88.9058483, "ionization": 6.2173, "electronAffinity": 0.307, "electronegativityPauling": 1.22, "nameOrigin": "Named after the small town of Ytterby near Stockholm in Sweden. Terbium. Ytterbium and Gadolinium are also named after this town.", "radiusCovalent": 1.62, "radiusVDW": 2.4, "boilingpoint": 3611, "meltingpoint": 1795, "periodTableBlock": "d", "discoveryDate": "1794", "period": "5", "group": "3", "electronicConfiguration": "Kr 4d1 5s2", "family": "Transition", "symbol": "Y", "name": "Yttrium", "elementColor": [ 0.58, 1, 1 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "fi" ], "discoverers": [ "Johann", "Gadolin" ] }, { "id": "Zr", "atomicNumber": 40, "mass": 91.224, "exactMass": 89.9047044, "ionization": 6.6339, "electronAffinity": 0.426, "electronegativityPauling": 1.33, "nameOrigin": "Named after the mineral zircon", "radiusCovalent": 1.48, "radiusVDW": 2.3, "boilingpoint": 4682, "meltingpoint": 2128, "periodTableBlock": "d", "discoveryDate": "1789", "period": "5", "group": "4", "electronicConfiguration": "Kr 4d2 5s2", "family": "Transition", "symbol": "Zr", "name": "Zirconium", "elementColor": [ 0.58, 0.88, 0.88 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "de" ], "discoverers": [ "Martin", "Heinrich", "Klaproth" ] }, { "id": "Nb", "atomicNumber": 41, "mass": 92.90638, "exactMass": 92.9063781, "ionization": 6.7589, "electronAffinity": 0.893, "electronegativityPauling": 1.6, "nameOrigin": "Named after Niobe, the daughter of the Greek god Tantalus.", "radiusCovalent": 1.37, "radiusVDW": 2.15, "boilingpoint": 5015, "meltingpoint": 2742, "periodTableBlock": "d", "discoveryDate": "1801", "period": "5", "group": "5", "electronicConfiguration": "Kr 4d4", "family": "Transition", "symbol": "Nb", "name": "Niobium", "elementColor": [ 0.45, 0.76, 0.79 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "uk" ], "discoverers": [ "Ch.", "Hatchett" ] }, { "id": "Mo", "atomicNumber": 42, "mass": 95.96, "exactMass": 97.9054082, "ionization": 7.0924, "electronAffinity": 0.7472, "electronegativityPauling": 2.16, "nameOrigin": "This name has Greek roots. It means 'like Platinum' - it was difficult to distinguish Molybdenum from Platinum.", "radiusCovalent": 1.45, "radiusVDW": 2.1, "boilingpoint": 4912, "meltingpoint": 2896, "periodTableBlock": "d", "discoveryDate": "1778", "period": "5", "group": "6", "electronicConfiguration": "Kr 4d5 5s1", "family": "Transition", "symbol": "Mo", "name": "Molybdenum", "elementColor": [ 0.33, 0.71, 0.71 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "se" ], "discoverers": [ "C.", "W.", "Scheele" ] }, { "id": "Tc", "atomicNumber": 43, "mass": 98, "exactMass": 97.907216, "ionization": 7.28, "electronAffinity": 0.55, "electronegativityPauling": 1.9, "nameOrigin": "Greek 'technetos' for artificial", "radiusCovalent": 1.56, "radiusVDW": 2.05, "boilingpoint": 4538, "meltingpoint": 2477, "periodTableBlock": "d", "discoveryDate": "1937", "period": "5", "group": "7", "electronicConfiguration": "Kr 4d6 5s1", "family": "Transition", "symbol": "Tc", "name": "Technetium", "elementColor": [ 0.23, 0.62, 0.62 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "it" ], "discoverers": [ "C. Perrier", "E. G. Segre" ] }, { "id": "Ru", "atomicNumber": 44, "mass": 101.07, "exactMass": 101.9043493, "ionization": 7.3605, "electronAffinity": 1.04638, "electronegativityPauling": 2.2, "nameOrigin": "Ruthenia is the old name of Russia", "radiusCovalent": 1.26, "radiusVDW": 2.05, "boilingpoint": 4425, "meltingpoint": 2610, "periodTableBlock": "d", "discoveryDate": "1844", "period": "5", "group": "8", "electronicConfiguration": "Kr 4d7 5s1", "family": "Transition", "symbol": "Ru", "name": "Ruthenium", "elementColor": [ 0.14, 0.56, 0.56 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "ru" ], "discoverers": [ "K.", "Klaus" ] }, { "id": "Rh", "atomicNumber": 45, "mass": 102.9055, "exactMass": 102.905504, "ionization": 7.4589, "electronAffinity": 1.14289, "electronegativityPauling": 2.28, "nameOrigin": "Greek 'rhodeos' means 'red like a rose'", "radiusCovalent": 1.35, "radiusVDW": 2, "boilingpoint": 3970, "meltingpoint": 2236, "periodTableBlock": "d", "discoveryDate": "1803", "period": "5", "group": "8", "electronicConfiguration": "Kr 4d8 5s1", "family": "Transition", "symbol": "Rh", "name": "Rhodium", "elementColor": [ 0.04, 0.49, 0.55 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "uk" ], "discoverers": [ "W.", "Wollaston" ] }, { "id": "Pd", "atomicNumber": 46, "mass": 106.42, "exactMass": 105.903486, "ionization": 8.3369, "electronAffinity": 0.56214, "electronegativityPauling": 2.2, "nameOrigin": "Named after the asteroid Pallas", "radiusCovalent": 1.31, "radiusVDW": 2.05, "boilingpoint": 3240, "meltingpoint": 1825, "periodTableBlock": "d", "discoveryDate": "1803", "period": "5", "group": "8", "electronicConfiguration": "Kr 4d10", "family": "Transition", "symbol": "Pd", "name": "Palladium", "elementColor": [ 0, 0.41, 0.52 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "uk" ] }, { "id": "Ag", "atomicNumber": 47, "mass": 107.8682, "exactMass": 106.905097, "ionization": 7.5762, "electronAffinity": 1.30447, "electronegativityPauling": 1.93, "nameOrigin": "Latin 'argentum' for silver", "radiusCovalent": 1.53, "radiusVDW": 2.1, "boilingpoint": 2436, "meltingpoint": 1235.1, "periodTableBlock": "d", "discoveryDate": "0", "period": "5", "group": "1", "electronicConfiguration": "Kr 4d10 5s1", "family": "Transition", "symbol": "Ag", "name": "Silver", "elementColor": [ 0.88, 0.88, 1 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "ancient" ] }, { "id": "Cd", "atomicNumber": 48, "mass": 112.411, "exactMass": 113.9033585, "ionization": 8.9938, "electronAffinity": 0, "electronegativityPauling": 1.69, "nameOrigin": "Greek 'kadmia' ('Galmei' = Zinc carbonate)", "radiusCovalent": 1.48, "radiusVDW": 2.2, "boilingpoint": 1040, "meltingpoint": 594.26, "periodTableBlock": "d", "discoveryDate": "1817", "period": "5", "group": "2", "electronicConfiguration": "Kr 4d10 5s2", "family": "Transition", "symbol": "Cd", "name": "Cadmium", "elementColor": [ 1, 0.85, 0.56 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "de" ], "discoverers": [ "F.", "Stromeyer" ] }, { "id": "In", "atomicNumber": 49, "mass": 114.818, "exactMass": 114.903878, "ionization": 5.7864, "electronAffinity": 0.404, "electronegativityPauling": 1.78, "nameOrigin": "Named after 'Indigo' because of its blue spectrum", "radiusCovalent": 1.44, "radiusVDW": 2.2, "boilingpoint": 2350, "meltingpoint": 429.78, "periodTableBlock": "p", "discoveryDate": "1863", "period": "5", "group": "3", "electronicConfiguration": "Kr 4d10 5s2 5p1", "family": "Other_Metal", "symbol": "In", "name": "Indium", "elementColor": [ 0.65, 0.46, 0.45 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "de" ], "discoverers": [ "F. Reich", "H.T. Richter" ] }, { "id": "Sn", "atomicNumber": 50, "mass": 118.71, "exactMass": 119.9021947, "ionization": 7.3439, "electronAffinity": 1.112066, "electronegativityPauling": 1.96, "nameOrigin": "Latin 'stannum' for tin", "radiusCovalent": 1.41, "radiusVDW": 2.25, "boilingpoint": 2876, "meltingpoint": 505.12, "periodTableBlock": "p", "discoveryDate": "0", "period": "5", "group": "4", "electronicConfiguration": "Kr 4d10 5s2 5p2", "family": "Other_Metal", "symbol": "Sn", "name": "Tin", "elementColor": [ 0.4, 0.5, 0.5 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "ancient" ] }, { "id": "Sb", "atomicNumber": 51, "mass": 121.76, "exactMass": 120.9038157, "ionization": 8.6084, "electronAffinity": 1.047401, "electronegativityPauling": 2.05, "nameOrigin": "Arabic 'anthos ammonos' for 'blossom of the god Ammon'", "radiusCovalent": 1.38, "radiusVDW": 2.2, "boilingpoint": 1860, "meltingpoint": 903.91, "periodTableBlock": "p", "discoveryDate": "0", "period": "5", "group": "5", "electronicConfiguration": "Kr 4d10 5s2 5p3", "family": "Metalloids", "symbol": "Sb", "name": "Antimony", "elementColor": [ 0.62, 0.39, 0.71 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "ancient" ] }, { "id": "Te", "atomicNumber": 52, "mass": 127.6, "exactMass": 129.9062244, "ionization": 9.0096, "electronAffinity": 1.970875, "electronegativityPauling": 2.1, "nameOrigin": "Latin 'tellus' or 'telluris' for 'Planet Earth'", "radiusCovalent": 1.35, "radiusVDW": 2.1, "boilingpoint": 1261, "meltingpoint": 722.72, "periodTableBlock": "p", "discoveryDate": "1782", "period": "5", "group": "6", "electronicConfiguration": "Kr 4d10 5s2 5p4", "family": "Metalloids", "symbol": "Te", "name": "Tellurium", "elementColor": [ 0.83, 0.48, 0 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "de" ], "discoverers": [ "Franz", "Joseph", "Muller", "von", "Reichstein" ] }, { "id": "I", "atomicNumber": 53, "mass": 126.90447, "exactMass": 126.904473, "ionization": 10.4513, "electronAffinity": 3.059038, "electronegativityPauling": 2.66, "nameOrigin": "Greek 'ioeides' for 'violet'.", "radiusCovalent": 1.33, "radiusVDW": 2.1, "boilingpoint": 457.5, "meltingpoint": 386.7, "periodTableBlock": "p", "discoveryDate": "1811", "period": "5", "group": "7", "electronicConfiguration": "Kr 4d10 5s2 5p5", "family": "Halogen", "symbol": "I", "name": "Iodine", "elementColor": [ 0.58, 0, 0.58 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "fr" ], "discoverers": [ "Bernard", "Courtois" ] }, { "id": "Xe", "atomicNumber": 54, "mass": 131.293, "exactMass": 131.9041535, "ionization": 12.1298, "electronAffinity": 0, "electronegativityPauling": 2.6, "nameOrigin": "Greek 'xenos' for 'foreigner'", "radiusCovalent": 1.3, "radiusVDW": 2.16, "boilingpoint": 165.1, "meltingpoint": 161.39, "periodTableBlock": "p", "discoveryDate": "1898", "period": "5", "group": "8", "electronicConfiguration": "Kr 4d10 5s2 5p6", "family": "Noblegas", "symbol": "Xe", "name": "Xenon", "elementColor": [ 0.26, 0.62, 0.69 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "uk" ], "discoverers": [ "W. Ramsay", "M. W. Travers" ] }, { "id": "Cs", "atomicNumber": 55, "mass": 132.9054519, "exactMass": 132.9054519, "ionization": 3.8939, "electronAffinity": 0.471626, "electronegativityPauling": 0.79, "nameOrigin": "Latin 'caesius' for 'heaven blue'.", "radiusCovalent": 2.25, "radiusVDW": 3, "boilingpoint": 944, "meltingpoint": 301.54, "periodTableBlock": "s", "discoveryDate": "1860", "period": "6", "group": "1", "electronicConfiguration": "Xe 6s1", "family": "Alkali_Earth", "symbol": "Cs", "name": "Caesium", "elementColor": [ 0.34, 0.09, 0.56 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "de" ], "discoverers": [ "Robert Wilhelm Bunsen", "Gustav Robert Kirchhoff" ] }, { "id": "Ba", "atomicNumber": 56, "mass": 137.327, "exactMass": 137.9052472, "ionization": 5.2117, "electronAffinity": 0.14462, "electronegativityPauling": 0.89, "nameOrigin": "Greek 'barys' for 'heavy'", "radiusCovalent": 1.98, "radiusVDW": 2.7, "boilingpoint": 2078, "meltingpoint": 1002, "periodTableBlock": "s", "discoveryDate": "1808", "period": "6", "group": "2", "electronicConfiguration": "Xe 6s2", "family": "Alkaline_Earth", "symbol": "Ba", "name": "Barium", "elementColor": [ 0, 0.79, 0 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "uk" ], "discoverers": [ "Humphry", "Bartholomew", "Davy" ] }, { "id": "La", "atomicNumber": 57, "mass": 138.90547, "exactMass": 138.9063533, "ionization": 5.5769, "electronAffinity": 0.47, "electronegativityPauling": 1.1, "nameOrigin": "Greek 'lanthanein' for 'hidden'. The Lanthanoids are also called the 'rare earth' elements.", "radiusCovalent": 1.69, "radiusVDW": 2.5, "boilingpoint": 3737, "meltingpoint": 1191, "periodTableBlock": "f", "discoveryDate": "1839", "period": "6", "group": "3", "electronicConfiguration": "Xe 5d1 6s2", "family": "Rare_Earth", "symbol": "La", "name": "Lanthanum", "elementColor": [ 0.44, 0.83, 1 ], "discoveryCountry": [ "se" ], "discoverers": [ "K.", "G.", "Mosander" ] }, { "id": "Ce", "atomicNumber": 58, "mass": 140.116, "exactMass": 139.9054387, "ionization": 5.5387, "electronAffinity": 0.5, "electronegativityPauling": 1.12, "nameOrigin": "Named after the planetoid Ceres", "radiusVDW": 2.48, "boilingpoint": 3715, "meltingpoint": 1071, "periodTableBlock": "f", "discoveryDate": "1803", "period": "6", "group": "4", "electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f1 5d1 6s2", "family": "Rare_Earth", "symbol": "Ce", "name": "Cerium", "elementColor": [ 1, 1, 0.78 ], "discoverers": [ "Jöns Jacob Berzelius", "W. Hisinger", "M. Klaproth" ] }, { "id": "Pr", "atomicNumber": 59, "mass": 140.90765, "exactMass": 140.9076528, "ionization": 5.473, "electronAffinity": 0.5, "electronegativityPauling": 1.13, "nameOrigin": "Greek 'prasinos didymos' for 'green twin'", "radiusVDW": 2.47, "boilingpoint": 3785, "meltingpoint": 1204, "periodTableBlock": "f", "discoveryDate": "1885", "period": "6", "group": "5", "electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f3 6s2", "family": "Rare_Earth", "symbol": "Pr", "name": "Praseodymium", "elementColor": [ 0.85, 1, 0.78 ], "discoverers": [ "Carl", "F.", "Auer", "von", "Welsbach" ] }, { "id": "Nd", "atomicNumber": 60, "mass": 144.242, "exactMass": 141.9077233, "ionization": 5.525, "electronAffinity": 0.5, "electronegativityPauling": 1.14, "nameOrigin": "Greek 'neos didymos' for 'new twin'", "radiusVDW": 2.45, "boilingpoint": 3347, "meltingpoint": 1294, "periodTableBlock": "f", "discoveryDate": "1885", "period": "6", "group": "6", "electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f4 6s2", "family": "Rare_Earth", "symbol": "Nd", "name": "Neodymium", "elementColor": [ 0.78, 1, 0.78 ], "discoverers": [ "Carl", "F.", "Auer", "von", "Welsbach" ] }, { "id": "Pm", "atomicNumber": 61, "mass": 145, "exactMass": 144.912749, "ionization": 5.582, "electronAffinity": 0.5, "nameOrigin": "Named after the Greek Prometheus. Prometheus stole the fire from the gods and gave it to mankind.", "radiusVDW": 2.43, "boilingpoint": 3273, "meltingpoint": 1315, "periodTableBlock": "f", "discoveryDate": "1945", "period": "6", "group": "7", "electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f5 6s2", "family": "Rare_Earth", "symbol": "Pm", "name": "Promethium", "elementColor": [ 0.64, 1, 0.78 ], "discoverers": [ "J. A. Marinsky", "C. D. Coryell", "L. E. Glendenin" ] }, { "id": "Sm", "atomicNumber": 62, "mass": 150.36, "exactMass": 151.9197324, "ionization": 5.6437, "electronAffinity": 0.5, "electronegativityPauling": 1.17, "nameOrigin": "Named after the mineral Samarskit", "radiusVDW": 2.42, "boilingpoint": 2067, "meltingpoint": 1347, "periodTableBlock": "f", "discoveryDate": "1879", "period": "6", "group": "8", "electronicConfiguration": "Xe 4f6 6s2", "family": "Rare_Earth", "symbol": "Sm", "name": "Samarium", "elementColor": [ 0.56, 1, 0.78 ], "discoverers": [ "P.", "Lecoq", "de", "Boisbaudran" ] }, { "id": "Eu", "atomicNumber": 63, "mass": 151.964, "exactMass": 152.9212303, "ionization": 5.6704, "electronAffinity": 0.5, "nameOrigin": "Named after Europe", "radiusVDW": 2.4, "boilingpoint": 1800, "meltingpoint": 1095, "periodTableBlock": "f", "discoveryDat