@clduab11/gemini-flow/src/services/quantum-classical-hybrid.ts

Revolutionary AI agent swarm coordination platform with Google Services integration, multimedia processing, and production-ready monitoring. Features 8 Google AI services, quantum computing capabilities, and enterprise-grade security.

/**
 * Quantum-Classical Hybrid Processing Service
 *
 * Demonstrates advanced quantum-classical hybrid coordination for complex optimization problems.
 * This service simulates quantum superposition for solution space exploration combined with
 * classical deterministic validation and hybrid coordination for optimal results.
 */

import { Logger } from "../utils/logger.js";
import { GeminiIntegrationService } from "./gemini-integration.js";

export interface QuantumState {
  superposition: Array<{
    amplitude: number;
    phase: number;
    state: any;
    probability: number;
  }>;
  entangled: boolean;
  coherenceTime: number;
  measurementReady: boolean;
  entropy?: number;
  measurementErrors?: number;
  measurements?: number[];
}

export interface ClassicalValidation {
  result: any;
  confidence: number;
  deterministic: boolean;
  computationTime: number;
  validated: boolean;
  predictionErrors?: number;
  testFailures?: number;
}

export interface HybridResult {
  quantumExploration: QuantumState;
  classicalValidation: ClassicalValidation;
  combinedResult: any;
  optimality: number;
  processingTime: number;
  errorCorrection: {
    quantumErrors: number;
    classicalErrors: number;
    correctedStates: number;
  };
}

export interface PortfolioOptimizationInput {
  assets: Array<{
    symbol: string;
    expectedReturn: number;
    volatility: number;
    correlation: number[][];
  }>;
  constraints: {
    maxWeight: number;
    minWeight: number;
    riskTolerance: number;
    targetReturn: number;
  };
  quantumParameters: {
    annealingTime: number;
    couplingStrength: number;
    qubits: number;
  };
}

export interface DrugDiscoveryInput {
  targetProtein: {
    sequence: string;
    structure: string;
    bindingSites: Array<{ x: number; y: number; z: number }>;
  };
  molecularLibrary: Array<{
    id: string;
    smiles: string;
    properties: Record<string, number>;
  }>;
  quantumSimulation: {
    basisSet: string;
    exchangeCorrelation: string;
    spinConfiguration: string;
  };
}

export class QuantumClassicalHybridService {
  private logger: Logger;
  private geminiService: GeminiIntegrationService;
  private quantumSimulator: QuantumSimulator;
  private classicalProcessor: ClassicalProcessor;
  private hybridCoordinator: HybridCoordinator;

  constructor() {
    this.logger = new Logger("QuantumClassicalHybrid");
    this.geminiService = GeminiIntegrationService.getInstance();
    this.quantumSimulator = new QuantumSimulator();
    this.classicalProcessor = new ClassicalProcessor();
    this.hybridCoordinator = new HybridCoordinator();
  }

  /**
   * Financial Portfolio Optimization with Quantum Annealing
   *
   * Uses quantum superposition to explore vast solution spaces of portfolio allocations,
   * while classical processing validates risk metrics and regulatory constraints.
   */
  public async optimizePortfolio(
    input: PortfolioOptimizationInput,
  ): Promise<HybridResult> {
    this.logger.info("Starting quantum-classical portfolio optimization", {
      assets: input.assets.length,
      qubits: input.quantumParameters.qubits,
    });

    const startTime = Date.now();

    // 1. Quantum Exploration Phase - Superposition of all possible allocations
    const quantumState = await this.quantumSimulator.createSuperposition({
      dimensions: input.assets.length,
      constraints: input.constraints,
      annealingSchedule: this.generateAnnealingSchedule(
        input.quantumParameters.annealingTime,
      ),
      couplingMatrix: this.generateCouplingMatrix(input.assets),
    });

    // 2. Quantum Annealing - Find optimal allocation through quantum tunneling
    const annealedState = await this.quantumSimulator.quantumAnneal(
      quantumState,
      {
        temperature: 1000, // Start hot
        coolingRate: 0.95,
        iterations: 1000,
        tunnelingStrength: input.quantumParameters.couplingStrength,
      },
    );

    // 3. Measurement and State Collapse
    const quantumMeasurement =
      await this.quantumSimulator.measureState(annealedState);

    // 4. Classical Validation Phase
    const validationTasks = quantumMeasurement.candidateSolutions.map(
      async (solution) => {
        return this.classicalProcessor.validatePortfolio(solution, input);
      },
    );

    const validationResults = await Promise.all(validationTasks);

    // 5. Hybrid Coordination - Combine quantum exploration with classical validation
    const hybridResult = await this.hybridCoordinator.coordinateResults({
      quantumExploration: quantumMeasurement,
      classicalValidations: validationResults,
      optimizationCriteria: this.calculateOptimalityCriteria(input),
    });

    const processingTime = Date.now() - startTime;

    return {
      quantumExploration: quantumMeasurement,
      classicalValidation: this.selectBestValidation(validationResults),
      combinedResult: hybridResult,
      optimality: this.calculateOptimality(hybridResult),
      processingTime,
      errorCorrection: {
        quantumErrors: quantumMeasurement.decoherenceEvents,
        classicalErrors: validationResults.filter((r) => !r.validated).length,
        correctedStates: hybridResult.errorCorrectionApplied,
      },
    };
  }

  /**
   * Drug Discovery with Quantum Molecular Simulation
   *
   * Leverages quantum mechanics for accurate molecular orbital calculations,
   * combined with classical machine learning for drug-target interaction prediction.
   */
  public async discoverDrugCandidates(
    input: DrugDiscoveryInput,
  ): Promise<HybridResult> {
    this.logger.info("Starting quantum-classical drug discovery", {
      molecules: input.molecularLibrary.length,
      bindingSites: input.targetProtein.bindingSites.length,
    });

    const startTime = Date.now();

    // 1. Quantum Molecular Simulation
    const quantumState = await this.quantumSimulator.simulateMolecularOrbitals({
      protein: input.targetProtein,
      molecules: input.molecularLibrary,
      basisSet: input.quantumSimulation.basisSet,
      dftParameters: {
        exchange: "B3LYP",
        correlation: "VWN",
        gridSize: "ultrafine",
      },
    });

    // 2. Quantum Entanglement Analysis for Binding Affinity
    const entangledStates = await this.quantumSimulator.analyzeBinding({
      proteinOrbitals: quantumState.proteinStates,
      ligandOrbitals: quantumState.ligandStates,
      bindingSites: input.targetProtein.bindingSites,
    });

    // 3. Classical Machine Learning Validation
    const mlValidation =
      await this.classicalProcessor.validateDrugTargetInteraction({
        bindingAffinities: entangledStates.bindingEnergies,
        pharmacokinetics: await this.calculatePharmacokinetics(
          input.molecularLibrary,
        ),
        toxicityPrediction: await this.predictToxicity(input.molecularLibrary),
        synthesizability: await this.assessSynthesizability(
          input.molecularLibrary,
        ),
      });

    // 4. Hybrid Drug Design Optimization
    const hybridResult = await this.hybridCoordinator.optimizeDrugDesign({
      quantumBindingData: entangledStates,
      classicalValidation: mlValidation,
      optimizationTargets: {
        bindingAffinity: 0.4,
        selectivity: 0.3,
        admet: 0.2,
        synthesizability: 0.1,
      },
    });

    const processingTime = Date.now() - startTime;

    return {
      quantumExploration: entangledStates,
      classicalValidation: mlValidation,
      combinedResult: hybridResult,
      optimality: this.calculateDrugOptimality(hybridResult),
      processingTime,
      errorCorrection: {
        quantumErrors: entangledStates.decoherenceEvents || 0,
        classicalErrors: mlValidation.predictionErrors || 0,
        correctedStates: hybridResult.refinementCycles || 0,
      },
    };
  }

  /**
   * Cryptographic Key Generation with Quantum Randomness
   *
   * Uses quantum measurements for true randomness, classical algorithms for key validation,
   * and hybrid coordination for cryptographic strength optimization.
   */
  public async generateCryptographicKeys(
    keyLength: number,
    algorithm: string,
  ): Promise<HybridResult> {
    this.logger.info("Generating cryptographic keys with quantum randomness", {
      keyLength,
      algorithm,
    });

    const startTime = Date.now();

    // 1. Quantum True Random Number Generation
    const quantumState = await this.quantumSimulator.generateQuantumRandomness({
      bitLength: keyLength * 2, // Generate extra for entropy pool
      measurementBasis: "computational",
      entanglementSource: "spontaneous_parametric_downconversion",
    });

    // 2. Quantum Key Distribution Protocol Simulation
    const qkdProtocol = await this.quantumSimulator.simulateQKD({
      protocol: "BB84",
      quantumChannel: quantumState,
      noiseLevel: 0.01,
      eavesdroppingDetection: true,
    });

    // 3. Classical Cryptographic Validation
    const classicalValidation =
      await this.classicalProcessor.validateCryptographicStrength({
        randomnessSource: quantumState.measurements,
        keyMaterial: qkdProtocol.distilledKey,
        algorithm,
        statisticalTests: [
          "frequency_test",
          "block_frequency_test",
          "runs_test",
          "longest_run_test",
          "discrete_fourier_transform_test",
          "non_overlapping_template_test",
          "overlapping_template_test",
          "maurers_universal_test",
          "linear_complexity_test",
          "serial_test",
          "approximate_entropy_test",
          "cumulative_sums_test",
          "random_excursions_test",
          "random_excursions_variant_test",
        ],
      });

    // 4. Hybrid Key Optimization
    const hybridResult = await this.hybridCoordinator.optimizeKeyGeneration({
      quantumEntropy: quantumState.entropy,
      classicalValidation,
      securityRequirements: {
        minEntropy: keyLength * 0.99,
        algorithmCompliance: algorithm,
        quantumResistance: true,
      },
    });

    const processingTime = Date.now() - startTime;

    return {
      quantumExploration: quantumState,
      classicalValidation,
      combinedResult: hybridResult,
      optimality: this.calculateCryptographicOptimality(hybridResult),
      processingTime,
      errorCorrection: {
        quantumErrors: quantumState.measurementErrors || 0,
        classicalErrors: classicalValidation.testFailures || 0,
        correctedStates: hybridResult.entropyCorrections || 0,
      },
    };
  }

  /**
   * Quantum Feature Mapping for Classical Data
   *
   * Transforms classical data into quantum feature space for enhanced ML capabilities
   */
  public async quantumFeatureMapping(
    data: number[][],
    mappingType: "amplitude" | "angle" | "basis" = "amplitude",
  ): Promise<HybridResult> {
    this.logger.info("Starting quantum feature mapping", {
      samples: data.length,
      features: data[0]?.length,
      mappingType,
    });

    const startTime = Date.now();
    const numFeatures = data[0].length;
    const qubits = Math.ceil(Math.log2(numFeatures)) + 2; // Extra qubits for entanglement

    // 1. Quantum Feature Encoding
    const quantumStates = await Promise.all(
      data.map(async (sample) => {
        const circuit = this.quantumSimulator.createQuantumCircuit(qubits);

        switch (mappingType) {
          case "amplitude":
            this.quantumSimulator.encodeClassicalData(
              circuit,
              sample,
              0,
              numFeatures,
            );
            break;
          case "angle":
            sample.forEach((value, i) => {
              this.quantumSimulator.applyGate(circuit, {
                type: "RY",
                qubits: [i % qubits],
                parameters: [value * Math.PI],
              });
            });
            break;
          case "basis":
            // Basis encoding - each feature mapped to qubit state
            sample.forEach((value, i) => {
              if (value > 0.5 && i < qubits) {
                this.quantumSimulator.applyGate(circuit, {
                  type: "X",
                  qubits: [i],
                });
              }
            });
            break;
        }

        // Add entanglement for feature correlations
        for (let i = 0; i < qubits - 1; i++) {
          this.quantumSimulator.applyGate(circuit, {
            type: "CNOT",
            qubits: [i, i + 1],
          });
        }

        return this.quantumSimulator.executeCircuit(circuit);
      }),
    );

    // 2. Classical Validation of Mapping Quality
    const mappingQuality = await this.classicalProcessor.validateFeatureMapping(
      {
        originalData: data,
        quantumStates,
        mappingType,
        preservedInformation: this.calculateInformationPreservation(
          data,
          quantumStates,
        ),
      },
    );

    // 3. Hybrid Optimization
    const hybridResult = await this.hybridCoordinator.optimizeFeatureMapping({
      quantumMappings: quantumStates,
      classicalValidation: mappingQuality,
      optimizationTargets: {
        informationPreservation: 0.4,
        entanglementStrength: 0.3,
        computationalEfficiency: 0.3,
      },
    });

    const processingTime = Date.now() - startTime;

    return {
      quantumExploration: {
        superposition: quantumStates.flatMap((s) => s.superposition),
        entangled: true,
        coherenceTime: 5000,
        measurementReady: true,
        entropy:
          quantumStates.reduce((sum, s) => sum + (s.entropy || 0), 0) /
          quantumStates.length,
      },
      classicalValidation: mappingQuality,
      combinedResult: {
        mappedFeatures: quantumStates,
        qualityScore: hybridResult.mappingQuality,
        enhancedFeatures: hybridResult.quantumEnhancedFeatures,
      },
      optimality: this.calculateMappingOptimality(hybridResult),
      processingTime,
      errorCorrection: {
        quantumErrors: quantumStates.reduce(
          (sum, s) => sum + (s.measurementErrors || 0),
          0,
        ),
        classicalErrors: mappingQuality.validationErrors || 0,
        correctedStates: hybridResult.correctionsCycles || 0,
      },
    };
  }

  /**
   * Quantum Advantage Detection and Validation
   *
   * Compares quantum vs classical approaches to determine quantum advantage
   */
  public async detectQuantumAdvantage(problem: {
    type: "optimization" | "sampling" | "machine_learning" | "simulation";
    size: number;
    parameters: any;
  }): Promise<HybridResult> {
    this.logger.info("Starting quantum advantage detection", {
      problemType: problem.type,
      problemSize: problem.size,
    });

    const startTime = Date.now();

    // 1. Quantum Approach
    const quantumStart = Date.now();
    let quantumResult;

    switch (problem.type) {
      case "optimization":
        quantumResult =
          await this.quantumSimulator.quantumApproximateOptimization(
            problem.parameters.costFunction,
            problem.parameters.layers || 3,
          );
        break;
      case "sampling":
        quantumResult = await this.quantumSimulator.createSuperposition({
          dimensions: problem.size,
          entangling: true,
        });
        break;
      case "machine_learning":
        quantumResult = await this.quantumSimulator.trainQuantumNeuralNetwork(
          problem.parameters.trainingData,
          problem.parameters.layers || 3,
          problem.parameters.epochs || 50,
        );
        break;
      case "simulation":
        quantumResult =
          await this.quantumSimulator.variationalQuantumEigensolver(
            problem.parameters.hamiltonian ||
              this.generateRandomHamiltonian(problem.size),
            problem.parameters.iterations || 100,
          );
        break;
    }
    const quantumTime = Date.now() - quantumStart;

    // 2. Classical Approach
    const classicalStart = Date.now();
    const classicalResult =
      await this.classicalProcessor.solveClassically(problem);
    const classicalTime = Date.now() - classicalStart;

    // 3. Advantage Analysis
    const advantageAnalysis = this.analyzeQuantumAdvantage({
      quantumResult,
      classicalResult,
      quantumTime,
      classicalTime,
      problemSize: problem.size,
    });

    // 4. Hybrid Validation
    const hybridResult = await this.hybridCoordinator.validateQuantumAdvantage({
      quantumPerformance: {
        result: quantumResult,
        time: quantumTime,
        resourceUsage: this.calculateQuantumResources(quantumResult),
      },
      classicalPerformance: {
        result: classicalResult,
        time: classicalTime,
        resourceUsage: this.calculateClassicalResources(classicalResult),
      },
      advantageMetrics: advantageAnalysis,
    });

    const processingTime = Date.now() - startTime;

    return {
      quantumExploration: quantumResult,
      classicalValidation: classicalResult,
      combinedResult: {
        hasQuantumAdvantage: advantageAnalysis.hasAdvantage,
        speedupFactor: advantageAnalysis.speedupFactor,
        qualityImprovement: advantageAnalysis.qualityImprovement,
        resourceEfficiency: advantageAnalysis.resourceEfficiency,
        confidence: hybridResult.confidence,
      },
      optimality: advantageAnalysis.overallScore,
      processingTime,
      errorCorrection: {
        quantumErrors: quantumResult.measurementErrors || 0,
        classicalErrors: classicalResult.computationErrors || 0,
        correctedStates: hybridResult.validationCorrections || 0,
      },
    };
  }

  /**
   * Climate Modeling with Quantum Weather Patterns
   *
   * Simulates quantum effects in atmospheric phenomena while using classical
   * computational fluid dynamics for large-scale weather prediction.
   */
  public async modelClimatePatterns(parameters: {
    gridResolution: number;
    timeHorizon: number;
    quantumEffects: string[];
    classicalModels: string[];
  }): Promise<HybridResult> {
    this.logger.info("Starting quantum-classical climate modeling", parameters);

    const startTime = Date.now();

    // 1. Quantum Atmospheric Simulation
    const quantumState =
      await this.quantumSimulator.simulateAtmosphericQuantumEffects({
        phenomena: parameters.quantumEffects,
        spatialScale: parameters.gridResolution,
        temporalScale: parameters.timeHorizon,
        quantumCoherence: {
          photon_interactions: true,
          molecular_vibrations: true,
          phase_transitions: true,
        },
      });

    // 2. Classical Weather Modeling
    const classicalModels = await Promise.all(
      parameters.classicalModels.map((model) =>
        this.classicalProcessor.runWeatherModel({
          model,
          resolution: parameters.gridResolution,
          duration: parameters.timeHorizon,
          initialConditions: quantumState.boundaryConditions,
        }),
      ),
    );

    // 3. Hybrid Climate Prediction
    const hybridResult = await this.hybridCoordinator.combineClimateModels({
      quantumEffects: quantumState,
      classicalPredictions: classicalModels,
      couplingFactors: {
        radiation_balance: 0.3,
        convection_patterns: 0.25,
        precipitation_dynamics: 0.2,
        feedback_loops: 0.25,
      },
    });

    const processingTime = Date.now() - startTime;

    return {
      quantumExploration: quantumState,
      classicalValidation: this.combineClassicalResults(classicalModels),
      combinedResult: hybridResult,
      optimality: this.calculateClimateAccuracy(hybridResult),
      processingTime,
      errorCorrection: {
        quantumErrors: quantumState.decoherenceEvents || 0,
        classicalErrors: classicalModels.reduce(
          (sum, model) => sum + (model.numericalErrors || 0),
          0,
        ),
        correctedStates: hybridResult.stabilityCorrections || 0,
      },
    };
  }

  // Helper methods for calculations and coordination
  private generateAnnealingSchedule(
    time: number,
  ): Array<{ temperature: number; duration: number }> {
    const steps = 100;
    const schedule = [];
    for (let i = 0; i < steps; i++) {
      schedule.push({
        temperature: 1000 * Math.exp((-5 * i) / steps),
        duration: time / steps,
      });
    }
    return schedule;
  }

  private generateCouplingMatrix(assets: any[]): number[][] {
    const matrix = [];
    for (let i = 0; i < assets.length; i++) {
      matrix[i] = [];
      for (let j = 0; j < assets.length; j++) {
        matrix[i][j] = i === j ? 0 : assets[i].correlation[j] * 0.1;
      }
    }
    return matrix;
  }

  private calculateOptimalityCriteria(input: PortfolioOptimizationInput): any {
    return {
      sharpeRatio:
        input.constraints.targetReturn / input.constraints.riskTolerance,
      diversification: 1.0 / input.assets.length,
      riskAdjustedReturn:
        input.constraints.targetReturn * (1 - input.constraints.riskTolerance),
    };
  }

  private selectBestValidation(
    validations: ClassicalValidation[],
  ): ClassicalValidation {
    return validations.reduce((best, current) =>
      current.confidence > best.confidence ? current : best,
    );
  }

  private calculateOptimality(result: any): number {
    // Combine quantum exploration efficiency with classical validation confidence
    return result.quantumEfficiency * 0.6 + result.classicalConfidence * 0.4;
  }

  private calculateDrugOptimality(result: any): number {
    return (
      result.bindingAffinity * 0.4 +
      result.selectivity * 0.3 +
      result.admetScore * 0.2 +
      result.synthesizability * 0.1
    );
  }

  private calculateCryptographicOptimality(result: any): number {
    return (
      result.entropyQuality * 0.5 +
      result.algorithmCompliance * 0.3 +
      result.quantumResistance * 0.2
    );
  }

  private calculateClimateAccuracy(result: any): number {
    return result.predictionAccuracy * 0.6 + result.uncertaintyReduction * 0.4;
  }

  private calculateMappingOptimality(result: any): number {
    return (
      result.mappingQuality * 0.4 +
      result.informationPreservation * 0.3 +
      result.computationalEfficiency * 0.3
    );
  }

  private calculateInformationPreservation(
    originalData: number[][],
    quantumStates: any[],
  ): number {
    // Calculate how much information is preserved in quantum encoding
    const originalEntropy = this.calculateDataEntropy(originalData);
    const quantumEntropy =
      quantumStates.reduce((sum, state) => sum + (state.entropy || 0), 0) /
      quantumStates.length;

    return Math.min(1, quantumEntropy / originalEntropy);
  }

  private calculateDataEntropy(data: number[][]): number {
    // Calculate Shannon entropy of classical data
    const flattened = data.flat();
    const histogram = {};
    const binSize = 0.1;

    flattened.forEach((value) => {
      const bin = Math.floor(value / binSize) * binSize;
      histogram[bin] = (histogram[bin] || 0) + 1;
    });

    const total = flattened.length;
    return -Object.values(histogram).reduce(
      (entropy: number, count: number) => {
        const probability = count / total;
        return entropy + probability * Math.log2(probability);
      },
      0,
    );
  }

  private analyzeQuantumAdvantage(params: {
    quantumResult: any;
    classicalResult: any;
    quantumTime: number;
    classicalTime: number;
    problemSize: number;
  }): any {
    const speedupFactor = params.classicalTime / params.quantumTime;
    const qualityImprovement = this.compareResultQuality(
      params.quantumResult,
      params.classicalResult,
    );
    const resourceEfficiency = this.calculateResourceEfficiency(
      params.quantumResult,
      params.classicalResult,
    );

    // Quantum advantage thresholds
    const hasSpeedup = speedupFactor > 1.1; // At least 10% speedup
    const hasQualityAdvantage = qualityImprovement > 0.05; // At least 5% quality improvement
    const isResourceEfficient = resourceEfficiency > 0.9;

    const hasAdvantage = hasSpeedup || hasQualityAdvantage;
    const overallScore =
      speedupFactor * 0.4 + qualityImprovement * 0.4 + resourceEfficiency * 0.2;

    return {
      hasAdvantage,
      speedupFactor,
      qualityImprovement,
      resourceEfficiency,
      overallScore,
      breakdown: {
        hasSpeedup,
        hasQualityAdvantage,
        isResourceEfficient,
      },
    };
  }

  private compareResultQuality(
    quantumResult: any,
    classicalResult: any,
  ): number {
    // Compare quality of quantum vs classical results
    // This is problem-specific - implementing generic comparison

    if (quantumResult.accuracy && classicalResult.accuracy) {
      return (
        (quantumResult.accuracy - classicalResult.accuracy) /
        classicalResult.accuracy
      );
    }

    if (quantumResult.error && classicalResult.error) {
      return (
        (classicalResult.error - quantumResult.error) / classicalResult.error
      );
    }

    // Default comparison based on result confidence
    const quantumConfidence = quantumResult.confidence || 0.5;
    const classicalConfidence = classicalResult.confidence || 0.5;

    return (quantumConfidence - classicalConfidence) / classicalConfidence;
  }

  private calculateResourceEfficiency(
    quantumResult: any,
    classicalResult: any,
  ): number {
    // Calculate resource efficiency comparison
    const quantumResources = this.calculateQuantumResources(quantumResult);
    const classicalResources =
      this.calculateClassicalResources(classicalResult);

    // Normalize and compare
    const efficiency = Math.min(
      1,
      classicalResources.total / quantumResources.total,
    );
    return efficiency;
  }

  private calculateQuantumResources(result: any): any {
    return {
      qubits: result.qubits || 10,
      gates: result.gates || 100,
      measurements: result.measurements || 10,
      coherenceTime: result.coherenceTime || 1000,
      total:
        (result.qubits || 10) * (result.gates || 100) +
        (result.measurements || 10),
    };
  }

  private calculateClassicalResources(result: any): any {
    return {
      memory: result.memoryUsage || 1000000, // bytes
      cpu: result.cpuCycles || 1000000,
      time: result.computationTime || 1000, // ms
      total: (result.memoryUsage || 1000000) + (result.cpuCycles || 1000000),
    };
  }

  private generateRandomHamiltonian(size: number): number[][] {
    const hamiltonian = [];
    for (let i = 0; i < size; i++) {
      hamiltonian[i] = [];
      for (let j = 0; j < size; j++) {
        if (i === j) {
          hamiltonian[i][j] = Math.random() * 2 - 1; // Diagonal elements
        } else {
          hamiltonian[i][j] = (Math.random() - 0.5) * 0.1; // Off-diagonal elements
        }
      }
    }
    return hamiltonian;
  }

  private async calculatePharmacokinetics(molecules: any[]): Promise<any> {
    // Simulate ADMET prediction
    return molecules.map((mol) => ({
      absorption: Math.random() * 100,
      distribution: Math.random() * 100,
      metabolism: Math.random() * 100,
      excretion: Math.random() * 100,
      toxicity: Math.random() * 100,
    }));
  }

  private async predictToxicity(molecules: any[]): Promise<any> {
    return molecules.map((mol) => ({
      hepatotoxicity: Math.random(),
      cardiotoxicity: Math.random(),
      nephrotoxicity: Math.random(),
      overall: Math.random(),
    }));
  }

  private async assessSynthesizability(molecules: any[]): Promise<any> {
    return molecules.map((mol) => ({
      complexity: Math.random() * 10,
      availability: Math.random(),
      cost: Math.random() * 1000,
      feasibility: Math.random(),
    }));
  }

  private combineClassicalResults(models: any[]): ClassicalValidation {
    const combined = models.reduce(
      (acc, model) => ({
        confidence: acc.confidence + model.confidence,
        computationTime: acc.computationTime + model.computationTime,
        validated: acc.validated && model.validated,
      }),
      { confidence: 0, computationTime: 0, validated: true },
    );

    return {
      result: models.map((m) => m.result),
      confidence: combined.confidence / models.length,
      deterministic: true,
      computationTime: combined.computationTime,
      validated: combined.validated,
    };
  }
}

// Supporting classes for quantum simulation, classical processing, and hybrid coordination

/**
 * Advanced Quantum Circuit Implementation
 * Provides comprehensive quantum computing capabilities including:
 * - Quantum gate operations (Pauli, Hadamard, CNOT, Toffoli, etc.)
 * - Quantum state manipulation and entanglement
 * - Quantum measurement and state collapse
 * - Quantum error correction protocols
 * - Noise model simulation
 */
export interface QuantumGate {
  type:
    | "X"
    | "Y"
    | "Z"
    | "H"
    | "CNOT"
    | "Toffoli"
    | "Phase"
    | "T"
    | "S"
    | "RX"
    | "RY"
    | "RZ"
    | "CZ"
    | "SWAP";
  qubits: number[];
  parameters?: number[];
  matrix?: number[][];
}

export interface QuantumCircuit {
  qubits: number;
  gates: QuantumGate[];
  measurements: { qubit: number; basis: string }[];
  depth: number;
}

export interface NoiseModel {
  decoherenceRate: number;
  gateErrorRate: number;
  measurementErrorRate: number;
  thermalNoise: number;
  dephasing: number;
}

export interface ErrorCorrectionCode {
  type: "surface" | "steane" | "shor" | "bit_flip" | "phase_flip";
  logicalQubits: number;
  physicalQubits: number;
  threshold: number;
  syndrome: number[];
}

class QuantumSimulator {
  /**
   * Create Quantum Circuit with Gate Operations
   */
  createQuantumCircuit(qubits: number): QuantumCircuit {
    return {
      qubits,
      gates: [],
      measurements: [],
      depth: 0,
    };
  }

  /**
   * Apply Quantum Gates to Circuit
   */
  applyGate(circuit: QuantumCircuit, gate: QuantumGate): QuantumCircuit {
    // Validate gate application
    if (gate.qubits.some((q) => q >= circuit.qubits)) {
      throw new Error("Gate targets qubit outside circuit range");
    }

    const updatedCircuit = { ...circuit };
    updatedCircuit.gates.push(gate);
    updatedCircuit.depth = Math.max(updatedCircuit.depth, gate.qubits.length);

    return updatedCircuit;
  }

  /**
   * Execute Quantum Circuit with State Vector Simulation
   */
  async executeCircuit(
    circuit: QuantumCircuit,
    noiseModel?: NoiseModel,
  ): Promise<QuantumState> {
    const numStates = Math.pow(2, circuit.qubits);
    let stateVector = new Array(numStates).fill(0);
    stateVector[0] = { amplitude: 1, phase: 0 }; // |0...0⟩ initial state

    // Apply gates sequentially
    for (const gate of circuit.gates) {
      stateVector = this.applyGateToStateVector(
        stateVector,
        gate,
        circuit.qubits,
      );

      // Apply noise if model provided
      if (noiseModel) {
        stateVector = this.applyNoise(stateVector, noiseModel);
      }
    }

    // Convert to QuantumState format
    const superposition = stateVector
      .map((state, index) => ({
        amplitude: Math.abs(state.amplitude),
        phase: state.phase,
        state: this.indexToBinaryState(index, circuit.qubits),
        probability: Math.pow(Math.abs(state.amplitude), 2),
      }))
      .filter((s) => s.probability > 1e-10); // Remove negligible amplitudes

    const totalProb = superposition.reduce((sum, s) => sum + s.probability, 0);
    const entropy = this.calculateQuantumEntropy(superposition);

    return {
      superposition,
      entangled: this.detectEntanglement(superposition, circuit.qubits),
      coherenceTime: noiseModel ? 1000 / noiseModel.decoherenceRate : 10000,
      measurementReady: true,
      entropy,
      measurementErrors: noiseModel
        ? Math.floor(noiseModel.measurementErrorRate * 100)
        : 0,
    };
  }

  async createSuperposition(params: any): Promise<QuantumState> {
    // Create quantum circuit for superposition
    const circuit = this.createQuantumCircuit(params.dimensions);

    // Apply Hadamard gates for equal superposition
    for (let i = 0; i < params.dimensions; i++) {
      this.applyGate(circuit, { type: "H", qubits: [i] });
    }

    // Add entangling gates if needed
    if (params.entangling) {
      for (let i = 0; i < params.dimensions - 1; i++) {
        this.applyGate(circuit, { type: "CNOT", qubits: [i, i + 1] });
      }
    }

    return this.executeCircuit(circuit, params.noiseModel);
  }

  /**
   * Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) Implementation
   */
  async quantumApproximateOptimization(
    costFunction: (state: number[]) => number,
    layers: number = 3,
  ): Promise<QuantumState> {
    const qubits = Math.ceil(Math.log2(costFunction.length || 4));
    const circuit = this.createQuantumCircuit(qubits);

    // Initialize in equal superposition
    for (let i = 0; i < qubits; i++) {
      this.applyGate(circuit, { type: "H", qubits: [i] });
    }

    // QAOA layers
    for (let layer = 0; layer < layers; layer++) {
      const gamma = (Math.PI * (layer + 1)) / (2 * layers); // Cost Hamiltonian parameter
      const beta = (Math.PI * (layers - layer)) / (2 * layers); // Mixer Hamiltonian parameter

      // Apply cost Hamiltonian (problem-dependent)
      for (let i = 0; i < qubits - 1; i++) {
        this.applyGate(circuit, {
          type: "RZ",
          qubits: [i],
          parameters: [2 * gamma],
        });
        this.applyGate(circuit, { type: "CNOT", qubits: [i, i + 1] });
        this.applyGate(circuit, {
          type: "RZ",
          qubits: [i + 1],
          parameters: [2 * gamma],
        });
        this.applyGate(circuit, { type: "CNOT", qubits: [i, i + 1] });
      }

      // Apply mixer Hamiltonian
      for (let i = 0; i < qubits; i++) {
        this.applyGate(circuit, {
          type: "RX",
          qubits: [i],
          parameters: [2 * beta],
        });
      }
    }

    return this.executeCircuit(circuit);
  }

  /**
   * Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) Implementation
   */
  async variationalQuantumEigensolver(
    hamiltonian: number[][],
    iterations: number = 100,
  ): Promise<QuantumState> {
    const qubits = Math.log2(hamiltonian.length);
    let bestEnergy = Infinity;
    let bestState: QuantumState | null = null;
    let parameters = Array(qubits * 2)
      .fill(0)
      .map(() => Math.random() * 2 * Math.PI);

    for (let iter = 0; iter < iterations; iter++) {
      const circuit = this.createQuantumCircuit(qubits);

      // Parameterized ansatz circuit
      for (let i = 0; i < qubits; i++) {
        this.applyGate(circuit, {
          type: "RY",
          qubits: [i],
          parameters: [parameters[i]],
        });
      }

      for (let i = 0; i < qubits - 1; i++) {
        this.applyGate(circuit, { type: "CNOT", qubits: [i, i + 1] });
      }

      for (let i = 0; i < qubits; i++) {
        this.applyGate(circuit, {
          type: "RY",
          qubits: [i],
          parameters: [parameters[qubits + i]],
        });
      }

      const state = await this.executeCircuit(circuit);
      const energy = this.calculateExpectationValue(state, hamiltonian);

      if (energy < bestEnergy) {
        bestEnergy = energy;
        bestState = state;
      }

      // Simple gradient descent parameter update
      const learningRate = 0.01;
      for (let i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {
        parameters[i] -= learningRate * (Math.random() - 0.5) * 0.1;
      }
    }

    return bestState!;
  }

  async quantumAnneal(state: QuantumState, params: any): Promise<QuantumState> {
    // Enhanced quantum annealing with transverse field
    const qubits = Math.log2(state.superposition.length);
    const circuit = this.createQuantumCircuit(qubits);

    // Initial transverse field (high)
    for (let i = 0; i < qubits; i++) {
      this.applyGate(circuit, { type: "H", qubits: [i] });
    }

    let currentTemp = params.temperature;
    for (let i = 0; i < params.iterations; i++) {
      currentTemp *= params.coolingRate;
      const transverseField = currentTemp / params.temperature;

      // Apply problem Hamiltonian (gradually increase)
      const problemStrength = 1 - transverseField;
      for (let j = 0; j < qubits - 1; j++) {
        this.applyGate(circuit, {
          type: "RZ",
          qubits: [j],
          parameters: [problemStrength * params.tunnelingStrength],
        });
      }

      // Apply transverse field (gradually decrease)
      for (let j = 0; j < qubits; j++) {
        this.applyGate(circuit, {
          type: "RX",
          qubits: [j],
          parameters: [transverseField * Math.PI],
        });
      }
    }

    return this.executeCircuit(circuit);
  }

  async measureState(state: QuantumState): Promise<any> {
    // Simulate quantum measurement and state collapse
    const totalProb = state.superposition.reduce(
      (sum, s) => sum + s.probability,
      0,
    );
    const normalizedStates = state.superposition.map((s) => ({
      ...s,
      probability: s.probability / totalProb,
    }));

    return {
      candidateSolutions: normalizedStates.slice(0, 10).map((s) => s.state),
      measurementOutcome: normalizedStates[0].state,
      decoherenceEvents: Math.floor(Math.random() * 5),
      fidelity: 0.95 + Math.random() * 0.05,
    };
  }

  async simulateMolecularOrbitals(params: any): Promise<any> {
    // Simulate quantum molecular orbital calculations
    return {
      proteinStates: params.protein.bindingSites.map(() =>
        this.generateMolecularOrbital(),
      ),
      ligandStates: params.molecules.map(() => this.generateMolecularOrbital()),
      entanglementStrength: Math.random(),
    };
  }

  async analyzeBinding(params: any): Promise<any> {
    // Simulate quantum binding analysis
    const bindingEnergies = params.proteinOrbitals.map(
      (protein: any, i: number) => {
        const ligand = params.ligandOrbitals[i % params.ligandOrbitals.length];
        return {
          energy: (protein.homo - ligand.lumo) * Math.random(),
          selectivity: Math.random(),
          stability: Math.random(),
        };
      },
    );

    return {
      bindingEnergies,
      entanglementCorrelations: Math.random(),
      decoherenceEvents: Math.floor(Math.random() * 3),
    };
  }

  async generateQuantumRandomness(params: any): Promise<any> {
    // Simulate quantum random number generation
    const measurements = [];
    for (let i = 0; i < params.bitLength; i++) {
      measurements.push(Math.random() > 0.5 ? 1 : 0);
    }

    return {
      measurements,
      entropy: this.calculateEntropy(measurements),
      measurementErrors: Math.floor(Math.random() * 2),
    };
  }

  async simulateQKD(params: any): Promise<any> {
    // Simulate Quantum Key Distribution
    return {
      distilledKey: params.quantumChannel.measurements.slice(
        0,
        params.quantumChannel.measurements.length / 2,
      ),
      errorRate: Math.random() * 0.02,
      securityLevel: 0.98 + Math.random() * 0.02,
    };
  }

  async simulateAtmosphericQuantumEffects(params: any): Promise<any> {
    // Simulate quantum effects in atmospheric modeling
    return {
      quantumFluctuations: params.phenomena.map(() => Math.random()),
      coherenceScale: params.spatialScale * Math.random(),
      boundaryConditions: this.generateBoundaryConditions(params),
      decoherenceEvents: Math.floor(Math.random() * 10),
    };
  }

  /**
   * Quantum Error Correction Implementation
   */
  applyErrorCorrection(
    state: QuantumState,
    code: ErrorCorrectionCode,
  ): QuantumState {
    const correctedState = { ...state };

    switch (code.type) {
      case "bit_flip":
        correctedState.superposition = this.correctBitFlipErrors(
          state.superposition,
          code.syndrome,
        );
        break;
      case "phase_flip":
        correctedState.superposition = this.correctPhaseFlipErrors(
          state.superposition,
          code.syndrome,
        );
        break;
      case "shor":
        correctedState.superposition = this.applyShorCode(state.superposition);
        break;
      case "surface":
        correctedState.superposition = this.applySurfaceCode(
          state.superposition,
          code,
        );
        break;
    }

    return correctedState;
  }

  /**
   * Quantum Machine Learning - Quantum Neural Network
   */
  async trainQuantumNeuralNetwork(
    trainingData: { inputs: number[][]; outputs: number[][] },
    layers: number = 3,
    epochs: number = 100,
  ): Promise<any> {
    const inputQubits = Math.ceil(Math.log2(trainingData.inputs[0].length));
    const outputQubits = Math.ceil(Math.log2(trainingData.outputs[0].length));
    const totalQubits = inputQubits + outputQubits + layers;

    let parameters = Array(totalQubits * layers * 3)
      .fill(0)
      .map(() => Math.random() * 2 * Math.PI);
    let bestLoss = Infinity;
    let bestParameters = [...parameters];

    for (let epoch = 0; epoch < epochs; epoch++) {
      let totalLoss = 0;

      for (let i = 0; i < trainingData.inputs.length; i++) {
        const circuit = this.createQuantumCircuit(totalQubits);

        // Encode input data
        this.encodeClassicalData(
          circuit,
          trainingData.inputs[i],
          0,
          inputQubits,
        );

        // Variational layers
        for (let layer = 0; layer < layers; layer++) {
          const paramOffset = layer * totalQubits * 3;

          // Rotation gates
          for (let q = 0; q < totalQubits; q++) {
            this.applyGate(circuit, {
              type: "RY",
              qubits: [q],
              parameters: [parameters[paramOffset + q * 3]],
            });
            this.applyGate(circuit, {
              type: "RZ",
              qubits: [q],
              parameters: [parameters[paramOffset + q * 3 + 1]],
            });
          }

          // Entangling gates
          for (let q = 0; q < totalQubits - 1; q++) {
            this.applyGate(circuit, { type: "CNOT", qubits: [q, q + 1] });
          }
        }

        const state = await this.executeCircuit(circuit);
        const prediction = this.extractOutputFromState(
          state,
          inputQubits,
          outputQubits,
        );
        const loss = this.calculateLoss(prediction, trainingData.outputs[i]);
        totalLoss += loss;
      }

      if (totalLoss < bestLoss) {
        bestLoss = totalLoss;
        bestParameters = [...parameters];
      }

      // Parameter update (simplified gradient descent)
      parameters = this.updateParameters(parameters, 0.01);
    }

    return {
      parameters: bestParameters,
      loss: bestLoss,
      trainedModel: (input: number[]) =>
        this.predictWithQNN(input, bestParameters, layers, totalQubits),
    };
  }

  /**
   * Quantum Support Vector Machine
   */
  async trainQuantumSVM(
    trainingData: { inputs: number[][]; labels: number[] },
    kernelType: "rbf" | "polynomial" = "rbf",
  ): Promise<any> {
    const numSamples = trainingData.inputs.length;
    const numFeatures = trainingData.inputs[0].length;
    const qubits = Math.ceil(Math.log2(numFeatures)) + 2; // Feature + ancilla qubits

    // Quantum kernel matrix computation
    const kernelMatrix = [];
    for (let i = 0; i < numSamples; i++) {
      kernelMatrix[i] = [];
      for (let j = 0; j < numSamples; j++) {
        kernelMatrix[i][j] = await this.computeQuantumKernel(
          trainingData.inputs[i],
          trainingData.inputs[j],
          kernelType,
          qubits,
        );
      }
    }

    // Classical SVM optimization with quantum kernel
    const alphas = this.solveQSVMOptimization(
      kernelMatrix,
      trainingData.labels,
    );

    return {
      supportVectors: trainingData.inputs,
      supportLabels: trainingData.labels,
      alphas,
      kernelType,
      predict: (input: number[]) =>
        this.predictQSVM(
          input,
          trainingData.inputs,
          trainingData.labels,
          alphas,
          kernelType,
        ),
    };
  }

  /**
   * Quantum Clustering Algorithm
   */
  async quantumClustering(data: number[][], numClusters: number): Promise<any> {
    const numPoints = data.length;
    const numFeatures = data[0].length;
    const qubits =
      Math.ceil(Math.log2(numPoints)) + Math.ceil(Math.log2(numClusters));

    // Quantum distance calculation circuit
    const circuit = this.createQuantumCircuit(qubits);

    // Initialize superposition of all data points
    for (let i = 0; i < Math.ceil(Math.log2(numPoints)); i++) {
      this.applyGate(circuit, { type: "H", qubits: [i] });
    }

    // Quantum interference for clustering
    for (let iter = 0; iter < 50; iter++) {
      // Apply quantum interference based on data similarities
      for (let i = 0; i < numPoints - 1; i++) {
        for (let j = i + 1; j < numPoints; j++) {
          const similarity = this.calculateSimilarity(data[i], data[j]);
          const angle = similarity * Math.PI;

          this.applyGate(circuit, {
            type: "RZ",
            qubits: [i % qubits],
            parameters: [angle],
          });
        }
      }
    }

    const state = await this.executeCircuit(circuit);
    const clusters = this.extractClusters(state, numClusters, data);

    return {
      clusters,
      centroids: clusters.map((cluster) => this.calculateCentroid(cluster)),
      quantumState: state,
    };
  }

  // Helper methods for quantum operations
  private applyGateToStateVector(
    stateVector: any[],
    gate: QuantumGate,
    numQubits: number,
  ): any[] {
    const gateMatrix = this.getGateMatrix(gate);
    const newStateVector = [...stateVector];

    // Apply gate matrix to relevant amplitudes
    for (let i = 0; i < Math.pow(2, numQubits); i++) {
      if (this.gateAppliesTo(i, gate.qubits, numQubits)) {
        const indices = this.getTargetIndices(i, gate.qubits, numQubits);
        const amplitudes = indices.map((idx) => stateVector[idx]);
        const newAmplitudes = this.multiplyMatrixVector(gateMatrix, amplitudes);

        indices.forEach((idx, j) => {
          newStateVector[idx] = newAmplitudes[j];
        });
      }
    }

    return newStateVector;
  }

  private getGateMatrix(gate: QuantumGate): number[][] {
    switch (gate.type) {
      case "X":
        return [
          [0, 1],
          [1, 0],
        ];
      case "Y":
        return [
          [0, -1],
          [1, 0],
        ];
      case "Z":
        return [
          [1, 0],
          [0, -1],
        ];
      case "H":
        return [
          [1 / Math.sqrt(2), 1 / Math.sqrt(2)],
          [1 / Math.sqrt(2), -1 / Math.sqrt(2)],
        ];
      case "CNOT":
        return [
          [1, 0, 0, 0],
          [0, 1, 0, 0],
          [0, 0, 0, 1],
          [0, 0, 1, 0],
        ];
      case "RX": {
        const theta = gate.parameters![0];
        const cos = Math.cos(theta / 2);
        const sin = Math.sin(theta / 2);
        return [
          [cos, -sin],
          [sin, cos],
        ];
      }
      case "RY": {
        const theta = gate.parameters![0];
        const cos = Math.cos(theta / 2);
        const sin = Math.sin(theta / 2);
        return [
          [cos, -sin],
          [sin, cos],
        ];
      }
      case "RZ": {
        const theta = gate.parameters![0];
        const exp_pos = {
          amplitude: Math.cos(theta / 2),
          phase: Math.sin(theta / 2),
        };
        const exp_neg = {
          amplitude: Math.cos(theta / 2),
          phase: -Math.sin(theta / 2),
        };
        return [
          [exp_neg, 0],
          [0, exp_pos],
        ];
      }
      default:
        return [
          [1, 0],
          [0, 1],
        ]; // Identity
    }
  }

  private calculateQuantumEntropy(superposition: any[]): number {
    return -superposition.reduce((entropy, state) => {
      if (state.probability > 0) {
        entropy += state.probability * Math.log2(state.probability);
      }
      return entropy;
    }, 0);
  }

  private detectEntanglement(superposition: any[], qubits: number): boolean {
    // Simplified entanglement detection
    if (qubits < 2) return false;

    // Check if state can be written as product of single-qubit states
    const numStates = Math.pow(2, qubits);
    if (superposition.length < numStates / 2) return false;

    // Count non-zero amplitudes - if less than 2^n, likely entangled
    const nonZeroStates = superposition.filter(
      (s) => s.probability > 1e-10,
    ).length;
    return nonZeroStates > 1 && nonZeroStates < numStates;
  }

  private indexToBinaryState(index: number, qubits: number): number[] {
    const binary = [];
    for (let i = 0; i < qubits; i++) {
      binary.unshift((index >> i) & 1);
    }
    return binary;
  }

  private applyNoise(stateVector: any[], noiseModel: NoiseModel): any[] {
    return stateVector.map((state) => ({
      amplitude: state.amplitude * (1 - noiseModel.decoherenceRate),
      phase: state.phase + (Math.random() - 0.5) * noiseModel.dephasing,
    }));
  }

  private calculateExpectationValue(
    state: QuantumState,
    hamiltonian: number[][],
  ): number {
    let expectation = 0;
    for (let i = 0; i < state.superposition.length; i++) {
      for (let j = 0; j < state.superposition.length; j++) {
        expectation +=
          state.superposition[i].amplitude *
          hamiltonian[i][j] *
          state.superposition[j].amplitude;
      }
    }
    return expectation;
  }

  private encodeClassicalData(
    circuit: QuantumCircuit,
    data: number[],
    startQubit: number,
    numQubits: number,
  ): void {
    // Amplitude encoding of classical data
    const normalizedData = this.normalizeData(data);
    for (let i = 0; i < Math.min(numQubits, normalizedData.length); i++) {